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1.4 Options to optimize water use in plantations
Water and Land
1. Land Use Planning, Forest Cover and Afforestation
Jordi Cortina University of Alicante Spain
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
• Improved knowledge on ecosystem dynamics in drylands
• Knowledge applied to develop techniques to enhance seedling resistance to stress and improve its establishment
- Genotype - Species selection
- Seedling production - Microhabitat amelioration
- Interspecific interactions - Landscape spatial patterns
PLAN
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION: assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed.
Society for Ecological Restoration International, 2004
www.ser.org
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
• P.R. China, Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) including the restoration of natural forests in ecologically sensitive areas 1998-2000 (Li, 2004)
15
44
180
2,125
• W Cape Province (South Africa) working for Water invasive alien plant control program 2002-2003 (Holmes et al., 2007).
• Rooibos Bushveld area of Kruger Nat. Park (South Africa) after restoration (increased value) (Blignaut & Loxton, 2007).
• New York city Cat-Del watershed >1997 (Elliman & Berry, 2007).
Restoration: increasing and expensive demand
US$ (106)
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Ricote Valley (Murcia, SE Spain)
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Ricote Valley (Murcia, SE Spain) 100 years ago
What is a reference ecosystem?
FIRE
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Baeza et al. 2006
Species richness (100 m2) 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Bio
mas
s (g
m2 )
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Open shrubland
Shrubland + Pine
Reference Ecosystems?
SUCCESSION?
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Cortina et al.,2006,
Species richness (100 m2) 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Bio
mas
s (g
m2 )
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Open shrubland
Kermes oak
Mixed rosemary
Gorseland
Shrubland + Pine
Rosemary
WATER PRODUCTION
FLOOD CONTROL
WATER QUALITY
Reference Ecosystems?
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Bakkenes et al., (2002)
Higher plants
Species stability
2050
Higher plants
New species
2050
Models to define current and future species distribution
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Restoration should integrate changes
(Pinyon-Juniper) x 2003 = Juniper
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
FAMILIES
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 T1 T2 T4 T5
Wa
ter
Use
Eff
icie
ncy
(um
ol C
O2
mm
ol H
2 O-1
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
CONTROL DROUGHT
T. Bitinas (unpubl.)
Beginning to understand intraspecific diversity
Quercus suber seedlings
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
MORTALITY NURSERY 2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
MO
RT
AL
ITY
N
UR
SE
RY
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
P. pinaster Q. ilex P. halepensis
Same plantation site Same plantation year
but...
Nursery 1Nursery 1 –– 20%20%
Nursery 2Nursery 2 –– 80%80%
Cortina et al., (2006)
Significant advances in seedling quality
Sin relación Relaciónpositiva
Relaciónnegativa
Cas
os
est
udi
ado
s (%
)onas con precipitación < 400 m m
onas con precipitación > 400 m m
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Navarro et al., (2006)
62.5
25.0
12.5
54.5
36.4
9.1
0
20
40
60
80
100 Z
Z N
umbe
r of
cas
es (
%)
Annual Precipitation < 400 mm
Annual Precipitation > 400 mm
No relation Positive relation
Negative relation
Still uncertainties on seedling quality Relationship seedling stem height vs. field survival
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Efficient soil preparation techniques
DIÁMETRO
Dosis (Mg ha 1)
Incr
emen
to a
bso
luto
(mm
)ControlCompostLodo
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Fuentes et al., (2007)
Organic amendments = higher growth, not survival
-
0 15 30 45 60
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
b
a
ab ab
ab
Pinus halepensis
Roo
t Col
lar
Dia
met
er in
cre
men
t (m
m)
Application dose (t ha-1)
Control Compost S. sludge
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
>40.000 toneladas de N y P anuales
583,000.000-3.420,000.000 €
Improving soil fertility + recycling organic amendments
SEWAGE SLUDGE PRODUCTION SPAIN
Se
wa
ge S
lud
ge
Pro
du
ctio
n (1
06
Tm
ye
ar-1
)
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Using positive interactions to establish target species
Stipa
tenacissima
(nurse) Pinus
halepensis
(protégé)
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
Maestre & Cortina (2004)
Using positive interactions to establish target species
Stipa tenacissima effect on Pistacia lentiscus
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Vallejo & Alloza, unpubl.
Time with no significant rainfall (days)
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20
Mo
rtali
ty r
ate
(12
mo
nth
s, %
)
100
80
60
40
20
0
1992-1994 R² = 0,6727
2003-2004 R² = 0,8098
Restoration techniques greatly improved
Landscape Leakiness Index (DLI)
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
+ -
Plant Cover ca. 40%
Sed
imen
t yie
ld (
g m
-2)
DLI
Bautista et al., (2007)
Spatial pattern and ecosystem function
Zaragoza, June 17, 2008
Options to optimize water use in plantations
Thanks for your attention!
• Improved knowledge on ecosystem dynamics and traits
• Knowledge applied to develop techniques to enhance seedling resistance to stress and improve its establishment
• From genotype to landscape scales
CONCLUSIONS
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