watch the animation, then state the process being shown
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Watch the animation, then state the process being shown
What process was shown?
What is diffusion?The movement of substances down a concentration
gradient from a region of high concentration to a low concentration
Describe what happened in the animation
Watch the next animation and state what process is shown
Extracellular space
Intracellular space
Water molecules
Cell membrane
Extracellular space
Intracellular space
Extracellular space
Intracellular space
Extracellular space
Intracellular space
Extracellular space
Intracellular space
Extracellular space
Intracellular space
Extracellular space
Intracellular space
Extracellular space
Intracellular space
Extracellular space
Intracellular space
Extracellular space
Intracellular space
What process was shown?
Describe what happened in the animation
Why did the water molecule use a channel protein and not just cross straight through the lipid bilayer?
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration
Why does diffusion/osmosis occur?
• Organisms must maintain homeostasis and diffusion/osmosis allows cells to receive necessary nutrients and release unwanted waste
What is needed in mammalian cells?Ham's Tissue Culture Medium for Mammalian Cells(amounts dissolved in 1 liter of triple distilled water)
L-Arginine 211 mg Biotin 0.024 mg
L-Histidine 21 mg Calcium pantothenate 0.7 mg
L-Lysine 29.3 mg Choline chloride 0.69 mg
L-Methionine 4.48 mg i-inositol 0.54 mg
L-Phenylalanine 4.96 mg Niacinamide 0.6 mg
L-Tryptophan 0.6 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride 0.2 mg
L-Tyrosine 1.81 mg Riboflavin 0.37 mg
L-Alanine 8.91 mg Thymidine 0.7 mg
Glycine 7.51 mg Cyanocobalamin 1.3 mg
L-Serine 10.5 mg Sodium pyruvate 110 mg
L-Threonine 3.57 mg Lipoic acid 0.2 mg
L-Aspartic acid 13.3 mg CaCl2 44 mg
L-Glutamic acid 14.7 mg MgSO4.7H2O 153 mg
L-Asparagine 15 mg Glucose 1.1 g
L-Glutamine 146.2 mg NaCl 7.4 g
L-Isoleucine 2.6 mg KCl 285 mg
L-Leucine 13.1 mg Na2HPO4 290 mg
L-Proline 11.5 mg KH2PO4 83 mg
L-Valine 3.5 mg Phenol red 1.2 mg
L-Cysteine 31.5 mg FeSO4 0.83 mg
Thiamine hydrochloride 1 mg CuSO4.5H2O 0.0025 mg
Hypoxanthine 4 mg ZnSO4.7H2O 0.028 mg
Folic acid 1.3 mg NaHCO3 1.2 g
Why are so many nutrients needed for mammalian cells?
• Because mammals have several different cells that perform different tasks and would require different nutrients to perform those tasks
Cellular Transport in other organisms
How osmosis works
Osmosis in an Elodea Leaf• Elodea is a common freshwater plant that is
frequently used to decorate aquariums. • Freshwater is hypotonic to Elodea and maintains
normal osmotic pressure (internal pressure) in the plant.
• A hypotonic solution is a solution that contains less (hypo) solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell.
• Thus, a hypotonic solution has more water than the cell and water has a tendency to move (diffuse) into the cell.
• Plant cells do not rupture because the cell walls resist the outward expansion of the plasma membrane.
What happens to Elodea in a hypotonic solution?
Osmotic pressure increases because water enters the cell
Osmosis in an Elodea Leaf• A hypertonic solution is a solution that
contains more (hyper) solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell.
• Thus, a hypertonic solution has less water than the cell and water has a tendency to move (diffuse) out of the cell.
• Plant cells do not shrivel because the cell walls resist the inward decrease of the plasma membrane.
What happens to Elodea in a hypertonic solution?
Osmotic pressure decreases because water leaves the cell
• Water will continue to move mostly into or out of a cell until it has reached equilibrium
• Once the cell has reached equilibrium or homeostasis, water continues to move in both direction
Osmosis in human blood cells
What happens to a red blood cell in an Isotonic solution?
Red blood cells
It means you have an equal amount of solute inside and outside the cell
10% salt
10% salt
Plant cell
What happens to a red blood cell in a Hypotonic solution?
Red blood cells
Because there is only a cell membrane the blood cell could burst
10% salt
20% salt
Plant cell
What happens to a red blood cell in a Hypertonic solution?
Red blood cells
Red blood cells will shrivel up because the cell membrane does not provide enough support
20% salt
10% salt
Plant cell
Paramecia are freshwater protozoa (single-celled eukaryotes) found in pond water
Osmosis in Paramecium
• Freshwater is hypotonic to Paramecium, and results in the osmotic movement of water into the cell.
• Specialized organelles called contractile vacuoles function in the homeostatic maintenance of normal osmotic pressure
Paramecium
Contractile vacuoles
Types of Diffusion
Passive diffusion and Active diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion a form of Passive Diffusion
• Movement of molecules such as glucose and water through the cell membrane using channel and carrier proteins
• Does not require the input of energy• Example: osmosis
Active Transport
• Movement of material from low concentration to high concentration or against the concentration gradient
• Requires energy
concentration gradient
high
low
high
low
With the concentration gradient Is energy input needed?
Against the concentration gradient Is energy input needed?
Movement of nutrients and waste across the cell membrane
Endocytosis/phagocytosis• A type of active transport
that moves large amounts of material into the cell
• Endo= intoCyto= cell
• Another type of active transport removes large amounts of materials out of the cell
• Exo= out of Cyto= cell
Exocytosis
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