warm-up / eoc prep 1. which of the following groups of categories is listed from broadest to most...

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Which of the following groups of categories is listed from

broadest to most specific?A family, order, classB phylum, class, kingdomC order, family, genusD genus, family, species

2. Unicellular, prokaryotes would be classified into the category…A Fungi B MoneraC Protista D Plantae

Agenda

• Warm-up

• Notes

• Concept Map

• Video-Outbreak

• Clean-up

• Cool-down

MoneraGuided Notes

MONERAsingle celled prokaryotes

AKA “bacteria”

• Bacteria are prokaryotic-they do not have a nucleus or organelles.

• Bacteria do have ribosomes, a cell membrane, DNA, and most have a cell wall.

3 PRIMARY BACTERIA SHAPES• ROD- bacilli

• SPHERE- cocci

• SPIRAL- spirilla

Rod Shaped BacteriaExample: E. coli (group of bacteria)

• Causes urinary infections, food poisoning (lots more)

• Helps in digestion• Can predict fecal

contamination• Most studied of all

organisms in biology (Why?)

Round Shaped Bacteria• Produce nearly 1/3 of

all infections in humans including: strep throat, pneumonia, food poisoning, skin diseases, toxic shock syndrome, gonorrhea and meningitis

• Also common in food production

Spiral Shaped BacteriaExamples: Borrelia burgdorferi

and Treponema pallidum

Causes syphilis

Causes Lyme Disease

In your mouth there are more

bacteria than all of the people in

the world!!!!

Good Bacteria

99% of all bacteria is good You have more bacteria in your body than

human cells– They aid in digestion– They produce vitamins– They destroy harmful organisms

A few bad bacteria get most of the press. Many people don’t know that most bacteria is beneficial.

E. Coli

Naturally found in our bodies to aid in digestion

Often used in scientific DNA and gene research

Do not copy

B. thuringiensis

Natural pest killer in gardens and on crops

Do not copy

P. putida

Cleans waste from sewage water at water treatment plants

Do not copy

Streptomyces

Used to make streptomycin, an antibiotic used to treat infections

Do not copy

L. acidophilus

Used to help turn milk into yogurt

Do not copy

Sooooo…are bacteria friend or foe???

BOTH!!!

FOES• Food poisoning (Salmonella spp.)

– Rod Shaped

• Strep Throat (Streptococcus spp.)– Cocci

• Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)– Rod Shaped

• Food poisoning, etc. (E. coli)– Rod shaped

FRIENDS• Add taste to foods (cheese,

sour-dough, yogurt)

• Help plants make proteins (converts N2 to NH4)

• Help animals digest cellulose

Many types of bacteria infections can

be treated with antibiotics.

ANTIBIOTICSany substance produced by

a microorganism which harms or kills another

microorganism However, antibiotics DO

NOT harm viruses

AntibioticsExample: Penicillin

• Comes from mold (fungus)

• Stops the creation of a cell wall during binary fission

• Many bacteria become resistant to types of antibiotics

• Follow doctor’s orders!!!

Cladograms• The closer organisms are on the tree, the more closely they are related and the more recently they shared a common ancestor.

• The closer they are to the beginning of the tree, the more primitive (less complex) the organism.

• The more closely related 2 species are, the more similar the amino acid sequences.

The Primary Shapes of Bacteria

• Complete the Shapes of Bacteria sheet by…– answering the questions– making 3D construction paper models of each

of the shapes of bacteria

Use page 443 in the Blue Holt textbook for help!

Cool-Down

1. Which kingdom do bacteria belong in?

2. Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

3. Most bacteria causes infections and is bad. True or False?

• 1. Uncooked meats (chicken, beef, etc), eggs, food tainted by cross-contamination, raw (unpasteurized) milk, contamination from hands

• 2. Contamination from dirty hands (cross-contamination), milk, eggs, ice cream (eggs), mayo

• Nausea, vomiting, crampy abdominal pain, watery diarrhea,

• 4. you need fluids! Prevent dehydration

Warm-up / EOC Prep

1. Round-shaped bacteria are called…

A circle bacteria B spirillum

C coccus D baccillus

2. Heterotrophs that have chitin in their cell walls would be classified as…

A Protists B Plants

C Animals D Fungi

Agenda

• Warm-up

• Notes

• Virus/Bacteria Worksheet

• Vocab Crossword Puzzle

• Video

• Clean-up

• Cool down

Viruses

Guided Notes

VIRUSnon-cellular particle made up of genetic

material and a protein coat called a capsid that can invade living cells

• Viruses are not living!

BACTERIOPHAGEviruses that invade

bacteria

Bacteriophage

LIFE CYCLE OF A VIRUS• Infection

–(attachment to cell and injection of genetic material)

• Growth• Replication• Lysis

2 TYPES OF INFECTION

1. LYTIC INFECTION–Virus takes over cell and reproduces

itself (hijacker)

2. LYSOGENIC INFECTION–Virus DNA inserts into cell DNA and

is copied as normal (sneak attack)

LYSIS

Cell bursts open and the viruses are released

Most types of viruses can not be treated.

We treat the symptoms instead and wait for our immune system to figure out

how to kill the virus.

How many of you have had chicken pox?

How many of you have had chicken pox more

than once???

Immune System

First Line Second Line

2 Lines of Defense

MACROPHAGEWhite blood cell that is

long-lived and can destroy multiple pathogens using

phagocytosis

ANTIGENMarker proteins

displayed on the surface of a macrophage that trigger the immune

response

RETROVIRUSViruses that have RNA as

the genetic material

VACCINEantibodies from the virus

“bootcamp” for your immune system

Antigens are also what determines blood types and therefore an antigen

that is different from your body’s will trigger the

immune response

• There are 2 types of immune system cells: 1. B cells

2. T cells

B CELLS

B cells make antibodies-the cells that recognize and target diseased cells.

T Cells

T cells can be T helper cells or T killer cells.

• T helper cells control and direct immune response. T killer cells recognize and kill infected cells

HIV

Definitions

• HIV: (the virus that causes AIDS)

Human

Immonodeficiency

Virus

Definitions

• AIDS: (the sickness)

Acquired

Immune

Deficiency

Syndrome

Statistics• About 1 million people in America are HIV

Positive (36.1 million worldwide)• Each year there are 50,000 new infections, of

which there are 2,500 infants• AIDS is the leading cause of death for men

between ages 25 and 44 and the 4th highest for women of the same age group

WAYS PEOPLE ARE INFECTED

• Having sex with an infected person. • Sharing a needle with someone who's

infected (shooting drugs/tattoos) • Being born when the mother is infected,

or drinking the breast milk of an infected woman.

TRANSFER OF BODY FLUIDS!!!

• HIV is treated with anti-viral medications- antibiotics do not treat viruses.

• HIV lowers the number of T cells in the body, which makes it hard to fight infections.

• HIV kills the immune system, so an individual with HIV usually ends up dying from a secondary infection such as tuberculosis, not the virus.

Bacteria vs. Viruses• Size

– The biggest virus is only as large as the smallest bacteria.

• Structure– Bacteria are complex compared to viruses.

• Reproduction– Bacteria contain all the blueprints and tools to reproduce

themselves. – Viruses can only exist as parasites.

• Antibiotic Effectiveness– Bacteria can be destroyed by antibiotics, viruses cannot.

Cool-Down

1. Which kingdom do bacteria belong in?

2. Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

3. Most bacteria causes infections and is bad. True or False?

4. Bacterial infections are treated with…?

5. Which is more complex- bacteria or viruses?

6. What is a virus that invades a bacteria?

Cool-Down

A man left home and turned left three times before running into a man in a mask. Who is the man in the mask? What is the

man who left home doing?

The man in the mask is the catcher. The man who left home is playing baseball and

was trying to get a home run.