warm up 1.mitosis creates how many daughter cells? 2.are the daughter cells created from mitosis...
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Warm Up
1. Mitosis creates how many daughter cells?
2. Are the daughter cells created from mitosis genetically identical or different?
3. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
4. What type of anaerobic respiration causes muscle soreness in humans?
Reproduction and Meiosis
Making gametes…
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htmFamily http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
Remember:CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS ALL LIVING THINGS __________
REPRODUCE
Two Types of Reproduction
1. Asexual: Reproduction NOT involving the union of sex cells; 1 parent
2. Sexual: Reproduction involving sex cells; 2 parents
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
BINARY FISSION1 parent cell splits into two cells (Through mitosis!)
Example: Bacteria
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
BuddingOffspring grows
out of the body of the parent
Example: Hydra (plant)
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Regeneration
If a piece of a parent is detached, it can grow and develop into a completely new individual
Example: Starfish
All 3 Types:
Produce cells that are __________ copies of parent cell
identical
ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Can make offspring faster
Don’t need a partner
http://www.mrgrow.com/images/cutting.jpg
DISVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ALL ALIKE
Species CAN’T change and adapt
One disease can wipe out whole population
http://www.mrgrow.com/images/cutting.jpg
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Combines genetic material
from 2 parents (sperm & egg)
so offspring aregenetically __________ from parents
DIFFERENT
Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Allows for variation in population
Individuals can be different
Provides foundation for EVOLUTION
Allow species to adapt to changes intheir environment
http://naturalsciences.sdsu.edu/classes/lab8/spindex.html
EGG + SPERM
If egg and sperm had same number of chromosomes as other body cells . . . baby would have too many chromosomes!
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/Image by Riedell Image by Riedell
http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13217.forty-six_chromosomes.jpg
MEIOSIS is the way…
to make cells with ½ the number of chromosomesfor sexual reproduction
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
DIPLOID & HAPLOIDMost cells have 2 copies of each
chromosome =(one from mom; one from dad)
All BODY (___________) cells are diploid
DIPLOID 2n
HOMOLOGOUSCHROMOSOMES
SOMATIC
Created through: MITOSIS
• Makes ___ cells genetically _________ to parent cell & to each other
• Used by organisms to: repair injuries, increase size of organism, replace worn out cells
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
2identical
DIPLOID & HAPLOID
Some cells have only one copy of each chromosome = _____________
All sperm and egg cells are haploid
HAPLOID 1n
Created through MEIOSIS
• Makes ____ cells genetically different from parent cell & from each other
Sex cells are called ________ cells or Germ Cells
Used in _____
4
Gamete
sexual reproduction
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
MAKING SPERM & EGGS
If you are female:Produce 1 Egg, 3 Polar
Bodies
The cytoplasm divides unevenly resulting in 1 good egg and the 3 smaller bodies which are consumed by the lysosmes
If you are male:
Meiosis produces 4 sperm cells
Development of a Baby
1 sperm + 1 egg = fertilization = conception
Conception Zygote Fetus Baby
Warm Up
1. At the end of mitosis how many cells are produced? Are they diploid or haploid? In humans, how many chromosomes do they have?
2. At the end of meiosis how many cells are produced? Are they diploid or haploid? In humans, how many chromosomes do they have?
Warm Up
1. At the end of mitosis how many cells are produced? Are they diploid or haploid? In humans, how many chromosomes do they have?
2. At the end of meiosis how many cells are produced? Are they diploid or haploid? In humans, how many chromosomes do they have?
MITOSIS vs MEIOSISINTERPHASE INTERPHASE I
• DNA Replicates• Cell Grows SAME AS
MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE I
Chromosomes formNuclear membrane
disappearsCentrioles/
spindle fibers appear
Chromosomes formNuclear membrane disappears Centrioles/spindle fibers appear
Homologous pairs match up
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Homologous Chromosomes
• Match up forming a Tetrad –(4 sets of sister
chromatids)
Crossing over occurs
CROSSING OVER
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE I
• Chromosomes line up in middle
• Spindle fibers attach to center
Chromosomes line up in middle (along equator)Spindle fibers attach to center
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
with homologous partnerAnimation
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/c13x9independent-assortment.jpg
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE I
Chromatids split
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Chromatids stay togetherHomologous pairs split
(segregation)
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE I
See TWO nucleiNuclear membrane/ nucleolus returnDNA spreads out as chromatinSpindle/centrioles disappear
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS I
Cytoplasm splits
into 2 cells
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE II
• DNA is spread out as chromatin• Nuclear membrane/
nucleolus visible• DNA is copied during S phase
SKIP INTERPHASE IIDNA NOT COPIED
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE II
• DNA scrunches into chromosomes
• Nuclear membrane/nucleolus disappear
• Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE II
• Chromosomes line up in middle SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE II
Chromatids split and move apart
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE II
Two nucleiNuclear
membrane/nucleolus returns
Centrioles/spindle fibersdisappear
DNA spreads out as chromatin
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS II
Cytoplasm splits
SAME AS MITOSIS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
End result of meiosis: 4 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes
We look different from our family members because of Genetic Recombination: Crossing over and Independent Assortment
Meiosis Videos
Meiosis Videos - scroll to bottom of page
MAKING SPERM & EGGS
If you are female:Produce 1 Egg, 3 Polar
Bodies
The cytoplasm divides unevenly resulting in 1 good egg and the 3 smaller bodies which are consumed by the lysosmes
If you are male:
Meiosis produces 4 sperm cells
Development of a Baby
1 sperm + 1 egg = fertilization = conception
Conception Zygote Fetus Baby
Warm Up
1. Which is exactly the same as mitosis? (Meiosis 1 or Meiosis 2)
2. Why do we not have interphase 2 in meiosis?
3. What is the purpose of crossing over in meiosis?
4. How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell in humans?
Genetics
We inherit our genes from our parents.
This is called heredity.
The science that studies this is called genetics.
Gregor Mendel was a monk who worked with pea plants and created the principles of genetics.
Generation abbreviations:
• P1 = Parental• F1 = Children• F2 = Grandchildren
Mendel started by crossing 2 pea plants with contrasting traits.
Ex: Tall plant crossed with short.
He noticed in the F1 generation that all the peas were Tall.
He then mated two of the F1s and found that the missing trait always returned in a 3:1 ratio.
This is how Mendel discovered that we have pairs of genes that control what we look like.
We now know that these genes are carried on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
Allele = different gene choices for a trait. Found on the same place on a chromosome.
REMEMBER
_____________ chromosomes________________during ANAPHASE I= _________________SEGREGATION
Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif
HOMOLOGOUS
SEPARATE
This slide not in notes
Alleles segregate (separate) randomly just like a coin flip…so you can use probability to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.
With probabilities the past outcomes do not affect the future ones.
Just because a couple has had 5 boys, does not mean the next child will also be a boy.
Since the alleles segregate randomly, there is a 50% chance of a boy and a 50% chance of a girl.
It can be written as a:Fraction ____
Percent ____Ratio ____
1/4
25%
1:3
Genetic Vocabulary Dominant = hides (overpowers) the other allele. Capital letter (T)
Recessive = is hidden by the other allele. Lower case letter (t)
Homozygous/Purebred = same allele
Heterozygous /Hybrid = different, mixed alleles
Genotype = what is in our genes, always letters
Phenotype =
what we actually can see –what is expressedEX: eye color, hair color, height, etc
Punnett Squares are used to predict a one gene trait
Let’s Practice!
IN PEA PLANTS
Tall is dominant over short
TALL = ____ SHORT = ____
Tt
LET’S MAKE A CROSS!
PURE TALL PURE SHORTX
PURE TALL parentWhat are the parent
alleles?T T _________
T T
HOMOZYGOUS
What gametes can it make?
PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles?
t t _________
t t
HOMOZYGOUS
What gametes can it make?
GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______
_____ of the offspring
____ % ___/4 will be
T T
t
t
T t T t
T t T t
Tt TALL
ALL
1004
HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles?
T t _________
T t
HETEROZYGOUS
What gametes can it make?
GENOTYPES¼ = _____½ = _____¼ = _____
T t
T
t
T T T t
T t t t
PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________ ____ or ____% _________
TT
75
Tt
tt
3/4
1/4 SHORTTALL
25
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS
Tall = ____
Short = ____Tt
A.
Homozygous Tall parent =
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
T T
T T
B.
Hybrid Tall parent =
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
Tt
T t
C.
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS
Round seeds = ___
Wrinkled seeds =
R
r
D.
Heterozygous Round parent =
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
R r
R r
E.
PURE wrinkled parent =
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
rr
r r
F.
WHAT GENES DO YOU HAVE?
EYE COLOR
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
HAIR COLOR/TEXTURE
http://faculty.washington.edu/~chudler/gif/hairch.gif
FEMALE OR MALE?
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/
WIDOW’S PEAKDominant
http://facstaff.uww.edu/wentzl/geneticsfeb02.html
TONGUE ROLLING
http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/tongroll.html
Homozygous recessives- non rollers
FRECKLES
http://chantelsimmons.blogspot.com/2007/07/tuesday-tuck-shop.html
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Freckled.jpg
DIMPLES/CLEFT CHINDominantImages from: http://www.uni.edu/walsh/cleft.jpg
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Kirk-douglas-big-trees02.jpg
http://www.imdb.com/media/rm1270258944/nm0000237
https://kyberia.sk/id/3591050/3
Bend finger at top joint?
http://toadandmo.blogspot.com/2007/08/mos-hidden-talent.html
HITCHHIKER’S THUMB=homozygous recessive
Images from: http://www.ncrtec.org/tl/camp/gene/thumbs.htm
LONG 2nd TOEDominant
http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html
WIGGLE JUST YOUR LITTLE TOE?
ATTACHED EAR LOBES
homozygous recessive = attached
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/genetics_puzzle.html
Touch your nose with your tongue?
Images from: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/252/526385891_643b1b1420.jpg?v=0http://picasaweb.google.com/angelinachristalpina/ChristmasClothes02#5146686361494213122
COLOR BLINDNESSRED-green colorblindness most
common8% of males & 0.5% females
Everyone should see the circle, star, and square
Everyone should see a square. Normal should see a brown circle
Normal should see a boat. Colorblind will not see anything.
THUMB FOLDINGRight over left -44%Left over right-55%
http://www3.baylor.edu/Science_Leadership/Spring01/CSMS/Summary/genetics.html
http://extension.usu.edu/aitc/teachers/pdf/heredity/traits.pdf#search='human%20genetic%20traits'
Warm Up 3/131. Give one trait that can be passed on to
you from your parents.2. Give one trait that would not be passed
on to you from your parents.3. What is the equation for respiration?4. What are the products of photosynthesis?5. Identify which are homozygous
recessive, which are heterozygous, and which are homozygous dominant
FF, Gg, hh, Tt, rr, EE, Vv
Warm Up1.What is the process shown in the picture
below?2. Identify which of the following are
homozygous recessive in the group below:(FF, Gg, hh, Tt, rr, EE, Vv)3. Blue (B) flower color is dominant to red
(b). If a flower is genotype Bb what color would it be?
4. Which process (meiosis 1 or meiosis 2) is identical to mitosis?
5. What phase is skipped in meiosis 2? Why?
Incomplete Dominance:
The blending of alleles
Ex: Red Flower + White Flower = Pink Flower
Incomplete Dominance• For a trait, the “dominant” is not
completely masking the recessive • No lower case letters• Get blending in heterozygous
Incomplete Dominance
Normally:• R = red, r = white• RR = red, • Rr = red• rr = white
Incomplete Dominance:• R = red, W = white• RR = red• RW = pink• WW = white
Incomplete Dominance
• One red and one white flower are cross pollinated (mated), draw the punnett square of their offspring:
R RWW
RW RW
RW RW
Incomplete Dominance
• One red and one pink flower are cross pollinated (mated), draw the punnett square of their offspring:
R RRW
RR RR
RW RW
Co-Dominance
Both are dominant so both show
Co-Dominance• For a trait, you can have 2 dominant
options and 1 recessive• Can’t use regular upper and
lowercase
Co-dominanceNormally
• R = red, r = white• RR = red, • Rr = red• rr = white
Co-dominance• R= red, W = white,
recessive = yellow• IRIR or IRi= red• IWIW or IWi= white• IRIW – red and white• ii = yellow
Practice problem…do somewhere in your notes
A flower with red and white stripes mates with a homozygous white flower. What is the phenotypic ratio?
Co-dominance
Example: Blood types• A and B are co-dominant – AB• O is recessive
Genotypes:• A -> IAIA and IAi *AB -> IAIB
• B -> IBIB and IBi *O -> ii
Co-dominanceBlood transfusions:• Must receive blood
type you are OR recessive (__O__)
• O is universal donor
• AB is universal receptor
Do #1-4 in your notes
Warm Up
1. In what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?
2. What is the purpose of crossing over?
3. Identify which are homozygous recessive, which are heterozygous, and which are homozygous dominant
FF, Gg, hh, Tt, rr, EE, Vv
Karyotypes• Karyotype – map of our chromosomes
Normal Human karyotypes have 23 pairs of chromosomes – 46 total chromosomes
Karyotypes
• Pairs 1-22 “autosomes” code for body features
• Pair 23 “sex chromosomes” determine gender– XX female– XY male
Who decides?
Mom can give X
Dad can give X or ySO ____ determines sex of the baby.
If dad gives X with mom’s X = girlIf dad give y with mom’s X = boy
X X
X
y
X X X X
X y X y
Dad
SEX DETERMINATIONXX = female
SEX DETERMINATION
Xy = male
Karyotypes
• Chromosome disorders – when total number of chromosomes doesn’t = 46
• Part/whole chromosome is missing or extra
Karyotypes• Trisomy – Having 3 chromosomes in
a pair because of a nondisjunction
• Nondisjunction - occurs when sister chromatids fail to separate during anaphase
Down syndrome ____________TRISOMY 21, nondisjunction
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)• 1 in 800 births
• Similar facial features
• Slanted eyes
• Protruding tongue
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)• Most common
chromosomal abnormality
• 50% have heart defects that need surgery to repair
• Mild to severe mental retardation
• Increases susceptibility to many diseases
• Risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with age of mom
Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome ____
• 1 in 5000 births• Females have only one X
chromosome• Small size• Slightly lower IQ ~80-90• 35% have heart abnormalities• Hearing loss common• Broad chest• Reproductive organs don’t
develop at puberty• Can’t have children
http://medgen.genetics.utah.edu/photographs/diseases/high/611.gif
XO
Klinefelter syndrome XXy
Klinefelter syndrome
• 1 in 1000 births• Males have extra X chromosomes
(Can be XXy, XXXy, or XXXXy)• Average to slight lower IQ• Small testes/can’t have children• Usually not discovered until puberty
when don’t mature like peers
Karyotypes
What is the gender?
Any chromosomal disorders?
Karyotypes
What is the gender?
Any chromosomal disorders?
Karyotypes
What is the gender?
Any chromosomal disorders?
Karyotypes
What is the gender?
Any chromosomal disorders?
Warm Up
1. A father has type O blood. The mother is heterozygous for type A blood. What type of blood is the child?
2. Blue (B) and Yellow (Y) flowers exhibit incomplete dominance and can produce a green flower color when both alleles are present. What cross would produce a green flower color every single time (100%)?
Genetic Disorders
2 Types of genetic disorders:
Autosomal (Body) disorders
Sex-linked (Gamete) Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis Colorblindness
Sickle Cell Hemophilia
Huntington’s Disease
Autosomal (Body) Disorders
Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis
Inheritance pattern: autosomal recessive
Chromosome 7
Symptoms: thick, sticky mucus in lungs
•Leads to respiratory and digestive problems •More common in Caucasians, but affects all races•30,000 people in the USA have cystic fibrosis
Genetic Disorders
Sickle cell Anemia• Inheritance pattern –
autosomal recessive• Chromosome: 11• Symptoms - Misshaped
red blood cell• Relationship to malaria:
carriers of sickle cell are immune to malaria
Genetic disorders
Huntington’s Disease• Inheritance pattern – autosomal
dominant• Chromosome 4• Symptoms – damage to nerve cells,
loss of body movement control
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
Causes progressive _____ of ________________ and ___________function
lossmuscle control
mental
1 in 10,000 people in U.S. have Huntington’s disease
http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/bjmbr/v39n8/html/6233i01.htm
Huntington’s brain
Normal brain
A person with Huntington’s disease has a _____ chance of passing the disorder on totheir offspring.
50%
Review:
• Huntington’s Disease, Cystic Fibrosis and Sickle Cell are disorders of your body cells – it doesn’t matter if you are male or female
• Now lets talk about disorders that are sex-linked: the chances of giving the disorder to your children are different if the child is a boy or a girl
Sex-linked traits
• Found on X chromosome, always recessive
• Who can get it? Everyone• More likely for males…they only have
one X (if it’s recessive, they have no chance of hiding it)
Males ONLY HAVE ONE X
They eitherhave the disorder
DEFECTIVE NORMAL
They are normal
Or
FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES
Females have one normalgene that works.
NORMAL DEFECTIVEDEFECTIVE
Females __________defective recessivealleles to show the disorder
need 2
Sex-linked traits
• Females can be carriers• Genotypes:
– Male XAY - healthy , XaY – sick– Females: XAXA healthy, XAXa Carrier, XaXa
-sick
Genetic disorders
Colorblindness• Inheritance pattern – sex-linked
recessive• Chromosome X• Symptoms – trouble distinguishing
between some colors
8% of males; 0.5% of females
Genetic disorders
Hemophilia• Inheritance pattern – sex-linked
recessive• Chromosome X• Symptoms – blood does not clot
How to do a sex-linked problem: Hemophilia is X-linked recessive (so hh is needed to have hemophilia)PROBLEM: cross a carrier mom with an afflicted dad
Xh
Y
XHXh XhXh
XHyXhY
XH Xh
How many girls will have it? Boys? Who are carriers?
Pedigrees
• Family tree that shows the heredity of a specific trait (usually a disorder)
• = male • = female
Pedigrees• If the is filled in = someone with
the trait• If the is empty = someone
without the trait
http://www.beavton.k12.or.us/sunset/academics/genetics.htm
I
II
III
IV
1 2
http://www.ikm.jmu.edu/Buttsjl/ISAT493/Hemophilia/hemophiliaeurope.html
Warm UpCross a man who is colorblind with a woman
who is a carrier for colorblindness. Answer the following questions:
1. What percentage of their children will be colorblind?
2. What percentage of the males are colorblind?3. What percentage of the females are carriers?4. What percentage of the children are not
affected and are also not carriers?
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