walter hays, global alliance for disaster reduction, vienna, virginia, usa
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS.
THE PHILIPPINES. PART 2: TYPHOONS, FLOODS,
AND LANDSLIDES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK
EARTHQUAKES
TYPHOONS
FLOODS
LANDSLIDES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
THE PHILIPPINES
TYPHOONS
THE PHILIPPINES IS AT RISK EVERY YEAR FROM TROPICAL STORMS AND TYPHOONS FORMING IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN, ESPECIALLY IF THEY CAUSE DEVASTATING FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES AFTER LANDFALL
THE THE PHILPPINES’PHILPPINES’
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
THE THE PHILPPINES’PHILPPINES’
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•TYPHOON HAZARDS•BLDG. INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
TYPHOON RISK TYPHOON RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: TYPHOON GOAL: TYPHOON DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
Physics Of A Typhoon
HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• WIND FIELD [CAT 1 (55 mph) TO CAT 5+ (155 mph or greater)]
• DEBRIS
• STORM SURGE/FLOODS
• HEAVY PRECIPITATION/FLOODS
• LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS)
• COSTAL EROSION
WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE
TYPHOONSTYPHOONS
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS
STORM SURGE
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
SITING PROBLEMS
FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL TYPHOONS • WITHOUT
ADEQUATE PROTECTION, HIGH VELOCITY WIND WILL LIFT THE ROOF OFF OF NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS.
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL TYPHOONS.
• DISASTER-INTELLIGENT COMMUNITIES USE TIMELY EARLY WARNING BASED ON CRITICAL INFORM-ATION TO EVACUATE PEOPLE AND PREPARE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL TYPHOONS• CAPACITY FOR
INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
NOTABLE PAST TYPHOONS THAT HAVE IMPACTED THE
PHILIPPINES
“THE WORST” (in terms of deaths)
Tropical storm Uring, November 2- 7, 1991, killed 3,000 – 8,000,
mainly in Ormoc City.
“THE MOST COSTLY”
Super Typhoon Reming, November 10- 14, 1990, caused
economic losses of 10, 840 billion pesos
TYPHOON YUNYA: JUNE 1991
TYPHOON YUNYA
• Yunya would normally have been uneventful, but the day it hit Luzon, was the same day the eruption of Mount Pinatubo took place.
• Pinatubo’s ash cloud, that normally would have been dispersed across the ocean, was redistributed over Luzon by Yunya’s winds, greatly exacerbating the damage caused by the eruption.
TYPHOON YUNYA
• The water-laden ash fell over the evacuated Clark Air Force Base, as well as the rest of Luzon, resulting in downed power lines and the collapse of flat-roofed buildings.
• In some areas, it was practically raining mud.
2011THE PHILIPPINES WAS HIT BY
19 TROPICAL STORMS AND TYPHOONS
TRACKS OF 2011’S TYPHOONS
FLASH FLOODS SPAWNED BY TROPICAL STORM WASHI KILLED OVER 652 IN THE
PHILIPPINES
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2011
WASHI, THE 19th STORM ARRIVED ON FRIDAY; DEPARTED ON SUNDAY
AFTER MAKING LANDFALL ON FRIDAY, TROPICAL STORM WASHI DUMPED MORE THAN A MONTH’S
RAIN (200 MM) IN 10 HOURS ON MINDANAO, WHICH WAS NOT
(AND USUALLY IS NOT) IN THE PATH OF THE PREVIOUS TROPICAL STORMS AND
TYPHOONS OF 2011
THE FLASH FLOODING AND MUDFLOWS, WHICH WERE TRIGGERED BY TROPICAL
STORM WASHI, HAPPENED AT 2:30 AM WHILE THE VICTIMS,
MOSTLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN, WERE ASLEEP
ONE-FOURTH OF THE CITY OF ILIGAN WAS INUNDATED IN ITS WORST FLOOD EVER
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
FLOODSFLOODS
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
OTHERS ATTENDING EARLY MORNING
CHRISTMAS MASSES WERE SURPRISED BY THE
FLASH FLOODING
THE CITY OF CAGAYAN DE ORO IN THE NORTHERN
ISLAND OF MINDANAO WAS INUNDATED BY THE FLASH
FLOODS
SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING
GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
LANDSLIDE: TROPICAL STORM WASHI
MUDFLOW: TROPICAL STORM WASHI
THE PHILIPPINE RED CROSS LED THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE EFFORTS
PROVIDING FOOD, WATER, AND RELIEF SUPPLIES
20,000 SOLDIERS DEPLOYED TO HELP IN SEARCH AND RESCUE EFFORTS FOUND BODIES EVERYWHERE: IN
HOMES, IN THE STREETS, IN RIVERS, AND OFFSHORE
PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
WERE OVERWHELMED WITH THE NUMBER OF THE DEAD—ESTIMATED AT NEARLY 1,000
RESCUE: CAYAGAN DE ORO, THE PHILIPPINES
RESCUE: CAYAGAN DE ORO, THE PHILIPPINES
RESCUE: CAYAGAN DE ORO, THE PHILIPPINES
LLIGAN: RESIDENTS RETURN TO START THE RECOVERY PROCESS
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE FACILITATES RECOVERY
• THE USA, A LONG-TERM ALLY, PLEDGED IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE OF ALL KINDS
• THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT PLEDGED FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
2012TYPHOON BOPHA STRIKES
THE PHILIPPINES
THE FORECAST FOR THE 2012 PACIFIC TYPHOON SEASON
An above average season was forecast in expectation of El Nino’s impacts in the Pacific with significant impacts, as usual, in the Philippines, China, and Japan.
24 STORM TRACKS AS OF
DECEMBER 17, 2012
TROPICAL STORM MAWAR: PHILIPPINES.; MAY 31-JUNE 6
TROPICAL STORM DOKSURI: JUNE 25-30
DOKSURI IMPACTED THE PHILIPPINES, TAIWAN, AND CHINA
• Over $54 million in wind and water damage.
TYPHOON BOPHA: NOV. 29 - DEC. 5
TYPHOON BOPHA
• Bopha, the most powerful typhoon to hit Mindanao in decades, had top winds of 175 kph (110 mph) as it came ashore over the city of Baganga.
• Bopha destroyed buildings, triggered flooding and landslides, and killed at least 95 people.
TYPHOON BOPHA
• Millions of people living in remote and unprepared communities, were in Bopha’s path.
A landslide in eastern Mindanao blocked a national highway, leaving hundreds of
people in buses, vans and cars stuck on the road.
POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION
POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY
• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
• EVENTEVENT
POLICY ASSESSMENT
• COSTCOST
• BENEFITBENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
TOWARDS TYPHOON DISASTER TOWARDS TYPHOON DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
TYPHOONSTYPHOONSTYPHOONSTYPHOONS EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS
EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS
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