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VitaminAndrea Walsh
HLSC 415
Vitamin K
Fat-soluble vitamin
Promotes formation of blood clots
Assists in bone formation
Vitamin K sources
Green leafy vegetables
Spinach, raw (3 cups)
Turnip greens, raw (3 cups)
Kale, cooked (1/2 cup)
Broccoli (1/2 cup)
Romaine lettuce (1 ½ cups)
http://absandflabs.wordpress.com/2009/09/28/the-benefits-of-
green-vegetables/
Insel, Turner, Ross, 2007
Vitamin K
DRI:
Men= 120ug
Women=90ug
UL:
No set UL
Stored in liver and found
in bone
Body excretes vitamin K
more rapidly than other
fat-soluble vitamins.
Insel et al, 2007
Osteoporosis
Bone disease
Decreased bone mineral density
Appearance of small holes due
to mineral loss
Risk factors
Family history of osteoporosis
Female
Advanced age
Low testosterone in men
Anorexia nervosa/ bulimia
nervosa
Low vitamin and mineral intake
“Silent disease”
Develops over years
No symptoms
http://www.medassoc.com/Services/Diagnostics/Bone%2
0Mineral%20Density/bone_density_testing.htm
Insel et al, 2007
Osteoporosis
Bone mass peaks
around age 30
By age 65, some
women have lost half
their skeletal mass
estrogen levels
accelerate bone loss
http://mkmercer.com/osteoporosisevaluation.htm
Insel et al, 2007
What is the relationship between vitamin K
and osteoporosis?
Research Question
Effect of vitamin K2 treatment on
carboxylation of oseocalcin in early
postmenopausal women
Yasui, T., Miyatani, Y., Tomita, J., Yamada, M., Uemura, H., Miura, M., & Irahara, M.
www(2006). Effect of vitamin K2 treatment on carboxylation of osteocalcin in early
wwwpostmenopausal women. Gynecological Endocrinology: The Official Journal Of The
wwwInternational Society Of Gynecological Endocrinology, 22(8), 455-459.
Background
Osteocalcin
Bone specific protein
Vitamin K is necessary for the carboxylation of
osteocalcin.
Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin (uc OC)
Sensitive marker in vitamin K status
Indicator risk of hip fractures
uc OC in osteoporotic patients
Overview
Study design
Experimental
Clinical trial
Objective
Early postmenopausal
women
Examine uc OC levels
Bone turnover markers
vitamin K2 and combination
vitamin K2 and D3.
Location of study
Japan
http://www.finnair.com/japan/en/
Subjects
34 postmenopausal women
Mean age= 53
Bone mass density(BMD)
<0.809g/cm2
Vitamin K2 group
17 women
Received 45mg vitamin K2 daily
Vitamin K2+D3 group
17 women
Received 45mg K2 +
0.75ug vitamin D3 daily
http://seetell.jp/1772
Statistics
Descriptive statistics
Mean
Standard deviation
Inferential statistics
Paired t-test
ANOVA
Results
Serum OC levels in vitamin K2 did not show significant
changes.
BMD in vitamin K2 group alone significantly at 1
and 2 years while no significant changes were seen in
the vitamin K2 + D3 group
Results
Serum uc OC level
significantly after 1
year in the vitamin K2
group
Serum uc OC level
significantly after 1 and
2 years in vitamin K2 +D3
group
Strengths
P-value presented
future studies needed
Weaknesses
Lack of participants
30 of the 35 participated
Research question
unclear
External validity
Sample size
Female http://thevirtualvagabond.com/2011/03/16/how-to-
find-the-strength-in-your-weakness-and-do-what-you-
love/
What is the relationship between vitamin K
and osteoporosis?
Research Question
Vitamin K2 treatment for
postmenopausal osteoporosis in
Indonesia
Purwosunu, Y., Muharram, Rachman, I., Reksoprodjo, S., & Sekizawa, A. (2006).
Vitamin K2 wwwtreatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Indonesia. Journal of
Obstetrics & wwwGynaecology Research, 32(2), 230-234.
Study Design
Experimental
Clinical Trial
Objective
Bone mineral density(BMD)
Bone metabolic marker
Postmenopausal women
Location of study
Indonesia
http://www.destination360.com/asia/indonesia
Overview
Subjects
212 postmenopausal
women screened
69 women were eligible
Vitamin K2 group
45mg/day vitamin K2
and 1500 mg/day
calcium carbonate
Control group
Placebo and 1500
mg/day calcium
carbonate
http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&
b=2072519&ct=5081707
Results
The uc OC level decreased in the vitamin K2 group and the
control group.
The difference between both groups were significant.
Vitamin K2 group =
Control group =
Results
Significant difference in lumbar BMD between the
two groups at week 48
Vitamin K2 group showed an in bone mass of
the lumbar spine, in control group
Vitamin K2 =
Control =
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Standard deviation
Standard error of the
mean (SEM)
Inferential Statistics
T-test
Mann-Whitney
Wilcoxon
ANOVA
Research question clearly stated
Graphs and tables well labeled
P-value
Identified limitations of study
Lack of participants
69 out of 212 participated
External validity
Sample size
Female
Conclusion unclear
Strengths Weaknesses
Conclusion
Vitamin K2 assists in bone mass density
Vitamin K2 circulating uc OC levels
Vitamin K2 + D3 circulating uc OC levels
What is the relationship between vitamin K and
osteoporosis?
Future Research
Track dietary intake of vitamin K, vitamin D and calcium in the participants
Investigate the relationship between vitamin K and vitamin D
Clarify the issue of uc OC levels increasing in early postmenopausal stage.
http://www.healthfixdaily.com/?p=510
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