visual dictionary

Visual DictionaryVisual Dictionary

• Protects the building from the weather.

• Impermeable to airflow.

• Covers the entire building enclosure.

• Withstands forces of nature during and after construction.

• Durable over the lifetime of the building.

• Protects the building from the weather.

• Impermeable to airflow.

• Covers the entire building enclosure.

• Withstands forces of nature during and after construction.

• Durable over the lifetime of the building.

Attic VentilationSoffit Vent

Attic VentilationRidge Vent

• Wind blowing over the ridge creates a negative pressure that draws the warmer air out of the attic and replaces it with fresh air.

Attic VentilationGable Vent

• Allows warm air to escape and fresh air to circulate in.

Attic VentilationRoof Turbine

• Exhausts moist, hot air from the attic allowing fresh air to circulate in.

Backhoe

• To dig the ground

• To create trenches

• To carve ditches or dikes

• To remove deep-seated roots of tree

• The Bucket is 23” wide x 18” deep x 44” long.

Batter BoardsBatter

Boards

• Boards erected at the corners of a proposed building to specifically locate and show corners and show foundation wall height.

Brick ArchesBrick Arches

Parabolic Arch

Brick ArchesBrick Arches

Jack Arch

Brick ArchesArch With A Keystone

Brick ArchesCentering

• A temporary, usually wooden framework on which an arch, vault, or dome is supported during construction.

Brick BondsRunning Bond

Brick BondsFlemish BondBrick Bonds

Flemish Bond

Brick BondsRowlocks

Brick BondsHeaders

Brick BondsSoldiers

Brick BondsStretcher Rowlocks

Brick Bonds Sailors

Brick SizesQueen BrickBrick Sizes

Queen Brick

• His is an example of queen brick. The actual dimensions are 2-3/4 inches high and 7-5/8 inches long and 3 inches wide.

Brick SizesModular

CladdingBrick

CladdingEIFS

CladdingStone

Cladding Wood Boards

CladdingWood Shingles or Shakes

• A wood shingle is a thin slab of wood that is sawn from a tree trunk. A wood shake is a thick piece of wood that is split from a tree trunk and has an irregular shape. The picture above illustrates a building with a wood shingle cladding.

Code RequirementsRoom

• The International Building Code states that the egress window must have a clear opening of at least 5.7 square feet, a clear width minimum of 20 inches, and a clear height minimum of 24 inches. The bottom clear opening cannot be more than 44 inches above the finished floor. The window we analyzed had a width of 35 inches, and the height was 25-1/2 inches. The clear opening is 6.54 sqare feet and the window is 36” above the finished floor.

The International Building Code states that a set of wood-framed interior stairs has to meet certain codes. The code states the the minimum lengths for tread, the portion that we step on,10 inches and the riser cannot exceed 7-3/4 inches. We analyzed the stairs in Ben’s house to see if they meet code. The photograph above shows the stairs that I analyzed and the riser dimension was 7-1/2 inches and the tread dimension was 11-1/2 inches. If we measured correctly, the stairs meet code.

Concrete JointsControl Joint

• Control joints are planned for cracks which allow for movements caused by temperature changes and drying shrinkage.

Concrete JointsIsolation Joint

• An isolation joint isolates a section of the concrete from the rest of the concrete slab. In my picture, the column is isolated from the slab of concrete.

Concrete MasonryCMU and Brick Comparison

• Concrete masonry unit, or CMU is a hardened block of concrete that is molded into a specific shape and is used primarily in foundations, retaining walls, and fire places. CMU units are made in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, but the typical dimensions are 8 x 8 x 16. These dimensions are nominal, or appropriate, the actual dimensions are 7-5/8 x 7-5/8 x 15-5/8. An important aspect about CMU is that a standard eight inch high CMU is equal to three courses of modular brick. Another advantage is the time a builder saves using CMU instead of brick. The picture above illustrates the fact that a standard eight inch tall CMU block is equal to three courses of modular brick.

Concrete MasonryCMU Sizes

• Concrete masonry units are available in a variety of thicknesses even though face dimensions are always the same.

6 inch CMU

12 inch CMU

Decorative Concrete Masonry UnitsSplit Block

Decorative Concrete Masonry UnitsRibbed Block

DoorsFlush Door

DoorsSix Panel Door

StileTop Rail

Bottom Rail

Lock Rail

DoorsTransom

A glass pane, usually rectangular, which is located above a window or door.A glass pane, usually rectangular, which is located above a window or door.

DoorsSidelight

A window beside the door, forming part of the door unitA window beside the door, forming part of the door unit

Electrical ComponentsPower Pole with Transformer

The function of a power pole is to hold the transformer.

The function of a transformer is to turn thousands of volts of electricity into 110/220-volt alternating currents.

Electrical ComponentsService Head

Basically converts outdoor lines to a meterBasically converts outdoor lines to a meter

Electrical ComponentsMeter

The meter calculates how much electricity a certain building uses.

Electrical ComponentsService Panel

The service panel, usually located in a metal box, includes circuit breakers that distribute electricity that runs to a duplex receptacle.

Electrical ComponentsDuplex Receptacle

This is where appliances are plugged in.

Framing Elements1) Anchor Bolt

Framing Elements2) Sill Plate

Framing Elements3) Floor Joist

Framing Elements4) Subflooring

Framing Elements5) Sole Plate

Framing Elements7) Top Plate

Framing Elements8) Ceiling Joist

Framing Elements9) Rafter

Framing Elements10) Roof Decking

Framing Elements11) Sheating

Framing Elements12) Stringer

Front End Loader

• A front end loader is a powerful earthmoving machine. A large hydraulic scoop is located in the front, which is usually the same length as the machine itself. The scoop is used primarily for lifting and loading dirt. This scoop defines the major difference between the bulldozer and the front end loader.

Gypsum BoardGypsum Board

• Gypsum board is a prefabricated plaster sheet material consisting of gypsum core sandwiched between two paper layers. Gypsum board is also known as wallboard, drywall, or sheetrock. The picture shows a gypsum wall in which the joints have been taped and mudded.

Heat PumpCompressor/Evaporator

• The compressor/evaporator is located on the exterior of the building. The main purpose of this device is to take outdoor air and move it across coils containing refrigerant to change the temperature of the refrigerant. This device can also work in reverse to cool a building in the summer months. One advantage of a heat pump is the ability to heat a house rapidly but the disadvantage is the it can also be noisy when air travels through the ducts.

Heat PumpAir Handling Unit

• The air handling unit it located on the interior of the building and the main purpose of this device is to move air through ducts which distribute air to each room.

InsulationBatt Insulation

• This is usually made from fiber glass cut to fit onto framing cavities. Batts are provided on sheets, while blankets come in rolls.

• Spray foam is a chemical substitute for insulation methods like fiberglass. This barrier can hold in air and heat, keeping houses warm.

InsulationRigid Board Insulation

• Is manufactured in panels that make it easy to clad a large area. It also resists water and rot from locations in the ground.

Lintel

• A lintel is a horizontal beam used as a finishing piece over a door or window. Can be made of stone, concrete, or steel.

MortarTooled

Joint• A masonry joint where

the mortar has been worked with a tool to create a finish effect.

• This tooled joint is 3/8”.• This is used as a brick

veneer on a hardware store.

• I would guess that the mortar is type-N.

• A masonry joint where the mortar has been worked with a tool to create a finish effect.

• This tooled joint is 3/8”.• This is used as a brick

veneer on a hardware store.

• I would guess that the mortar is type-N.

• A mortar joint in brickwork formed by pressing the trowel.

• The mortar size is 3/8”.• This is used as the

foundation on a residential house.

• I would guess that type-N mortar was used here also.

• A mortar joint in brickwork formed by pressing the trowel.

• The mortar size is 3/8”.• This is used as the

foundation on a residential house.

• I would guess that type-N mortar was used here also.

• OSB is an engineered wood product formed from layers of wood flakes in specific orientations. OSB panels have no internal gaps or voids.

PlumbingLavatoryPlumbingLavatory

The typical sized piping used to drain a lavatory is 1-1/2” diameter.

PlumbingTub and/or Shower Unit

PlumbingPlumbing Vent

Vent through the roof for plumbing. The purpose of this vent is to keep the water level in the P-Trap under the sink level. The water needs to stay in the P-Trap to keep the toxic sewer gases from entering the building. It also lets the water drain freely.

PlumbingDrop In Kitchen Sink

• Plywood is a type of engineered wood made from thin sheets and is glued together at right angles from each other for greater strength. The term veneer is defined as a thin layer of wood that is glued together to make a thicker sheet of wood.

Radiant Barrier• Radiant

barriers or reflective barriers inhibit heat transfer by thermal radiation.

Rebar• A rod or bar used for

reinforcement in concrete. A pattern is rolled onto them which helps the concrete get a grip on the bar. This rebar is ½” thick so it would be called a number 4.

• Gutters are the metal channels that are attached to the roof edges and used to draw water down and away from the house and its foundation.

• A vertical pipe for carrying rainwater down from a roof gutter.

Steep Roof MaterialsUnderlayment

Underlayment is a flexible, protective barrier for the roof sheathing; its main function is to protect the roof from rain water before the roofing is applied. It also serves as a permanent second layer of defense.

Steep Roof MaterialsClay Tile Roof

Steep Roof MaterialsSlate Shingle Roof

A thin oblong piece of material, such as wood or slate, that is laid in overlapping rows to cover the roof or sides of a house or other building.

Steep Roof MaterialsMetal Panel Roof

Typical materials used are galvanized or aluminized steel.

Steep Roof ShapesGable

Steep Roof ShapesGambrel

Steep Roof ShapesHip

Steep Roof ShapesMansard

Steep Roof TermsRidge

• The ridge runs along the uppermost portion of the roof.• The ridge runs along the uppermost portion of the roof.

Steep Roof TermsValley

• A valley is formed by the intersection of the two roof slopes.• A valley is formed by the intersection of the two roof slopes.

Steep Roof TermsEave

• The eave is the horizontal edge located on the low side of a roof.• The eave is the horizontal edge located on the low side of a roof.

Steep Roof TermsRake

• The rake is the sloping edge of a gable roof.

Steep Roof TermsWith Fascia

• The fascia is an optional addition to a roof, but if a building has one it is the exposed vertical face of an eave.

Steep Roof TermsWithout Fascia

Steep Roof TermsSoffit

• A soffit can be found on the underside of a roof overhang.• A soffit can be found on the underside of a roof overhang.

StoneRandom Rubble

StoneCoursed Rubble

StoneRandom Ashlar

StoneCoursed Ashlar

Vapor RetarderVapor Retarder

• Vapor Retarder is a thin, continuous layer of material that is placed on insulation to obstruct the passage of water through a building. It is placed in such a way to make it as seamless as possible. The most common materials used are plastic sheathing, aluminum foil, and craft paper. Vapor retarder is always placed on the warm-in-winter side of insulation.

Waterproofing

Waterproofing is placed on the underground area of a foundation wall and it serves to resist standing water under pressure. There are about five different categories of waterproofing, which include: liquid-applied membrane, loosely laid membrane, fully adhered membrane, cementations, and Bentonite clay. The picture shows an example of liquid-applied membrane. Some advantages of this type of waterproofing are that it is easy to detail around penetrations and it can take the form of any shape.

Welded Wire FabricWelded Wire FabricWelded Wire FabricWelded Wire Fabric

• Welded wire fabric is fabricated from a series of wires arranged into different sized squares used to reinforce concreteconcrete. Welded wire fabric, referred to as WWF.

WindowsCasementWindowsCasement

This is an out swinging casement window because it is hinged along the side of the window.This is an out swinging casement window because it is hinged along the side of the window.

WindowsDouble Hung

A window having two sashes that slide up and down.A window having two sashes that slide up and down.

WindowsSingle Hung

A window having one sash that slides up and down.A window having one sash that slides up and down.

visual dictionary

front end

steep roof

clear opening

applied membrane

modular brick

fresh air

finished floor

actual dimensions

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