viruses & cancer + emerging and re emerging viruses
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viruses & cancer
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
emerging and re-emerging viruses
Monday, September 19, 2011
what are emerging infections?
Newly appeared in the population
Have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, September 19, 2011
EXAMPLES
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
PROCESS OF EMERGENCE
Introduction of the agent into a new host population, originating from:
environment
another host species
variant of an existing human infection
Establishment and further dissemination within the new host population
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, September 19, 2011
AGENT-RELATED FACTORS
Microbial adaptation
Mutation
Natural selection
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Evolutionary progression
Virulence factors
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, September 19, 2011
HOST-RELATED FACTORS
Human Susceptibility
immune status
nutrition
age
occupation, etc.
Human behavior and demographics
Affect disease dissemination
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, September 19, 2011
environment-related factors
(#1) Changing ecosystems / land use
Argentine, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
changes in agriculture (grassland to maize) favoring rodent host
Hantaviruses
Ecological or environmental changes increasing contact with rodent hosts
Rift Valley fever
agriculture, irrigation
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, September 19, 2011
environment-related factors
(#2) Economic development
Dengue/DHF
urbanization favoring mosquito vector
Lassa fever
urbanization favoring rodent hosts, increasing exposure
Rift Valley fever
dam buildingfrom PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, September 19, 2011
environment-related factors
(#3) Technology and industry
Hepatitis B and C
transfusions, organ transplants
Influenza (pandemic)
possibly pig-duck agriculture facilitating reassortment
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, September 19, 2011
environment-related factors
(#4) International travel and commerce
Dengue/DHF
Ebola, Marburg
In Europe and US, importation of monkeys
HIV
Influenza (pandemic)
SARS
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, September 19, 2011
environment-related factors
(#4) International travel and commerce
Dengue/DHF
Ebola, Marburg
In Europe and US, importation of monkeys
HIV
Influenza (pandemic)
SARS
from PH 301 lectures of Lilen Sarol, PhD
Monday, September 19, 2011
SPECIAL TOPICS IN VIROLOGY
BIOTERRORISM & DUAL RESEARCH
Monday, September 19, 2011
OUTLINE
❖ Overview: Dual-Use Research
❖ Overview: Risks
❖ Biotechnology and Bioterrorism
❖ Case Studies
Monday, September 19, 2011
Biological Research has led to the development of new drugs, treatments, and medical
advancements that have profoundly impacted our health and way of life
The General Public holds scientists and their work in high regard and trusts that they will act in the best interest of society
Monday, September 19, 2011
What is Dual-Use Research?
“Legitimate scientific work that could be misused to threaten public health or national security”
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
THUS: any medical advance that improves the ease of engineering,
handling, or delivering treatment has the potential to be applied by those wishing to do harm and can be considered "dual-
use
Monday, September 19, 2011
“advances in biotechnology … have the potential to create a much more dangerous biological warfare threat … engineered biological agents could be worse than any disease
known to man.” (CIA, 2003)
Monday, September 19, 2011
“advances in biotechnology … have the potential to create a much more dangerous biological warfare threat … engineered biological agents could be worse than any disease
known to man.” (CIA, 2003)
Monday, September 19, 2011
Case Studies
Monday, September 19, 2011
❖ Dr. Wimmer, Distinguished Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook
❖ 1991: Published the chemical formula of the polio virus
❖ 2001:biochemically synthesized (deliberately) poliovirus according to its genomic sequence in the absence of a template without a DNA or RNA template, or the help of living cells
❖ 2002 published in Science
❖ DUAL USE Implications: unnecessarily demonstrating how bioterrorists could use modern scientific techniques to create dangerous pathogens
❖ POLICY: “prior to attempting synthesis of a microbial chromosome we commissioned an independent bioethical review of our proposed scientific plan.”
Monday, September 19, 2011
❖ Dr. Wimmer, Distinguished Professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook
❖ 1991: Published the chemical formula of the polio virus
❖ 2001:biochemically synthesized (deliberately) poliovirus according to its genomic sequence in the absence of a template without a DNA or RNA template, or the help of living cells
❖ 2002 published in Science
❖ DUAL USE Implications: unnecessarily demonstrating how bioterrorists could use modern scientific techniques to create dangerous pathogens
❖ POLICY: “prior to attempting synthesis of a microbial chromosome we commissioned an independent bioethical review of our proposed scientific plan.”
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
❖ PROS: experiments could uncover the reasons why the Spanish flu pandemic was so deadly and could offer insight into avian flu pathology and how it might become transmissible in humans.
❖ CONS:
❖ publication of the viral sequence, conditions under which the virus was handled and the threat of its escape into the environment;
❖ recreate deadly and transmissible though extinct or eradicated viruses;
❖ can be used for the design of a weapon of mass destruction; there is a risk verging on inevitability of accidental… or deliberate release of the virus.
❖ IMPACT TO PUBLIC HEALTH: advancement in tools to sequence genomes and synthesize DNA; BUT could be used to engineer biological weapons
Monday, September 19, 2011
VIDEO ON SCIENTISTS’ VIEWS
Monday, September 19, 2011
We must PREVENT such MISUSE
without IMPEDING research
PROGRESS!
“are there potential benefits to public health and safety from application or utilization of this information?”
Monday, September 19, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
LABORATORY ACTIVITY
Monday, September 19, 2011
Create a letter-sized POSTER to educate college students on your choice of
emerging/re-emerging infection...FOCUS on :
1. awareness2. prevention
Monday, September 19, 2011
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