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VICC International Union Against Cancer
Union Internationale Contre Ie Cancer
Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo
Prognostic Factors in Cancer
Edited by P. Hermanek, M.K. Gospodarowicz, D.E. Henson, R.Y.P. Hutter, L.H. Sobin
With 14 Figures and 60 Tables
Springer
UICC 3, rue du Conseil-Gent!ral, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
Editors:
Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. P. Hermanek Vorstand der Abteilung fUr Klinische Patho1ogie i. R. Chirurgische Universitiitsklinik Erlangen Krankenhausstr. 12,91054 Erlangen, FRG
Dr. Mary K. Gospodarowicz Princess Margaret Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology University of Toronto, 500 Sherbourne Street Toronto, Ontario M4X 1K9, Canada
Dr. D.E. Henson Early Detection Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control National Cancer Institute, EPN Building, Room 305 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Dr. R.V.P. Hutter Clinical Professor of Pathology University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ Department of Pathology, Saint Barnabas Medical Center Old Short Hills Road, Livingston, NJ 07039, USA
Dr. L.H. Sobin Professor of Pathology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD Division of Gastrointestinal Pathology Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306, USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Prognostic factors in cancer I edited by P. Hennanek '" let al.]. p. crn. "UICC, International Union Against Cancer - Union Internationale Contre Ie Cancer" --Po preceding t. p. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13:978-3-540-58688-3 1. Cancer--Prognosis. I. Hermanek, Paul. II. International Union against Cancer. [DNLM: 1. Neoplasms--diagnosis. 2. Prognosis. 3. Neoplasm Staging. 4. Survival Rate. QZ 241 P964 1996]
RC262.P688 1995 616.99'4075--dc20 95-19216
ISBN-13 :978-3-540-58688-3 e-ISBN -13 :978-3-642-79395-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-79395-0
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation. reprinting. reuse of illustrations, recitation. broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965. in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Vedag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
© International Union Against Cancer, Geneva 1995
The use of general descriptive names, registered names. trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply. even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such infonnation by consulting the relevant literature.
Typesetting: Thomson Press (India) Ltd, New Delhi SPIN: 10472160 31/3133/SPS - 5 4 3 210 - Printed on acid-free paper
Preface·
This monograph is the result of an effort by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) to study prognostic factors related to cancer. It is an.extension of the long-term work on the TNM classification, the most widely used "staging" classification and the strongest prognostic factor for most cancer.
Although anatomic extent of disease (TNM) is generally the most important indicator of prognosis for cancer patients and provides the main criterion for selection of therapy, anatomic extent coupled with other factors could provide an even more powerful system for prognostic assessment and choice of therapy.
The purpose of this monograph is to compile information on prognostic factors for most tumour sites and selected tumour types. Each site- or tumour-specific chapter provides a general overview of the relevant literature on prognostic factors. Where possible, the authors have attempted to assess these factors in terms of their strength and independence to influence prognosis and their clinical relevance.
The TNM classification, which describes the anatomic extent of disease, is the most time proven prognostic classification. As such, TNM serves as a standard against which other prognostic factors and classifications are measured.
We hope that the present compilation of prognostic factors will aid in: (l) portraying the scope of this field; (2) stimulating the study of these and other prognostic factors; and (3) bringing some perspective to those working on specific factors.
March 1995 P. Hermanek, Erlangen M.K. Gospodarowicz, Toronto D.E. Henson, Bethesda, MD R.V.P. Hutter, Livingston, NJ L.H. Sobin, Washington, DC
Acknowledgement
Reviewer
Bielach S, MD, Hamburg, Germany Diehl V, MD, Prof., Koln, Germany Dold UW, MD, Priv. Doz., Freiburg, Germany Gebhardt Ch, MD, Prof., Niirnberg, Germany Hofiken K, MD, Prof., Jena, Germany Hohenberger W, MD, Prof., Erlangen, Germany Kindermann G, MD, Prof., Miinchen, Germany Konig HJ, MD, Prof., Erlangen, Germany Laperriere NJ, MD, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Meister P, MD, Prof., Miinchen, Germany Mennel HD, MD, Prof., MarburgiLahn, Germany Payne DG, MD, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Schlag P, MD, Prof., Berlin, Germany Schrott KM, MD, Prof., Erlangen, Germany Siewert JR, MD, Prof., Miinchen, Germany Steiner W, MD, Prof., Gottingen, Germany Wigand ME, MD, Prof., Erlangen, Germany Winkler K, MD, Prof., Hamburg, Germany Wustrow TPU, MD, Prof., Miinchen, Germany
The editors have much pleasure in acknowledging the great help received from the reviewers listed above.
Contents
Introduction .................................... . M.K. Gospodarowicz, P. Hermanek, and D.E. Henson
2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck 12 E.W. Strong, H. Kasdorf, and J.M. Henk
3 Parotid Carcinoma ................................ 23 C. Calearo and A. Pastore
4 Thyroid Carcinoma ............................... 28 A. Antonaci, J. Brierley, G. Bacchi, F. Consorti, C. Consoli, A. Manzini, M. TAgliaferri, F. Ficulccilli, F. Menichelli, C. Miani, P. Miani, M. DI Paola, and M. Piemonte
5 Oesophageal Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 J.D. Roder, H.J. Stein, and J.R. Siewert
6 Stomach Carcinoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 P. Hermanek, K. Maruyama, and L.H. Sobin
7 Colorectal Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 P. Hermanek and L.H. Sobin
8 Anal Canal Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 B.J. Cummings
9 Hepatocellular Carcinoma .......................... 88 C. Wittekind
10 Carcinoma of the Gallbladder ....................... 94 M.T. Carriaga and D.E. Henson
11 Carcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Ducts M.T. Carriaga and D.E. Henson
100
12 Exocrine Pancreatic Carcinoma ...................... 105 M. Yamamoto, Y. Saitoh, and P. Hermanek
13 Lung Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 118 H. Asamura and T. Naruke
X Contents
14 Osteosarcoma H. Fukuma
130
15 Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Adults ...................... 138 S. Toma, W. Hohenberger, R. Palumbo, o. Schmidt, G. Nicolo, G. Canavese, and F. Badellino
16 Skin Carcinoma .................................. 149 P. Hermanek and H. Breuninger
17 Malignant Melanoma of Skin ....................... 152 P. Hermanek and N.N. Blinov
18 Breast Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 165 H.B. Burke, R.V.P. Hutter, and D.E. Henson
19 Vulvar Carcinoma ................................ 177 J.L. Benedet, D.M. Miller, E. Kovacs, and H. Ludwig
20 Cervix Uteri Carcinoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185 A Fy1es and P. Kirkbride
21 Corpus Uteri Carcinoma ........................... 193 J.L. Benedet, T.G. Ehlen, E. Kovacs, and H. Ludwig
22 Fallopian Tube Carcinoma ......................... 203 A.C. Rosen and M.J. Klein
23 Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 207 A Pfleiderer
24 Prostate Carcinoma ............................... 216 L.J. Denis, P.A. Catton, M.K. Gospodarowicz, G.P. Murphy, P.O. Hedlund, and F.K. Mostofi
25 Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 224 M.K. Gospodarowicz and J.F.G. Sturgeon
26 Renal Cell Carcinoma ............................. 234 M.K. Gospodarowicz and J.E. Montie
27 Urinary Bladder Carcinoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 241 M.K. Gospodarowicz
28 Ophthalmic Tumours .............................. 249 G.K. Lang, C.W. Spraul, and G.O.H. Naumann
29 Neuroepithelial Tumours of Brain ....... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 257 K. Nomura and AB.M.F. Karim
30 Hodgkin Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 263 M.K. Gospodarowicz, L. Specht, and S.B. Sutcliffe
31 Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas ......................... 271 M.K. Gospodarowicz and M. Hayat
Subject Index ....................................... 281
List of Contributors
Antonaci, A. Department of Clinical Surgery IV, University "La Sapienza" di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy
Asamura, H. Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, I-I, Tsukiji 5-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan
Bacchi, G. Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Ospedale Civile Regionale, 33100 Udine, Italy
Badellino, F. Division of Surgical Oncology, National Institute for Cancer Research-1ST, 10132 Genoa, Italy
Benedet, J.L. Department of Gynaecology, Vancouver General Hospital, 805 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z IM9
Blinov, N.N. N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, 68 Leningradskaya St., Pesochny 2, St. Petersburg 189646, Russia
Breuninger, H. Universitatshautklinik, 72076 Tiibingen, Germany
Brierley, J. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, 500 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4X lK9
Burke,B. Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
XII List of Contributors
Calearo, C. Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ferrara, Arcispedale S. Anna, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
Canavese, G. Division of Surgical Oncology, National Institute for Cancer Research-1ST, 10132 Genoa, Italy
Carriaga, M.T. Department of Pathology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
Catton, P .A. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, 500 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4X lK9
Consoli,C. Department of Clinical Surgery IV, University "La Sapienza" di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy
Consorti, F. Department of Clinical Surgery IV, University "La Sapienza" di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy
Cummings, B.J. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer InstitutelPrincess Margaret Hospital, 500 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4X lK9
Denis, L.J. Department of Urology, A.Z. Middelheim, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
DiPaola, M. Department of Clinical Surgery IV, University "La Sapienza" di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy
Ehlen, T.G. Department of Gynaecology, Vancouver General Hospital, 805 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z IM9
Ficulccilli, F. Department of Clinical Surgery IV, University "La Sapienza" di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy
Fukuma,H. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan
List of Contributors XIII
Fyles, A. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, 500 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4X lK9
Gospodarowicz, M.K. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, 500 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4X lK9
Hayat, M. Department of Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, rue Camille Desmoulin, 94805 Villejuif, France
Hedlund, P.O. Department of Urology, Karolinska Hospital, 10401 Stockholm, Sweden
Henk,J.M. Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
Henson, D.E. Early Detection Branch, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute, EPN Building, Room 305, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Hermanek, P. Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12,91054 Erlangen, Germany
Hohenberger, W. Chirurgische Klinik uhd Poliklinik, University of Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12,91054 Erlangen, Germany
Hutter, R.V.P. St. Barnabas Medical Center, Old Short Hills Road, Livingston, NJ 07039, USA
Karim, A.B.M.F. Department of Radiation Oncology, Academisch Ziekenhuis, Vrije Universiteit, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Kasdorf, H. Academia Nazional de Medicine, Montevideo 11000, Uruguay
Kirkbride, P. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, 500 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4X lK9
Klein,M.J. Donauspital, Department of Oncology, 1200 Vienna, Austria
XIV List of Contributors
Kovacs, E. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
Lang,G.K. University Eye Hospital and Clinic, University ofUlm, Prittwitzstr. 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
Ludwig,H. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
Manzini,A. Department of Clinical Surgery IV, University "La Sapienza" di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy
Maruyama, K. Division of Gastric Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan
Menichelli, F. Department of Clinical Surgery IV, University "La Sapienza" di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy
Miani,C. Divisione of Otorhinolaryngology, Ospedale Civile Regionale, 33100 Udine, Italy
Miani, P. Divisione of Otorhinolaryngology, Ospedale Civile Regionale, 33100 Udine, Italy
Miller, D.M. Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 805 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1M9
Montie, J .E. Department of Urology, Wayne State University, Harper Hospital, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
Mostofi, F.K. Department of Genitourinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306, USA
Murphy. G.P. Pacific Northwest Research Foundation, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
List of Contributors XV
Naruke, T. Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan
Naumann, G.O.H. University Eye Hospital and Clinic, University of ErlangenNurnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Nicolo, G. Service of Pathology and Cytology, National Institute for Cancer Research-1ST, 10132 Genoa, Italy
Nomura, K. Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Hospital, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan
Palumbo,R. Department of Medical Oncology, National Institute for Cancer Research-1ST, 10132 Genoa, Italy
Pastore,A. Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ferrara, Arcispedale S. Anna, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
Pfleiderer, A. Universitatsfrauenklinik, Klinikum der Universitat, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
Piemonte, M. Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Ospedale Civile Regionale, 33100 Udine, Italy
Roder,J.D. Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU Munchen, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
Rosen,A.C. Donauspital, Department of Gynaecology, 1200 Vienna, Austria
Saitoh, Y. 1st Department of Surgery, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe City 650, Japan
Schmidt,O. Department of Surgery, Universitatsklinikum, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
XVI List of Contributors
Siewert,J.R. Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU Munchen, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
Sobin, L.H. Division of Gastroenterology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306, USA
Specht, L. Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Spraul, C.W. University Eye Hospital and Clinic, University ofU1m, Prittwitzstr. 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
Stein, H.J. Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU Munchen, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
Strong, E.W. Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, NY 10021, USA
Sturgeon, J.F.G. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, 500 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4X lK9
Sutcliffe, S.B. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, 500 Sherbourne Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4X IK9
Tagliaferri, M. Department of Clinical Surgery IV, University "La Sapienza" di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy
Toma, S. Department of Medical Oncology, National Institute for Cancer Research-1ST, 10132 Genoa, Italy
Wittekind, C. Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgery and Urology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Yamamoto, M. 1st Department of Surgery, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe City 650, Japan
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