van dyk - panorama de la historia de la filosofía vol. ii
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7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/van-dyk-panorama-de-la-historia-de-la-filosofia-vol-ii 1/44
PDQGD YDQPYD@SG\MP @QGPSGMJMP
& L G B O P O L G M &
YMJOQMFM CD BM
EGPSOQGM CD BM LGBOPOLGM
Cq* Ntmj \mj Cwk
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Sqmct``gðj yoq dbYqol* Noqhd Qmfæqd~ @msmbíj
PDFGJMQGO SDOBÐHG@O NTMJ @MB\GJO
YQOHQMFM CD FMDPSQGMP
\gdjm 77" @owom`íj" C*L* 93=99 Fçug`o*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/van-dyk-panorama-de-la-historia-de-la-filosofia-vol-ii 2/44
PDQGD ‒YDQPYD@SG\MP @QGPSGMJMP‖
w PDQGD ‒TJG\DQPGSMQGM‖
Bm Pdqgd ‒Ydqpyd`sg|mp @qgpsgmjmp‖ %bgaqop' w Pdqgd ‒Tjg|dqpgsmqgm‖ %djpmwop'poj dpstcgop poaqd bm Poadqmjæm cd Cgop dj bop `gdbop w dj bm sgdqqm; db Pdýoqæo
cd pt Egno Ndpt`qgpso" m sqm|çp cd bm egpsoqgm; w db yocdq cd pt Dpyæqgst Pmjso"
ymqm qdjo|mq socmp bmp `opmp* Dpsop sdfmp" dbmaoqmcop pgpsdfísg`mfdjsd yoq
db Myðpsob Ymabo w cdpytçp yoq Pmj Mhtpsæj bbdhmqoj m pdq cdjofgjmcop
‒@mb|gjgpsmp‖ yoq bm mqqobbmcoqm ltdq~m gjsdbd`stmb `oj bm `tmb bop cdpmqqobbð dj
Hgjdaqm db hqmj qdloqfmcoq Ntmj @mb|gjo*Eow dj cæm poj ft`eop dj Dtqoym" Ptcílqg`m" Mpgm" Joqsd Mfçqg`m w dj
Mfçqg`m Bmsgjm }tgdjdp gjsdjsmj fopsqmq db cofgjgo cd Cgop dj bm `qdm`gðj"
pghtgdjco bmp cgqd`sqg`dp cd bop hqmjcdp qdloqfmcoqdp eobmjcdpdp Maqmemf
Ktwydq w Edqfmj Coowdxdqc" cdjsqo cd tj fmq`o cdjofgjmco pgfybdfdjsd
‒`opfo|gpgðj aæabg`m‖* Jtdpsqm fdsm dp sqmdq mpæ socmp bmp `opmp m bop ygdp cd
Ndpt`qgpso" m }tgdj socmp bmp `opmp ydqsdjd`dj" `ofo Qdw cd qdwdp w Pdýoq cdpdýoqdp*
Mfamp pdqgdp poj qdcm`smcmp yoq fgdfaqop cdb `tdqyo co`djsd cdb
Pdfgjmqgo Sdobðhg`o ‒Ntmj @mb|gjo‖*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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YMJOQMFM CD BM EGPSOQGM CD BM LGBOPOLGM
& TJ FMJTMB YMQM DPSTCGMJSDP @QGPSGMJOP &
\OBTFDJ GG
Pdhtjco ydqæoco yqgj`gymbBm egpsoqgm cd bm lgbopolæm
cd bm pæjsdpgp
Cq* Ntmj \mj CwkYqoldpoq cd Lgbopolæm
Tjg|dqpgcmc Coqcs @obbdhd
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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PDHTJCO YDQÆOCO YQGJ@GYMB
Bm egpsoqgm cd bm Lgbopolæm
cd bm pæjsdpgp
Gjsqoct``gðj 1Cg|gpgðj G> Db ydqæoco cdb ydjpmfgdjso ̀ qgpsgmjo yqgfgsg|o 4
Ptacg|gpgðj G> Dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp <
@myæstbo => Bop yqgfdqop bæcdqdp cdb ydjpmfgdjso ̀ qgpsgmjo 8
@myæstbo 1> Mhtpsæj 7
Ptacg|gpgðj GG> Pæjsdpgp cd ymqmconm ==
Ptacg|gpgðj GGG> Db ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm =1
Cg|gpgðj GG> Db dp`obmpsg`gpfo dj bm dcmc fdcgm =4Ptacg|gpgðj G> Db ptqhgfgdjso cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo =<
@myæstbo => Aod`go =8
@myæstbo 1> Mjpdbfo cd @mjsdqatqw =5
@myæstbo 0> Ydcqo Madbmqco =7
Ptacg|gpgðj GG> Db `bæfmu cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo 11
@myæstbo => Lgbopolæm gpbífg`m 13
@myæstbo 1> Atdjm|djstqm 14@myæstbo 0> Sofíp cd M}tgjo 1<
@myæstbo 3> Ctjp Dp`oso 09
Ptacg|gpgðj GGG> Db cd`bg|d cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo 01
@myæstbo => Fdgpsdq D`kemqs 00
@myæstbo 1> Htgbbdqfo cd O`kemf 03
Cg|gpgðj GGG> Pæjsdpgp mb `dqqmq bm dcmc fdcgm 08
Ptacg|gpgðj G> Yqd&qdloqfm 05Ptacg|gpgðj GG> Etfmjgpfo @qgpsgmjo 07
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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PDHTJCO YDQÆOCO YQGJ@GYMB
BM EGPSOQGM CD BM LGBOPOLÆM
CD BM PÆJSDPGP
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/van-dyk-panorama-de-la-historia-de-la-filosofia-vol-ii 6/44
1
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Emagdjco djsdjcgco db `ojsdjgco cdb yqgfdq |obtfdj pdqí `bmqo djsoj`dp }td db
`qgpsgmjgpfo pd djlqdjsð m tjm smqdm qdmbfdjsd cglæ`gb `tmjco gqqtfygð dj tj ftjco
yqoltjcmfdjsd ymhmjo* Bm `oftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm eg~o lqdjsd m tjm pgstm`gðj `qæsg`m* Bm
lgbopolæm hqgdhm myðpsmsm sdjæm tj cofgjgo mapobtso poaqd db ftjco cd djsoj`dp* M bm ymq}td db d|mjhdbgo pd yqo`bmfmam w bm ghbdpgm `qd`æm" db fdjpmnd `qgpsgmjo" `twm jmstqmbd~m dp
qmcg`mb" bbdhð m pdq `oqqofygco smfagçj yoq dpd fgpfo ymhmjgpfo* Cd mbbæ }td dj bop pghbop
yopsdqgoqdp db fgpfo `qgpsgmjgpfo st|o }td bt`emq yoq pt yqoygm |gcm smjso `ojsqm db
dusdqgoq `ofo bmp edqdnæmp gjsdqjmp* M ydpmq cd bop sqgtjlop |gpgabdp" db `qgpsgmjgpfo
cdpmqqobbð ymtbmsgjmfdjsd tjm fdjsmbgcmc cd pæjsdpgp yocdqopm" bo `tmb `ojctno
gqqdfdcgmabdfdjsd m bm loqfm`gðj cdb hqmj pgpsdfm dp`obípsg`o cd bm dcmc fdcgm
o``gcdjsmb*
Dp ytdp cd |gsmb gfyoqsmj`gm ymqm joposqop bop `qgpsgmjop sofmq `oj`gdj`gm cd bopt`dcgco dj dpsd pdhtjco ydqæoco yqgj`gymb dj bm lgbopolæm cd bm pæjsdpgp* Bm qm~ðj dp }td
dpsm fdjsmbgcmc pgjsçsg`m em mld`smco smj yocdqopmfdjsd db `tqpo cd bm `g|gbg~m`gðj
o``gcdjsmb }td smfagçj bm fmwoqæm cd bop `qgpsgmjop d|mjhçbg`op" gj`btpo qdloqfmcop" pd
dj`tdjsqmj msqmymcop dj bop hqgbbdsdp cd tj fmq`o sdðqg`o cd qdldqdj`gm dp`obípsg`o* Dj
hqmj fdcgcm jtdpsqop ytjsop cd |gpsm poaqd bm Dp`qgstqm" bm sdobohæm" bm ghbdpgm" db yd`mco"
jtdpsqm m`sgstc em`gm bm po`gdcmc" jtdpsqo djsdjcgfgdjso cdb pghjglg`mco cdb `qgpsgmjgpfo"
socop dbbop emj pgco cdsdqfgjmcop d gbtpsqmcop yoq m}tdbbo }td pt`dcgð dj bop yqgfdqop
}tgj`d pghbop cd bm ghbdpgm `qgpsgmjm*
¿M }tç pd cdagð }td bop yqgfdqop `qgpsgmjop ltdqmj gj`mym`dp cd mlgmj~mqpd wfmjsdjdq pt gcdjsgcmc? ¿]tç ltd bo }td bdp fo|gð m mcoysmq bmp dpsqt`stqmp cd
ydjpmfgdjso ymhmjmp empsm db hqmco }td pt ytjso cd |gpsm ‒`qgpsgmjo‖ poaqd bm |gcm w db
ftjco jo dqm fíp }td tjm |mqgm`gðj cdb fgpfo ytjso cd |gpsm ymhmjo? Ytdp agdj" tjm
|d~ }td emwmfop djsdjcgco bm pgstm`gðj cd tj foco ft`eo fíp ybdjo" jo cdadfop
`tbymq jg `ojcdjmq m bm ghbdpgm cd jtdpsqop ymcqdp yoq pt pæjsdpgp* Cd ympo" cdad pdq `bmqo
}td d|gsmqdfop `qgsg`mq" `tbymq w `ojcdjmq wm }td jo jop `ojct`d m jgjhþj agdj* Pgj
dfamqho" dp jd`dpmqgo d|mbtmq `qæsg`mfdjsd m lgj cd bbdhmq m tj fdnoq djsdjcgfgdjso* Dpso
pd em`d gjcgpydjpmabd pg }tdqdfop `tfybgq jtdpsqm smqdm cd tj foco mtsçjsg`mfdjsd
`qgpsgmjo dj db ftjco cd eow*
Dp |dqcmc }td bop yqgfdqop `qgpsgmjop pd cgdqoj `tdjsm }td Cgop emaæm qd|dbmco m bop
eofaqdp pt Ymbmaqm* Ghtmbfdjsd qd`ojo`gdqoj db bbmfmco m bm oadcgdj`gm" w cd mbbæ m
o`tymqpd smfagçj dj db ftjco m`mcçfg`o* Yoq þbsgfo" ltdqoj `ojp`gdjsdp }td bm lgbopolæm
hqgdhm emaæm bohqmco tj mbso hqmco cd ydjdsqm`gðj* Dp tj ed`eo }td" cdpytçp cd soco" bop
hqgdhop dj ptp gj}tgpg`gojdp qdmbfdjsd pd sqoyd~mamj `oj bmp oqcdjmj~mp cd bm `qdm`gðj cd
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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Cgop" w yoq dbbo" empsm `gdqso hqmco" dj |mqgop mpyd`sop oasdjdq hqmjcdp bohqop* @ofo
dndfybo" ygdjpd dj db hqmj pgpsdfm bðhg`o }td cdpmqqobbð Mqgpsðsdbdp*
M ydpmq cd cmqpd `tdjsm cd dpso" bm lgbopolæm cd bm pæjsdpgp aqosð `oj ft`eo |ghoq w yoq
|mqgmp qm~ojdp; bm yqgfdqm dp }td ft`eop cd bop jtd|op `oj|dqpop dqmj lgbðpolop"
m`mqqdmjco tjm sqmcg`gðj ymhmjm ntjso `oj dbbop; bm pdhtjcm dp }td db ymhmjgpfo bmj~ð tjsdqqgabd msm}td `ojsqm bm ghbdpgm" w `oj db lgj cd em`dq gjsdbghgabd pt cdldjpm bop `qgpsgmjop
qd}tgqgdqoj cd sdqfgjobohæm yqoygdcmc cd bm bgsdqmstqm w lgbopolæm ymhmjmp* @ofo qdptbsmco"
socm tjm hmfm cd gcdmp hqgdhmp pd gjlgbsqmqoj dj db ydjpmfgdjso `qgpsgmjo* Db yqoabdfm cd
bm sdqfgjobohæm socm|æm jop m`opm eow" `ofo bo fdj`gojmfop dj bop yíqqmlop yqd|gop; bm
sdq`dqm" bmp edqdnæmp gjsdqjmp }td cdfmjcmqoj tjm mqsg`tbm`gðj `bmqm w mhtcm dj bm
cdlgjg`gðj cdb cohfm; yoq bo }td dj db gjsdjso cd bm loqftbm`gðj cd çpsd" bop `qgpsgmjop emj
qd`tqqgco m bm lgbopolæm ymhmjm ymqm qdloq~mq ptp mqhtfdjsop w mþj ymqm djsdjcdq bmp
Dp`qgstqmp*
Bm çyo`m cdb cofgjgo cd bm lgbopolæm cd bm pæjsdpgp bm yocdfop sqmsmq dj sqdp cg|gpgojdp*
Dj yqgfdq bthmq db ydqæoco cd bm ghbdpgm yqgfgsg|m" bm ymsqæpsg`m" cdpcd db mýo 49 c* @*" empsm
db `ofgdj~o cd bm dcmc fdcgm* Bm pdhtjcm cg|gpgðj mamq`m socm bm dcmc fdcgm"
`mqm`sdqg~mcm yqgj`gymbfdjsd yoq db dp`obmpsg`gpfo* Dj dpsd sgdfyo" bm Agabgm socm|æm dqm
tjm ltdjsd cd dpstcgo" ydqo bmp oaqmp cd bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm w cd bop lgbðpolop ymhmjop
o`tymqoj tj bthmq yqdyojcdqmjsd dj db ydjpmfgdjso `qgpsgmjo cd fdjop m fíp* Dj sdq`dqo
w þbsgfo bthmq" sdjdfop bm cg|gpgðj }td sqmsm cdb qd`em~o cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo w tj qdsoqjo m
bm ghbdpgm cd bop ymcqdp w bop dfydqmcoqdp*
Bm lgbopolæm cd bm pæjsdpgp pgfybdfdjsd pghjglg`m bm `ofagjm`gðj cd `oj`dysop joDp`qgstqmbdp `oj sdfmp aæabg`op* Mjsdp cd yqo`dcdq m pt dpstcgo josdfop }td bm lgbopolæm cd
bm pæjsdpgp w db `qgpsgmjgpfo jo mqqgamqoj cd bm fmjo tjo cdb osqo* Mpæ `ofo bm lgbopolæm
ymhmjm pd cdpmqqobbð ctqmjsd pghbop cdpytçp cdb sgdfyo cd @qgpso" smfagçj d|gcdj`gmp cd
pæjsdpgp ytdcdj dj`ojsqmqpd yqd|gmp mb fgpfo* Bm lgbopolæm pgjsçsg`m jo ltd oaqm cd
`qgpsgmjop pobmfdjsd pgjo cd ntcæop cdb Mjsghto Sdpsmfdjso smfagçj*
Bop ntcæop" mymqsmcop cd pt eohmq" |g|gdjco dj tj mfagdjsd edbçjg`o" pd mlbghæmj yoq db
cdpdo cd qdsdjdq bm qd|dbm`gðj w mcoysmq bm `tbstqm edbdjm* @ofo qdptbsmco ydqcgdqoj cd
|gpsm bm cgpsmj`gm djsqd bm Ymbmaqm&Qd|dbm`gðj %cdb Mjsghto Sdpsmfdjso' w bm lgbopolæm hqgdhmw oysmqoj yoq bm pæjsdpgp*
Dpsm pæjsdpgp ymqd`æm olqd`dqbdp `gdqsmp |djsmnmp* Yqgfdqo" mb mcoysmq sqdfmp ymhmjop"
db ntcæo ytco em`dq m`dysmabd mb jo ntcæo ptp yqoygmp `qddj`gmp* Pdhtjco" cdjsqo cd bop
`æq`tbop ntcæop bop `oj`dysop lgbopðlg`op hqgdhop ytcgdqoj pdq pmjsglg`mcop `oj bm mtsoqgcmc
cg|gjm cdb Mjsghto Sdpsmfdjso*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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Db fíp gjhdjgopo cd bop pgjsdsg~mcoqdp ntcæop ltd Lgbðj cd Mbdnmjcqæm" cd 14 m* @*" m 39
c* @* Dpsd Lgbðj" mtj}td qd`ojo`æm mb Mjsghto Sdpsmfdjso `ofo bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop" pd
dj`mfgjð dj db ybmsojgpfo w db dpsog`gpfo* Tpð db fçsoco cd duçhdpgp mbdhðqg`m* Dpsm
`bmpd cd duçhdpgp mptfd }td db pdjsgco bgsdqmb cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp dp ymqm db ytdabo `ofþj"
gbdsqmco" dj smjso }td db lgbðpolo |d tj pdjsgco fíp yqoltjco* Yoq dndfybo" mb bddq }td db
fmjí `mwð cdb `gdbo db bd`soq `ofþj gjsdqyqdsm m}tdbbo pgfybdfdjsd cd fmjdqm bgsdqmb>
Cgop mbgfdjsð m pt ytdabo* Db lgbðpolo" yoq osqo bmco" |d fíp mbbí" db fmjí jo dp pobmfdjsd
ymj" pgjo `ojo`gfgdjso lgbopðlg`o }td cdp`gdjcd cdb Bohop cg|gjo* Dpsd fçsoco jo aæabg`o
cd duçhdpgp dqm dfybdmco bgaqdfdjsd yoq socm bm dcmc fdcgm*
Lgbðj `ofagjð ft`eop sdfmp ybmsðjg`op w edbdjgpsmp `oj pt ld dj db Mjsghto
Sdpsmfdjso" smb `ofo bm sdoqæm cd bmp gcdmp" w bm sdoqæm cdb m yqgoqg* Mb mcoysmq smbdp
jo`gojdp ymhmjmp" Lgbðj pm`qglg`ð bm mtsoqgcmc cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp* @ofo pt`dcd dj socm
pæjsdpgp" db yocdq cgqd`sg|o cd bm mtsoqgcmc cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp pd ygdqcd* Bmp Dp`qgstqmp jo
ydqfgsdj smbdp `ofyojdjcmp* Pgj dfamqho" dpd `qgpsgmjgpfo dj`mfgjmco sqmp bop ympop cdbm pæjsdpgp pdqí db mptjso m `ojpgcdqmq dj dpsd |obtfdj*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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CG\GPGÐJ G
DB YDQÆOCO CDB YDJPMFGDJSO @QGPSGMJO YQGFGSG\O
BOP YMCQDP CD BM GHBDPGM
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Db yqgfdq ydqæoco cd bm pæjsdpgp pd `mqm`sdqg~m yoq tj `gdqso hqmco cd dpyojsmjdgcmc"dp cd`gq" bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm qdm``gojmqoj gjfdcgmsm w dpyojsíjdmfdjsd smjso mb
d|mjhdbgo `ofo m bm lgbopolæm ymhmjm* Dj hdjdqmb dpsop yqgfdqop `qgpsgmjop jo dpsmamj
`ojp`gdjsdp cd bm pæjsdpgp }td cd dbbop aqosmqæm" ptp gjsdj`gojdp dj qdmbgcmc dqmj atdjmp*
Cgpsgjhtgfop sqdp fçsocop cd pæjsdpgp dj dpsd ydqæoco* Db fíp gfyoqsmjsd ltd db
fçsoco cd dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp* Dpsmp ymbmaqmp hqgdhmp `ojpgpsdj dj ‒sqmdq cdjsqo‖ w
‒dusqmdq‖* Dj dld`so" pghjglg`m bddq dj bmp Dp`qgstqmp bo }td jo dpsí meæ" w m ydpmq cd dpsmq dj
`ojlbg`so `oj dbbmp cdagco m bop dbdfdjsop mndjop }td tjo em gjsqoct`gco* Btdho" `tmjco
dpop dbdfdjsop dusqmýop pd emj gj`qtpsmco dj db sduso aæabg`o" pd dusqmdj cd mbbæ `ofo pgltdqmj ymqsd cd çb" dpsm dp bm duçhdpgp* Cd dpsd foco" bmp gcdmp ymhmjmp ltdqoj gj`qtpsmcmp
gjhdjtmfdjsd cdjsqo cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp" empsm db hqmco cd ptyojdq }td bm Agabgm bmp
djpdýmam* Pt`dcæm lqd`tdjsdfdjsd }td bop `qgpsgmjop dj ptp cdamsdp `oj bop ymhmjop
cd`æmj> `qddfop jo yoq}td sþ bo cghmp" pgjo yoq}td yqo`dcd cd bm Agabgm* Dj smbdp `mpop"
sqmsmamj cd dusqmdq cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp" cd foco agabg`gpsm" tjm lgbopolæm" dj smjso }td wm
emaæmj sqmæco tjm dusqmým lgbopolæm m bmp Dp`qgstqmp*
Jo dp cglæ`gb gfmhgjmq db gjsdqfgjmabd lqm`mpo }td dpsd sgyo cd pæjsdpgp `mtpð m bm ghbdpgm
yqgfgsg|m* Bop `qgpsgmjop bdæmj dbdfdjsop ymhmjop cgldqdjsdp dj bmp Dp`qgstqmp w
`ojpd`tdjsdfdjsd `mæmj dj `ojlbg`sop tjop `ojsqm osqop*
Tj pdhtjco fçsoco ltd db cd bm ymqmconm* Pd m`dysmam tj `oj`dyso ymhmjo mb fgpfo
sgdfyo }td dp `ojsqmqgo m bmp Dp`qgstqmp* Dj osqmp ymbmaqmp" bm pæjsdpgp cd ymqmconm m`dysm
smjso bmp Dp`qgstqmp `ofo bm lgbopolæm ymhmjm m ydpmq cd qd`ojo`dq }td mfamp dpsíj dj
`ojlbg`so; dj dpso `ojpgpsd bm ymqmconm" mlgqfmq }td db ymhmjgpfo w bmp Dp`qgstqmp poj bm
|dqcmc* Dp d|gcdjsd bo gjpopsdjgabd cd dpsm yopstqm" pgj dfamqho çpsm dp wm tj m|mj`d
poaqd db fçsoco dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp" yoq}td pd cm `tdjsm }td bm lgbopolæm ymhmjm
pgfybdfdjsd jo ytdcd" m`qæsg`mfdjsd" mcmysmqpd m bm Dp`qgstqm*
Db sdq`dq fçsoco pgjsçsg`o pd cdpmqqobbð dj bm þbsgfm ymqsd cd dpsd yqgfdq ydqæoco
ymsqæpsg`o w ltd cdpsgjmco m nthmq tj ymydb `qt`gmb dj bmp dcmcdp yoq |djgq* Dpsd ltd db cd
jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm*
Bop sqdp fçsocop pgjsçsg`op pd ytdcdj sqmsmq `oj|djgdjsdfdjsd dj bmp sqdp
ptacg|gpgojdp m ̀ ojsgjtm`gðj*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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DB FÇSOCO CD DGPÇHDPGP&DUÇHDPGP
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@ofo wm bo gjcg`mfop" dpsd ltd db fçsoco fíp gfyoqsmjsd dj bm egpsoqgm cd bm ghbdpgm
yqgfgsg|m* Ltd `mqm`sdqæpsg`m yqgj`gymb cd m}tdbbop `qgpsgmjop }td pgfymsg~mqoj ft`eo `ojbm lgbopolæm hqgdhm w empsm `ojpgcdqmqoj `mpg `qgpsgmjop m bop ymhmjop* Dj hdjdqmb" dpsop
myobohgpsmp yqgfgsg|op w ymcqdp d`bdpgípsg`op m bm |d~ dpsmamj bgpsop ymqm m`ofocmqpd mb
ymhmjgpfo* Db qdptbsmco ltd bm lgbopolæm pgjsçsg`m> bm tjgðj cd cop yqgj`gygop cd
ydjpmfgdjso ftstmfdjsd du`btwdjsdp* Dj dpd gjsdjso" db yocdq qdjo|mcoq cd bm Ymbmaqm
cd Cgop jo pd mybg`ð mb ydjpmfgdjso lgbopðlg`o* Jo st|o bthmq tjm qdloqfm gjsdqjm cd bm
lgbopolæm" jg pg}tgdqm" cg`eo cd osqo foco" pd cdpmqqobbð tjm lgbopolæm `qgpsgmjm* Yoq db
`ojsqmqgo" dpsd yocdq qdjo|mcoq cd bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop ltd po`m|mco w cgbtgco mb m`dysmq bop
gjlbtnop jo `qgpsgmjop*
Bmp edqdnæmp w bt`emp gjsdqjmp dj bm ghbdpgm yqgfgsg|m ltdqoj `mtpmcmp yoq bm pæjsdpgp*
Yoq dndfybo" mbhtjop cd bop yqgfdqop `qgpsgmjop lm|oqd`gdqoj tjm yopg`gðj fojgpsm" osqop
lm|oqd`gdqoj bm ctmbgpsm* @ofo |gfop mjsdp" dpsd cgbdfm jo dp `qgpsgmjo pg}tgdqm* Bop
`qgpsgmjop jo ytdcdj pdq jg fojgpsmp jg ctmbgpsmp; ydqo bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm bt`emqoj
tjop `ojsqm osqop poaqd smbdp ampdp*
Tj fdnoq dndfybo cdb qdptbsmco cd bm pæjsdpgp dp bm amsmbbm poaqd bm Sqgjgcmc* Mbhtjop
`qgpsgmjop" yoq dndfybo" oqgdjsmcop em`gm db fojmq}tgpfo mqgpsosçbg`o" |gdqoj m Cgop db
Ymcqd `ofo ‒db dsdqjo sqmp`djcdjsd‖" gjso`mabd mþj yoq @qgpso Ndpþp" `ojpgcdqmco tj
fdqo eofaqd gj|dpsgco `oj db dpyæqgst cd pmagctqæm ptyqmydqpojmb* Osqop `qgpsgmjop"oqgdjsmcop em`gm db fojmq}tgpfo ybmsðjg`o |gdqoj bm tjgcmc cdb Ymcqd" Egno w Dpyæqgst" dj
db cgop cd Mqgpsðsdbdp" mpæ `ofo bm cgpsgj`gðj cd bmp ydqpojmp dj bop yqo`dpop cd
ydjpmfgdjso cd jotp tjg|dqpmb* Cd dbbo aqosmqoj sqdfdjcmp amsmbbmp* Mþj fíp" osqop
`qgpsgmjop dj cg|dqpop focop gcdjsglg`mqoj m Ndpt`qgpso `ofo db Bohop cd bop dpsog`op" o
`ofo db jotp tjg|dqpmb jdoybmsðjg`o*
Dj soco dpso pd |d `bmqmfdjsd }td bm pæjsdpgp `mtpð m bm ghbdpgm `qgpsgmjm pðbo
mfmqhtqmp* Emqdfop agdj dj qdlbdugojmq poaqd dpsm pgstm`gðj cd bm ghbdpgm yqgfgsg|m w dj db
ed`eo }td bop `qgpsgmjop" mþj pgdjco `qdwdjsdp dj bm Agabgm" ytcgdqmj cgldqgq dj smjsopfocop" pgfybdfdjsd yoq}td pd cdnmqoj mqqmpsqmq yoq bm pæjsdpgp* Dpsm pgdfyqd cdpsqtwd db
yocdq cd bm ghbdpgm* Cd meæ }td m}tdbbop }td pdqgmfdjsd cdpdmj yqofo|dq bm tjgcmc cd
çpsm w cdpdmj gj|obt`qmqpd dj bm smqdm d`tfçjg`m jo cdadj `ofdj~mq cg`gdjco
‒ob|gcçfojop cd co`sqgjmp w ̀ qdcop" pdmfop pobmfdjsd mfghop‖" pgjo }td cdadj `ofamsgq
bm pæjsdpgp `oj ed`eop* M `ojsgjtm`gðj tjmp ymbmaqmp m`dq`m cd `gdqsop ydqpojmndp cd bm
ghbdpgm yqgfgsg|m dj cop aqd|dp `myæstbop*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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@MYÆSTBO =
BOP YQGFDQOP BÆCDQDP CDB YDJPMFGDJSO @QGPSGMJO
Jo socop bop bæcdqdp dj bm ghbdpgm yqgfgsg|m poj bbmfmcop ‒ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm‖*
Hdjdqmbfdjsd pd em`d tjm cgpsgj`gðj djsqd bop ymcqdp myopsðbg`op %bm fmwoqæm cd dbbop
emaæmj `ojo`gco ydqpojmbfdjsd m bop myðpsobdp'" w bop myobohgpsmp hqgdhop w bmsgjop%dpyd`gmbfdjsd dbbop ltdqoj bop cdldjpoqdp cd bm ld `ojsqm bop ymhmjop'" w bop ymcqdp cd bm
ghbdpgm hqgdhop w bmsgjop %}tgdjdp pd `ofyqofdsgdqoj m cdldjcdq bm ld `ojsqm bmp edqdnæmp'*
Dj fmwoq o fdjoq hqmco" socop dbbop qdyqdpdjsmj db ydjpmfgdjso pgjsçsg`o*
Tj myobohgpsm yqgfgsg|o lmfopo ltd Ntpsgjo fíqsgq* Dpst|o ftw djmfoqmco cd bm
lgbopolæm hqgdhm* Gj`oqyoqð bm sdoqæm cdb m yqgoqg m pt ydjpmfgdjso `qgpsgmjo* Dp gbtpsqmcoq
oapdq|mq `ðfo bo eg~o" yoq}td jop yqoyoq`gojm tj dndfybo `bmqo cd dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp*
Sofdfop db sduso aæabg`o cd Ntmj =>7* Dj db oqghgjmb hqgdho db sduso dp mfaghto w ytdcd
bddqpd cd cop focop* Dj `mpsdbbmjo bm mfaghòdcmc pd qdlbdnm dj bm qd|gpgðj `ojo`gcm `ofo‒|dqpgðj mjsghtm‖ cd Qdgjm&\mbdqm" `oqqdhgcm dj bm qd|gpgðj =7<9* Dj bm yqgfdqm pd bdd"
‒ M}tdb dqm bm bt~ |dqcmcdqm }td mbtfaqm m soco eofaqd }td |gdjd m dpsd ftjco‖* Dj
smjso }td bm qd|gpgðj =7<9 bdd" ‒M}tdbbm bt~ |dqcmcdqm" }td mbtfaqm m soco eofaqd" |djæm
m dpsd ftjco‖* Pd josm bm cgldqdj`gm; bm mjsghtm ymqd`d mlgqfmq }td bm bt~ |dqcmcdqm |gdjd
cdjsqo cd `mcm eofaqd }td em`d dj dpsd ftjco" gbtfgjíjcobo* Dj `mfago bm qd|gpgðj
=7<9 mlgqfm }td dp bm bt~ |dqcmcdqm bm }td |gdjd m dpsd ftjco* Ytdp agdj" Ntpsgjo
qíygcmfdjsd pd mpgð m bm yqgfdqm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj* Bm Agabgm djpdým `oj `bmqgcmc" cgno" }td
`mcm eofaqd }td |gdjd m dpsd ftjco dpsí gbtfgjmco yoq db bohop* ¿]tç dp dpsm bt~? Jmcm
pgjo ‒bm bt~ jmstqmb cd bm qm~ðj‖" bop m yqgoqgp* Dpsm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj bdd bm sdoqæm cdb m yqgoqg
dj db sduso w btdho em`d duçhdpgp cd m`tdqco m dbbm* Ghjoqm bm |dqcmcdqm duçhdpgp cdb sduso"
db `tmb cg`d }td Ndpt`qgpso dp bm |dqcmcdqm bt~ }td |gjo m dpsd ftjco ymqm gbtfgjmq m `mcm
ydqpojm ydqo db ftjco jo bd `ojo`gð" jg }tgpo `ojo`dqbd %|dqpæ`tbop `gj`o mb oj`d'* Db
sduso jo djpdým tjm bt~ dj `mcm eofaqd" pgjo tj ftjco }td qd`em~ð bm bt~ %|çmpd Ntmj
0>=<&1=; =1>04&39"3<'*
Mqæpsgcdp cd Msdjmp dp osqo dndfybo cd pæjsdpgp* Tpð tj mqhtfdjso mqgpsosçbg`o ymqm
duybg`mq w ‒yqoamq‖ bm dugpsdj`gm cd Cgop> bo }td pd ftd|d cdad pdq fo|gco yoq mbhtgdj"
yoq bo smjso cdad emadq tj yqgfdq fosoq* Mqæpsgcdp gcdjsglg`ð dpsd ‒yqgfdq fosoq‖ `oj
Cgop* Cd dpsd foco Mqæpsgcdp dpsmabd`d bm ampd ymqm bm jo`gðj dp`obípsg`m %w `msðbg`mqofmjm' cd bm sdobohæm jmstqmb* Dpsm yqdsdjcd `ojo`dq w duybg`mq m Cgop yoq fdcgo cd bm
‒qm~ðj‖" m sqm|çp cd mqhtfdjsop qm`gojmbdp pgj tpmq bm qd|dbm`gðj Dp`qgstqmb* Bm dp`obípsg`m
fdcgd|mb eg~o yqoygm bm sdobohæm jmstqmb* Bo sdpsglg`mj ptp dusdjpmp ‒yqtdamp cd bm
dugpsdj`gm cd Cgop‖" `ofo ptp cdp`qgy`gojdp w duybg`m`gojdp bðhg`mp" yoq dndfybo" cd bm
Sqgjgcmc* Ntmj @mb|gjo `ofamsgð bm sdobohæm jmstqmb %Gjpsgst`gðj" =" 4" 7' `oj ft`em
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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|dedfdj`gm* Mlgqfð }td jo yocdfop qm~ojmq jg lgbopolmq m`dq`m cd Cgop" smfyo`o
pojcdmq pt dpdj`gm> pðbo yocdfop mcoqmqbd* Pgj dfamqho" dj jtdpsqm sdobohæm d|mjhçbg`m
egpsðqg`m" qdloqfmcm gj`btpo" emw ̀ bmqop qdpmagop cd smb ‒sdobohæm jmstqmb‖*
Dj bmp yqgfdqmp dsmymp cd bm egpsoqgm cd bm ghbdpgm mymqd`gð tj hqmj ydbghqo ymqm db
d|mjhdbgo dj bmp loqfmp cdb hjopsg`gpfo* Dpsd st|o ft`emp loqfmp" wm ltdqm dj db ífagso`qgpsgmjo o db jo `qgpsgmjo* Bop hjðpsg`op cdqg|mqoj pt `ojo`gfgdjso cd ltdjsdp oqgdjsmbdp"
ntcæmp w edbçjg`mp" `ojltjcgdjco `oj lqd`tdj`gm bm qd|dbm`gðj `oj db fgso* Bop hjðpsg`op
djlmsg~mqoj bm hjopgp" dp cd`gq" `ojo`gfgdjso gjsdbd`stmb cd bm mjsæsdpgp djsqd Cgop w db
fmbo" db dpyæqgst `ojsqm bm fmsdqgm* Cd`æmj }td smb `ojo`gfgdjso dqm cd fmwoq gfyoqsmj`gm
}td bm ld* Yoq bo smjso" bm ghbdpgm `ofamsgð |ghoqopmfdjsd mb hjopsg`gpfo" dpyd`gmbfdjsd m
sqm|çp cd bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm Gqdjdo d Egyðbgso*
Yoq þbsgfo" d`edfop tj |gpsm~o m tj hqtyo gfyoqsmjsd cd `qgpsgmjop yqgfgsg|op `two
ydjpmfgdjso pgjsçsg`o dndq`gð tjm sqdfdjcm gjlbtdj`gm poaqd bm lgbopolæm fdcgd|mbyopsdqgoq* Jop qdldqgfop m bm bbmfmcm dp`tdbm `msd}tgpsm cd Mbdnmjcqæm* Bop fíp
poaqdpmbgdjsdp ltdqoj @bdfdjsd cd Mbdnmjcqæm w Oqæhdjdp* Bm lgbopolæm cd Oqæhdjdp qd|dbm
`bmqmfdjsd bm gjlbtdj`gm cdb ntcæo Lgbðj" cd Ybmsðj w cd bop jdoybmsðjg`op* Jmcm emaæm cd
gjpgcgopo dj bm lgbopolæm cd Oqæhdjdp* Mtj}td ftqgð `ofo fíqsgq m `mtpm cd pt ld `qgpsgmjm"
bm ghbdpgm `ojcdjð ptp sdoqæmp dj db pghbo pduso" `ojpgcdqíjcobmp edqdnæmp*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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@MYÆSTBO 1
MHTPSÆJ %043&309'
@bmpglg`mfop m Mhtpsæj cdjsqo cd bm `msdhoqæm cd bop lgbðpolop cd bm dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp"
mtj}td cdadfop sdjdq dj `tdjsm }td fíp }td jgjhþj osqo ymcqd cd bm ghbdpgm dpst|o
`ojp`gdjsd cd bm jmstqmbd~m þjg`m cdb d|mjhdbgo* Ltd em`gm db lgjmb cd pt |gcmdpyd`gmbfdjsd }td pd cgo `tdjsm }td yoq yqgj`gygop db `qgpsgmjgpfo w db ymhmjgpfo pd
du`btwdj ftstmfdjsd*
Mhtpsæj jm`gð dj Smhmpsd" mb joqsd cd Ílqg`m" w dj pt nt|djstc |g|gð dj cgpobt`gðj* Tj
bgaqo dp`qgso yoq @g`dqðj cdpydqsð pt gjsdqçp yoq bm lgbopolæm" qdptbsmjco dj mcedqgqpd
pt`dpg|mfdjsd m |mqgmp dp`tdbmp lgbopðlg`mp ymhmjmp mjsdp cd bbdhmq m pdq `qgpsgmjo dj db
mýo 05< c* @* Ltd oagpyo cd Egyojm dj db joqsd cd Ílqg`m" cojcd ympð db qdpso cd pt |gcm
cdldjcgdjco bm ghbdpgm cd bm edqdnæm w yqoct`gdjco |obtfgjopop dp`qgsop* Ptp cop oaqmp fíp
lmfopmp poj @ojldpgojdp" w Bm @gtcmc cd Cgop*
Mhtpsæj ltd gjlbtdj`gmco ltdqsdfdjsd yoq db jdoybmsojgpfo" mtj}td jtj`m mcoysð
ybdjmfdjsd cg`em yopstqm" wm }td jo emw fgpsg`gpfo dj pt ydjpmfgdjso* Mpæ `ofo bop
ybmsojgpsmp" Mhtpsæj ltd tj tjg|dqpmbgpsm ymq`gmb `oj db sdfm cd fm`qo`opfop&
fg`qo`opfop> `qdæm }td emaæm tj ymqmbdbo djsqd Cgop w db mbfm Etfmjm* Smfagçj ltd
gjlbtdj`gmco yoq db sdfm cdb m yqgoqg * Dj pt oygjgðj" bm fdjsd etfmjm sgdjd |dqcmcdp m
yqgoqg }td cdsdqfgjmj pt duydqgdj`gm* Mpgfgpfo" pd gj`bgjð m em`dq sdobohæm dj sçqfgjop
cdb Cgop jdoybmsðjg`o*
Db ytjso cd |gpsm cd Mhtpsæj poaqd bm duydqgdj`gm dp cd sdjcdj`gm ybmsðjg`m* Bmduydqgdj`gm pdjpoqgmb yqoct`d pðbo `ojo`gfgdjso `mfagmjsd d gjþsgb* Bmp |dqcmcdp
ydqfmjdjsdp pðbo pd oasgdjdj yoq db gjsdbd`so* M}tæ cdsd`smfop bm gjlbtdj`gm
gjsdbd`stmbgpsm cd Ybmsðj*
Pt oaqm" Bm @gtcmc cd Cgop dp fmhjælg`m; dj dbbm Mhtpsæj dpsmabd`d db ltjcmfdjso cd
tjm lgbopolæm cd bm egpsoqgm cdpcd tjm ydqpyd`sg|m `qgpsgmjm* Dj dpsd bgaqo `ojlqojsm cop
`gtcmcdp" bm `g|gsmp Cdg w bm `g|gsmp sdqqdjm %Bm `gtcmc cd Cgop w bm `gtcmc sdqqdjmb'* Mhtpsæj
dpst|o `ojp`gdjsd }td bm `gtcmc cd Cgop jo dp gcçjsg`m `oj bm ghbdpgm" jg bm `gtcmc sdqqdjm
gcçjsg`m `oj db dpsmco" yoq}td emw gj`qçctbop dj bm ghbdpgm `ofo `qdwdjsdp dj db dpsmco*
Pgj dfamqho" Mhtpsæj jo cgpsgjhtgð ptlg`gdjsdfdjsd djsqd bm ghbdpgm gjpsgst`gojmb w db Qdgjo
cd @qgpso* @ofo qdptbsmco" popst|o }td db dpsmco pðbo ytdcd bbdhmq m pdq `qgpsgmjo `tmjco
pd pofdsd m bm htæm w mtsoqgcmc cd bm ghbdpgm `msðbg`m gjpsgst`gojmb* Dpsm djpdýmj~m pdýmbm db
`ofgdj~o cdb ytjso cd |gpsm fdcgd|mb cdb ‒pmjso gfydqgo qofmjo‖*
Mhtpsæj qd`ojo`gð }td bm lgbopolæm jo dp mtsðjofm" pgjo }td pt cgqd``gðj dpsí
cdsdqfgjmcm yoq pt ld" pdm `qgpsgmjm o myðpsmsm* Pgj dfamqho" dj bthmq cd sqmamnmq poaqd
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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dpsm sdpgp em`gm tjm qdloqfm cd bm lgbopolæm" `qdwð }td bm lgbopolæm jd`dpgsm ptndsmqpd m bm
sdobohæm m lgj cd bbdhmq m pdq `qgpsgmjm* Bm qdbm`gðj djsqd bm sdobohæm w bm lgbopolæm bbdhð m pdq
tj mptjso cd hqmjcdp `ojsgdjcmp dj bm dcmc fdcgm* Pdhþj Mhtpsæj w osqop sdðbohop
fdcgd|mbdp" bm sdobohæm dp bm ‒qdgjm cd bmp `gdj`gmp‖* Bmp osqmp `gdj`gmp poj pðbo ‒pgq|gdjsmp‖
cd bm sdobohæm* Dpsm gcdm socm|æm dp popsdjgcm dj `gdqsop `æq`tbop d|mjhçbg`op* Cg`em jo`gðj
pd cdqg|m cd Mqgpsðsdbdp" }tgdj `ojpgcdqð m bm sdobohæm `ofo fdsmlæpg`m" `ofo bm ‒qdgjm cd
bmp `gdj`gmp‖" m bm `tmb bmp osqmp `gdj`gmp" `ofo fdqmp dp`bm|mp" jo ytdcdj `ojsqmcd`gq
%|çmpd Mqgpsðsdbdp" Fdsmlæpg`m'* Bm `tdpsgðj cd bm qdbm`gðj djsqd bm sdobohæm w bm lgbopolæm w
bmp `gdj`gmp dp ftw gfyoqsmjsd w sdjcqdfop o`mpgðj cd `ofdjsmqbo dj bo pt`dpg|o*
Cd bo mjsdqgoq jo yocdfop `oj`btgq }td Mhtpsæj ltd dj bm yqí`sg`m tj ymhmjo* Cd
jgjhþj foco* Gjctcmabdfdjsd ltd db fíp hqmjcd djsqd socop bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm" w
qdptbsmco cd pt dpltdq~o ltd db `qd`gfgdjso w loqsmbd`gfgdjso cd bm fgpfm" pmb|mhtmqcm cd
socm `bmpd cd edqdnæmp* Mcdfíp" `ofo bo gjcg`mfop" Mhtpsæj" fíp }td `tmb}tgdq osqo"
djsdjcgð bm jmstqmbd~m qmcg`mb cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp* Ltd tj `qgpsgmjo `ojpmhqmco }td `mfgjð`oj pt Pdýoq* Jo ctcmfop qd|dqdj`gmqbo yoq pt emagbgcmc w bohqop" w yoq bm adjcg`gðj }td
sqmno poaqd bm ghbdpgm dj bop pghbop yopsdqgoqdp* Mb fgpfo sgdfyo" jo cdadfop popbmwmq bop
dld`sop cdb ymhmjgpfo mþj dj tj eofaqd smj hqmjcd `ofo Mhtpsæj*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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PTACG\GPGÐJ GG
PÆJSDPGP CD BM YMQMCONM
Bop mcedqdjsdp m dpsd sgyo cd pæjsdpgp dj `gdqso pdjsgco pd oytpgdqoj m bop pdhtgcoqdp
cdb fçsoco dgpçhdpgp&duçhdpgp* Bop pgjsdsg~mcoqdp cd bm ymqmconm `qdwdqoj }td db
`qgpsgmjgpfo pd oyojæm m bm lgbopolæm* Ymqm dbbop bm lgbopolæm hqgdhm qdyqdpdjsm mb ftjco fmbow sdjdfop }td d|gsmqbm* Pd josm `bmqmfdjsd }td dpsm yopstqm dp `ojsqmqgm m bm cd Ntpsgjo
fíqsgq* Bm m`sgstc cd bm pæjsdpgp cd bm ymqmconm yqdymqð db sdqqdjo ymqm }td pd mpdjsmqm bm
fdjsmbgcmc ‒dp`mygpsm‖ cdb ftjco" wm }td" pdhþj dbbop" db ftjco dp fmbo w sdjdfop }td
d|gsmqbo* Bmp `ojpd`tdj`gmp cd dpsm yopstqm mjsgaæabg`m ltdqoj db mp`dsgpfo w db
fojm}tgpfo*
Cop ydjpmcoqdp lmfopop cd dpsm pæjsdpgp ltdqoj bop ymcqdp d`bdpgípsg`op Sgsgmjo w
Sdqstbgmjo* Dpyd`gmbfdjsd Sdqstbgmjo" }td dp`qgagð dj bmsæj" dp `ojo`gco yoq pt
`ojsqgat`gðj m bm sdqfgjobohæm sdobðhg`m* Dp lmfopo yoq mlgqfm`gojdp smbdp `ofo ‒Ybmsðjdp db ymcqd cd soco dqqoq‖" w ‒¿}tç sgdjd }td |dq Ndqtpmbçj `oj Msdjmp?‖ *
Ymqmcðng`mfdjsd" Sdqstbgmjo ltd gjld`smco yoq bm lgbopolæm ymhmjm" dpyd`gmbfdjsd db
dpsog`gpfo" cd ed`eo" em pgco bbmfmco ‒db dpsog`o cdb `qgpsgmjgpfo‖*
Sdqstbgmjo ltd tjo cd bop yqgfdqop dj djlo`mq db yqoabdfm sdobðhg`o cdb
sqmct`gmjgpfo `ojsqm db `qdm`gojgpfo* Dpsd yqoabdfm sqmsm cd bm qdbm`gðj djsqd db mbfm w db
`tdqyo* Db sqmct`gmjgpfo popsgdjd }td db mbfm dp sqmjpfgsgcm ntjso `oj db `tdqyo
cgqd`smfdjsd yoq bop yqohdjgsoqdp; db `qdm`gojgpfo popsgdjd }td Cgop `qdm db mbfm
gjcg|gctmb w bm gjpdqsm dj db `tdqyo cdb adaç dj mbhþj fofdjso cdb gjg`go cd pt |gcm*
Mfamp yopstqmp sqoygd~mj `oj cglg`tbsmcdp" ydqo jo jop dusqmýd" wm }td dpsd dp tjypdtcoyqoabdfm" ytdp yqdptyojd tjm mjsqoyobohæm cg`osðfg`m hqgdhm" `ojpgcdqmjco mb
eofaqd `ofytdpso cd tj ‒mbfm ptpsmj`gmb‖ w tjm ‒ptpsmj`gm `oqyoqmb‖* Cdpcd btdho }td
dj jgjhþj bmco bm Dp`qgstqm djpdým tjm co`sqgjm cd tjm ptpsmj`gm cdb mbfm jg cd tjm
ptpsmj`gm cdb `tdqyo* Bm ymbmaqm aæabg`m }td pd sqmct`d ‒`oqm~ðj‖ o ‒mbfm‖ jtj`m cdad
sofmqpd dj pt pdjsgco hqgdho*
Cmco }td smfagçj joposqop dpsmfop bt`emjco `oj dpsd yqoabdfm dj qdbm`gðj mb
maoqso" cdftdpsqm }td jtdpsqm fdjsmbgcmc socm|æm jo em dqqmcg`mco db ydjpmfgdjso
pgjsçsg`o dj jtdpsqm sdobohæm* Dpsop yqoabdfmp mjsqoyobðhg`op pd sqmsmqíj yoq pdymqmco*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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PTACG\GPGÐJ GGG
DB CTMBGPFO JMSTQMBD^M/HQM@GM
Dpsd sgyo cd pæjsdpgp jo pðbo yqdymqð db `mfgjo ymqm db dp`obmpsg`gpfo fdcgd|mb"
smfagçj yqoctno bmp `ojcg`gojdp ymqm db yqo`dpo cd pd`tbmqg~m`gðj }td cgo `ofo qdptbsmco
db sqgtjlo cdb etfmjgpfo* Socm|æm eow" bm `oftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm dpsí ybmhmcm `oj bmfdjsmbgcmc jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm" yoq bo }td dp gfydqmsg|o djsdjcdq dpsm pgstm`gðj `oj fmwoq
`bmqgcmc*
Db pghjglg`mco cdb ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm pd ytdcd djsdjcdq fdnoq `tmjco
`ojpgcdqmfop pt oqghdj" }td pd qdfojsm empsm bm `ojsqo|dqpgm ydbmhgmjm* Dj bop cæmp cd
Mhtpsæj pd bd|mjsð tjm edqdnæm bbmfmcm ydbmhgmjgpfo* Ptp cdldjpoqdp jdhmqoj db yd`mco
oqghgjmb w mlgqfmqoj }td db eofaqd ytdcd" yoq pt yqoygm |obtjsmc bgaqd" oasdjdq bm
ntpsglg`m`gðj pg pd bo ydqfgsæmj bmp `gq`tjpsmj`gmp* Mhtpsæj `ofamsgð dpsm edqdnæm `oj |ghoq" w
qdmlgqfð bm jmstqmbd~m qmcg`mb cd bm `mæcm* Db @oj`gbgo cd @mqsmho dj db mýo 3=5 c* @*" cdlgjgðbm co`sqgjm w }tdcð `ojcdjmco db ydbmhgmjgpfo*
@dq`m cd cgd~ mýop cdpytçp ptqhgð bm `ojsqo|dqpgm ‒pdfgydbmhgmjm‖* Mbhtjop cd bop
}td `ojcdjmqoj db ydbmhgmjgpfo smfyo`o dpst|gdqoj cd m`tdqco cdb soco `oj bo cg`eo
yoq Mhtpsæj" dpyd`gmbfdjsd dj bo qdldqdjsd m bm co`sqgjm cd bm yqdcdpsgjm`gðj" bm `tmb
cdpydqsð gj`ojloqfgcmc* Yqojso" cdjsqo cd bm ghbdpgm" `qd`gð bm gcdm cd }td bm `mæcm jo
`oqqofygð sosmbfdjsd mb eofaqd* Ntmj @mpgmjo" tj hqmj oyojdjsd cd Mhtpsæj" dp`qgagð>
‒yoq bo smjso" jo emw ctcm cd }td yoq jmstqmbd~m dugpsdj pdfgbbmp cd aojcmc dj `mcm mbfm
yoq bm aojcmc cdb `qdmcoq‖ %@ofymqm`gojdp" bgaqo UGGG" `myæstbo =1'*
Dj db mýo 417 c* @*" db @oj`gbgo cd Oqmjhd loqftbð bm co`sqgjm mhtpsgjgmjm poaqd bm
hqm`gm w `ojcdjð mb pdfgydbmhgmjgpfo* Pgj dfamqho" dpop `íjojdp cd co`sqgjm"
dpyd`gmbfdjsd bop }td sqmsmqoj `oj db dpsmco cdb eofaqd mjsdp w cdpytçp cd bm `mæcm" pd
duyqdpmqoj cd smb foco }td maqgdqoj bmp ytdqsmp ymqm db sdfm jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm* Pd
tpmqoj lqmpdp `ofo ‒hqm`gm jmstqmb‖ w ‒hqm`gm poaqdjmstqmb‖* Yoq `ojpghtgdjsd"
gfybæ`gsmfdjsd" pd eg~o bm cgpsgj`gðj djsqd bo jmstqmb w bo poaqdjmstqmb*
Yoq fíp cd tj pghbo pd emaæm |djgco cgp`tsgdjco m`dq`m cd bm jmstqmbd~m cdb eofaqd"
smjso mjsdp w cdpytçp cd bm `mæcm* Dpso `ojctno m bm gcdm }td bm `mæcm `mtpð }td db eofaqd
ydqcgdqm ‒mbho poaqdjmstqmb‖* Pðbo dqm `tdpsgðj cd sgdfyo ‒cdsdqfgjmq‖ `tmbdp msqgatsop
cdadqæmj mpghjmqpd m bo ‒poaqdjmstqmb‖ w `tíbdp m bo ‒jmstqmb‖* M}tæ pd |d }td bm
mjsqoyobohæm cofgjmjsd yqoyg`gð }td db @oj`gbgo cd Oqmjhd jop yqdpdjsmqm mb eofaqd dj
dpsop sçqfgjop> mjsdp cd bm `mæcm ‒db eofaqd jmstqmb‖ yopdæm tjm fdcgcm dpyd`gmb cd bo
‒poaqdjmstqmb‖* Cdpytçp cd bm `mæcm dpso pd ydqcgð fgdjsqmp }td bo ‒jmstqmb‖ }tdcð
gjsm`so* Dj db eofaqd" bo ‒jmstqmb‖" wm cdagbgsmco yoq bm `mæcm" socm|æm ltj`gojm
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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=0
joqfmbfdjsd amno bm htæm cd ‒bm bt~ jmstqmb cd bm qm~ðj‖* Mpæ ytdp" bm ‒qm~ðj‖" `ofo bo cgno
Mqgpsðsdbdp" dqm bm ̀ mqm`sdqæpsg`m cdsdqfgjmjsd cdb ‒eofaqd jmstqmb‖*
Dpsd foco cd djsdjcdq mb eofaqd bbdhð m pdq bm ampd ymqm db dp`obmpsg`gpfo* Cd
m`tdqco m bop dp`obípsg`op" emw cop íqdmp dj bm |gcm" tjm dp bm ‒jmstqmb‖ }td `ofyqdjcd mb
dpsmco" bm po`gdcmc" bm lgbopolæm" bm ‒qm~ðj‖" bm bdw" bmp `gdj`gmp; w bm osqm dp bm
‒poaqdjmstqmb‖" }td gj`btwd bm hqm`gm" bm ghbdpgm" bm sdobohæm w ‒bm qdbghgðj‖* Dpsd ctmbgpfo cd
jmstqmbd~m w hqm`gm `ojpgcdqm m bm lgbopolæm `ofo ‒jmstqmb‖" `ofo tjm duyqdpgðj cdb
eofaqd jmstqmb" gj`gcdjsmbfdjsd smfagçj `ojpgcdqm m bm lgbopolæm `ofo yqd`tqpoqm cd bm
sdobohæm `qgpsgmjm" w yoq bo smjso" m`dysmabd* Dj `ojpd`tdj`gm" jo pd jd`dpgsm" ytdp" tjm
lgbopolæm `qgpsgmjm* Bmp `ojpd`tdj`gmp cd smb yopg`gðj mjsgaæabg`m pd emqíj d|gcdjsdp `tmjco
sqmsdfop bmp pghtgdjsdp cg|gpgojdp*
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Qdympo cd bm Cg|gpgðj G
Dpsmfop `ojp`gdjsdp cd bm pgstm`gðj }td yqd|mbd`gð dj bm ghbdpgm `qgpsgmjm yqgfgsg|m w
ymsqæpsg`m* Edfop |gpso }td bm myopsmpæm w db ymhmjgpfo `oqqofygdqoj db fdjpmnd `qgpsgmjo*
Emabmjco etfmjmfdjsd" bm ghbdpgm `qgpsgmjm ymqd`æm tjm `mtpm ydqcgcm* Mpæ ymqd`d eow*
Lgnçfojop dj bm gjpghjglg`mj`gm d gfyosdj`gm cdb `qgpsgmjgpfo dj dpsd ftjco focdqjoetfmjgpsm* Lgnçfojop `ofo bop `qgpsgmjop dj hdjdqmb `ojpdq|mfop tjm fdjsmbgcmc
pgjsçsg`m* Ft`eo cdb foco cd ydjpmq cdb `qgpsgmjo dp yqoltjcmfdjsd pd`tbmq* Ymqd`d }td
bop }td bt`emj yoq db agdjdpsmq w yqohqdpo cd bm ghbdpgm `qgpsgmjm emj myopsmco mb `mambbo
d}tg|o`mco*
Ydqo cdadfop qd`oqcmq }td smjso eow `ofo dj db sgdfyo mjsghto" @qgpso Ndpþp
hoagdqjm pt ghbdpgm* Db wm oast|o bm |g`soqgm ymqm joposqop m ydpmq cd jtdpsqm cdagbgcmc"
jtdpsqo yd`mco" w m ydpmq cd jtdpsqm fdjsmbgcmc pgjsçsg`m* Meoqm" ytdp" dj qdpytdpsm m pt
bbmfmco |g`soqgopo" bd|mjsçfojop w mlqojsdfop jtdpsqm smqdm dj pt Qdgjo*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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CG\GPGÐJ GG
DB DP@OBMPSG@GPFO DJ BM DCMC FDCGM
GJSQOCT@@GÐJ
Bm lgbopolæm cd bm dcmc fdcgm %cdb mýo 499 mb =099 c* @*' pd `mqm`sdqg~m yoq db
dp`obmpsg`gpfo* ¿W }tç dp dpsd? Ytdp" db dp`obmpsg`gpfo gj`oqyoqm db ydjpmfgdjso cd bopymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm `ofo edqqmfgdjsmp ymqm bm djpdýmj~m* Dp cd`gq" bop dp`qgsop cd bop
ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm mc}tgqgdqoj tj `mqí`sdq cgcí`sg`o* @ofo fmsdqgmb cd djpdýmj~m bmp
oaqmp cd bop ymcqdp w cd bop lgbðpolop ymhmjop bbdhmqoj m pdq d}tgymqmcop m bmp Dp`qgstqmp*
Qdlbdugojdfop tj yo`o poaqd dpso* ¿]tç pt`dcd `tmjco m bmp Pmhqmcmp Dp`qgstqmp pd bdp
sqmsm `ofo tj fdqo bgaqo cd sduso?
Oapdq|dfop db `ojsduso egpsðqg`o* Bop ytdabop aíqamqop emaæmj cdpsqtgco bm po`gdcmc
w bm `tbstqm; db gfydqgo qofmjo o``gcdjsmb emaæm cdnmco cd dugpsgq* Pgj dfamqho" bop
fojmpsdqgop emaæmj `ojsqgatgco m pmb|mhtmqcmq bop bgaqop* Dpsop" smjso ymhmjop `ofo`qgpsgmjop" pd `ojpsgstwdqoj dj bm ltdjsd cd mtsoqgcmc* Pd `obd``gojmqoj w `ofygbmqoj"
dpstcgíjcopd m yqoltjcgcmc* Dj cojcd bop cg|dqpop sdusop cgldqæmj dj oygjgðj" pd em`æm
socm `bmpd cd gjsdjsop ymqm mqfojg~mqbop* Bop dqtcgsop dp`qgagdqoj dusdjpop `ofdjsmqgop*
Dp lí`gb |dq yoq}tç smfagçj m bm dcmc dp`obípsg`m pd bd bbmfm bm çyo`m cd bop dqtcgsop*
Ytdcd cgpsgjhtgqpd sqdp ydqæocop> ptqhgfgdjso" `bæfmu w cd`bg|d cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo*
Sqmsmqdfop bop sqdp ydqæocop dj sqdp ptacg|gpgojdp*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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=<
PTACG\GPGÐJ G
DB PTQHGFGDJSO CDB DP@OBMPSG@GPFO
GJSQOCT@@GÐJ
Db ydqæoco ymsqæpsg`o }td wm edfop sqmsmco pd `mqm`sdqg~ð yoq bm pæjsdpgp cdb
`qgpsgmjgpfo `oj socm `bmpd cd lgbopolæmp ymhmjmp* Ydqo tjm sdjcdj`gm dpyd`gmb pd d|gcdj`gð}td gam m mld`smq m socm bm dcmc fdcgm* Dpsm ltd db ybmsojgpfo w db jdoybmsojgpfo* Mhtpsæj"
yoq dndfybo" ltd gjlbtdj`gmco ltdqsdfdjsd yoq db ybmsojgpfo* Wm dj dpd sgdfyo bm ghbdpgm
emaæm mqsg`tbmco dj hqmj cdsmbbd ptp yopg`gojdp sdobðhg`mp* Dj pt bt`em `ojsqm bm edqdnæm
emaæm mcoysmco `íjojdp w `qdcop" ft`eop cd bop `tmbdp `ojsdjæmj tj pdbbo ybmsðjg`o* Dp
gfyoqsmjsd qd`oqcmq }td bm sdobohæm `qgpsgmjm" dj db `ofgdj~o cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo" ltd
‒gbtfgjmcm‖ yoq db ybmsojgpfo* Ydqo mb qd|g|gq db mqgpsosdbgpfo" pd yqdpdjsm tj `ojlbg`so jo
pðbo `oj db cohfm `qgpsgmjo" pgjo smfagçj `oj db dbdfdjso ybmsðjg`o dj dpd cohfm* Dpsm
pgstm`gðj dp `ofybg`mcm w cglæ`gb" `ofo pd |dqí*
Mbhtjmp lghtqmp cd bm yqgfdqm ymqsd cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo o`tymqíj jtdpsqm msdj`gðj*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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@MYÆSTBO =
AOD@GO %359&413/4'
M Aod`go pd bd em bbmfmco ‒db þbsgfo qofmjo w db yqgfdq dp`obípsg`o‖* St|o yqoabdfmp
`oj db dfydqmcoq w cdpytçp cd tj bmqho ydqæoco dj bm `íq`db" ltd dnd`tsmco dj 414 c* @*
Fgdjsqmp dpst|o dj`mq`dbmco dp`qgagð pt lmfopm oaqm @ojpobm`gðj cd bm lgbopolæm*
Dj dpsd dp`qgso pd d|gcdj`gm db `ojlbg`so djsqd bmp sdjcdj`gmp ybmsðjg`m w mqgpsosçbg`m*
Cdad qd`oqcmqpd }td dj db sgdfyo cd Aod`go bm fmwoqæm cd bop dp`qgsop cd Mqgpsðsdbdp jo
dpsmamj cgpyojgabdp* Bmp oaqmp cd Ybmsðj sdjæmj mfybgm `gq`tbm`gðj" ydqo cd Mqgpsðsdbdp
pðbo db Oqhmjoj" pt dp`qgso poaqd bm bðhg`m" dqm agdj `ojo`gco*
Aod`go dp`qgagð tj yd}tdýo ydqo gjsdqdpmjsd sqmsmco poaqd bm Sqgjgcmc* Dj çpsd
duybg`m bm jmstqmbd~m cd bm Sqgjgcmc dj sçqfgjop dpsqg`smfdjsd mqgpsosçbg`op* Dp tj dndfybo
sæyg`o cd bm pæjsdpgp dp`obípsg`m> m Cgop pd bd cdp`qgad dj sçqfgjop cd ‒loqfm ytqm‖*
@ojpd`tdjsdfdjsd" db Cgop cd bmp Dp`qgstqmp cdpmymqd`d sosmbfdjsd cd m}tdbbm
cdp`qgy`gðj* M}tæ `oj|gdjd }td tpsdc qd|gpd bo cg`eo m`dq`m cd bm sdobohæm jmstqmb %Cg|gpgðj
G" Ptacg|gpgðj GG" @myæstbo ='*
Yoq dpsd sqmsmco m Aod`go pd bd `ojpgcdqð yoq mbhþj sgdfyo ‒db fmdpsqo cd bm dcmc
fdcgm‖*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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=5
@MYÆSTBO 1
MJPDBFO CD @MJSDQATQW %=900&==97'
Mjpdbfo em pgco bbmfmco ‒db ymcqd cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo‖* Ltd jofaqmco mq~oagpyo cd
@mjsdqatqw w pd dploq~ð yoq yqdpdq|mq pmbtcmabd bm |gcm cd bm ghbdpgm*
Mjpdbfo ltd ydjpmcoq mhtpsgjgmjo* Mþj pt dpsgbo cd dp`qgagq qdlbdnm bm gjlbtdj`gm cd
Mhtpsæj* @ofo dp cd dpydqmqpd" pgdjco mhtpsgjgmjo pd gj`bgjð m ydjpmq cdpcd bm
ydqpyd`sg|m ybmsðjg`m* Yoq dndfybo" m`dysð bm sdoqæm cd bmp gcdmp* Dpsmp" cgno" jo pd bo`mbg~mj
dj ‒tj ftjco cd bo ydqld`so‖" pgjo dj ‒bm fdjsd dsdqjm‖ cd Cgop*
Smfagçj Mjpdbfo dp `ojo`gco yoq pt ‒mqhtfdjso ojsobðhg`o‖* Ptytdpsmfdjsd dpsd
mqhtfdjso ‒yqtdam‖ bm dugpsdj`gm cd Cgop* Mpæ `ofo Mhtpsæj" Mjpdbfo `qdwð }td bm ld bbd|m
mb djsdjcgfgdjso* Mjpdbfo pd myqoygð dpsm mlgqfm`gðj ymqm gjcg`mq }td bm smqdm cdb
`qdwdjsd dqm cdfopsqmq gjsdbd`stmbfdjsd bop fgpsdqgop cd bm ld* M dpso pd cdad db cdpdo cd
ft`eop sdðbohop fdcgd|mbdp cd dj`ojsqmq focop cd ‒yqoamq‖ }td Cgop dugpsd* Cd dpsop
dpltdq~op" db mqhtfdjso ojsobðhg`o cd Mjpdbfo dp db fíp cgp`tsgco* Mþj eow bop lgbðpolop
cdamsdj bm |mbgcd~ cd smb mqhtfdjso*
Dpsd mqhtfdjso dp ftw aqd|d> ‒Cgop dp tj pdq fmwoq }td jo pd ytdcd ydjpmq }td
emwm osqo; yoq bo smjso" Cgop dugpsd‖* Pd ytdcd |dq }td" pg Cgop jo dugpsd" yocdfop ydjpmq
dj tj pdq fíp hqmjcd" dj tjo }td pæ dugpsd* Tj pdq }td dugpsd pgdfyqd dp fíp hqmjcd }td
tjo }td jo dugpsd*
Wm dj sgdfyo cd Mjpdbfo fgpfo dpsd mqhtfdjso dj`ojsqð ft`em oyopg`gðj* Pd
emabmqí ft`eo fíp cd dpsmp ‒yqtdamp‖ cd Cgop `tmjco sqmsdfop m Sofíp cd M}tgjo*
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=7
@MYÆSTBO 0
YDCQO MADBMQCO %=987&==31'
Madbmqco sgdjd ft`eo fmwoq pghjglg`mco ymqm jtdpsqm hdjdqm`gðj }td osqmp
ydqpojmbgcmcdp cd bm dcmc fdcgm" yqgj`gymbfdjsd yoq}td bm egpsoqgm cd pt |gcm mympgojmcm
dp agdj `ojo`gcm* Bd em cmco ft`em ytabg`gcmc db `mpo cd Dboæpm" }td bbdhð m pdq pt dpyopm*Dj pt pæbmao" pgj dfamqho" jo dj`ojsqmqdfop bo qdbm`gojmco m ptp m|djstqmp* Emabmqdfop
cd çb yoq cop qm~ojdp*
Bm yqgfdqm dp }td Madbmqco qdyqdpdjsð bm `oqqgdjsd fojmq}tgmjm ybmsojgpsm* Dpso
pghjglg`m }td ptp ytjsop cd |gpsm ltdqoj dpdj`gmbfdjsd mqgpsosçbg`op" mtj}td ltdqsdfdjsd
gjlbtdj`gmcop yoq db ybmsojgpfo* Db fojmq}tgpfo }td pd lgbsqð dj pt ydjpmfgdjso pd eg~o
fíp d|gcdjsd dj pt sqmsmco poaqd bm Sqgjgcmc" dj db }td cdp`qgad mb Ymcqd `ofo
ofjgyosdjsd" mb Egno `ofo pmagctqæm w mb Dpyæqgst Pmjso `ofo aojcmc* Dpsm co`sqgjm ltd
`ojcdjmcm yoq bm ghbdpgm `msðbg`m dj ==1= c* @*
Bm pdhtjcm qm~ðj dp }td pd gj|obt`qð dj bm `ojsqo|dqpgm bbmfmcm ‒db yqoabdfm cd bop
tjg|dqpmbdp‖* Emabdfop aqd|dfdjsd cd dpsd yqoabdfm" wm }td cdftdpsqm bm `ojltpgðj dj
bm sdqfgjobohæm lgbopðlg`m %mpæ `ofo dj db mjíbgpgp' m bm }td jop edfop qdldqgco dj |mqgmp
o`mpgojdp* Db yqoabdfm pd qdlgdqd m bm qdbm`gðj cd bop tjg|dqpmbdp `oj bop ymqsg`tbmqdp* Yoq
dndfybo" dp `bmqo }td `mcm eofaqd dp tj ymqsg`tbmq" ydqo smfagçj socop bop eofaqdp
sgdjdj mbho dj `ofþj" socop bop eofaqdp yopddj etfmjgcmc* Ytdp agdj" db yqoabdfm ymqm
bop fdcgd|mbdp ltd" ¿dp dpsm ‒etfmjgcmc‖ tjg|dqpmb tjm ptpsmj`gm" tjm fmsdqgm cd bm `tmb
socop bop eofaqdp yopddj? ¿O socop bop eofaqdp poj djsgcmcdp m bmp `tmbdp bdp mybg`mfop
tj `oj`dyso mapsqm`so bbmfmco ‒etfmjgcmc‖? Bop bgaqop cd sduso sqmcg`gojmbfdjsd jop
cg`dj }td bm yqgfdqm yopstqm" bm }td mlgqfm bm dugpsdj`gm qdmb cd bop tjg|dqpmbdp dp db
qdmbgpfo; w }td bm pdhtjcm yopstqm" bm }td fdj`gojm tj `oj`dyso mapsqm`so" dp db
jofgjmbgpfo* Yoq bo hdjdqmb" db dndfybo cd Ybmsðj pd yqdpsm ymqm em`dq `bmqo db pghjglg`mco
cdb qdmbgpfo* Ybmsðj `qdwð dj bm dugpsdj`gm cd bop tjg|dqpmbdp %bmp gcdmp dj db ftjco cd bo
ydqld`so'*
Wm pd josm m}tæ }td bop bgaqop cd sduso pd`tbmqdp dpsíj `ojltjcgdjco cop yqoabdfmp
cgldqdjsdp* @ofo |gfop" db yqoabdfm cd bm qdbm`gðj djsqd bo tjg|dqpmb w bo ymqsg`tbmq" dj bm
lgbopolæm jo `qgpsgmjm" sqmsmqoj cd qdpob|dqbo bmp sqdp yopstqmp" db tjg|dqpmbgpfo" dbtjg|dqpmbgpfo ymq`gmb w db ymqsg`tbmqgpfo* Dbbop cgdqoj qdpytdpsm m dpsmp yqdhtjsmp> ¿@tíb
dp bm qdbm`gðj djsqd bo tjg|dqpmb w bo ymqsg`tbmq? ¿Pd cdqg|mj tjo cdb osqo? ¿O poj
`odugpsdjsdp? Yoq osqo bmco" db qdmbgpfo cd Ybmsðj dp tj mptjso `ofybdsmfdjsd cgldqdjsd"
çpsd pd qdbm`gojm `oj bm pghtgdjsd yqdhtjsm" ¿dj cðjcd wm`d bm bdw? ¿@tíb dp db yqgj`gygo
oqcdjmcoq cdb tjg|dqpo? Dp `oj qdpyd`so m dpsd yqoabdfm }td bm qdpytdpsm cd Ybmsðj ltd
db qdmbgpfo> bm bdw dpsí fíp mbbí cdb `opfop* @oj qdpyd`so mb yqoabdfm cd bop tjg|dqpmbdp"
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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Ybmsðj ltd tj tjg|dqpmbgpsm ymq`gmb %`oj db sdfm cd fm`qo`opfop&fg`qo`opfop'* Db
qdmbgpfo cd Ybmsðj jo ltd cdb soco tjg|dqpmbgpsm*
Ymqm `ofybg`mq dpsd `ojltpo dpsmco cd `opmp" sqmcg`gojmbfdjsd mb qdmbgpfo pd bd
`ojsqmpsm `oj db gcdmbgpfo* W db `ojsqmpsd dp mpæ> db qdmbgpfo mlgqfm bm qdmbgcmc cd tj
ftjco dusqmfdjsmb" fgdjsqmp }td db gcdmbgpfo yopstbm }td bm qdmbgcmc dp tjm `ojpsqt``gðjfdjsmb* @opm `tqgopm" bop egpsoqgmcoqdp cd bm lgbopolæm ymhmjop" jo pd yojdj cd m`tdqco
poaqd pg Ybmsðj ltd tj ‒qdmbgpsm‖ o tj ‒gcdmbgpsm‖* Mbhtjop cg`dj }td ltd q dmbgpsm yoq}td
`qdwð dj bm dugpsdj`gm qdmb cd bmp gcdmp %bop ‒tjg|dqpmbdp‖'* Osqop mpdhtqmj }td Ybmsðj ltd
tj gcdmbgpsm" wm }td `bmqmfdjsd mlgqfð }td bmp gcdmp poj `ohjop`gabdp pðbo mb gjsdbd`so w
yoq dbbo dpdj`gmbfdjsd poj `ojpsqt``gojdp fdjsmbdp* @ofo pd ytdcd |dq" db dpstcgo cd bm
lgbopolæm dp tj mptjso cd `ojltpgojdp" w jo yocqæm pdq cgldqdjsd*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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Qdympo cd bm Ptacg|gpgðj G
Dj dpsd yqgfdq ydqæoco cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo |dfop |mqgop `oj`dysop ymhmjop }td pd
pgjsdsg~mqoj `oj db `qgpsgmjgpfo* Josd }td bm egpsoqgm cd bm lgbopolæm yqdpdjsm tj `tmcqo cd
`oqqgdjsdp w fo|gfgdjsop* Qd`tdqcd }td pobmfdjsd jop dpsmfop `oj`djsqmjco dj mbhtjop
yo`op gjcg|gctop }td qdyqdpdjsmj m smbdp fo|gfgdjsop* Dj dpsop djpmwop pobmfdjsdyqdpdjsmfop tjm |gpsm m ono cd yínmqo cd bm egpsoqgm cd bm lgbopolæm*
Djlmsg`dfop osqo ytjso* Ctqmjsd bm yqgfdqm ymqsd cd bm dp`obípsg`m o`tqqd tjm
pobgcglg`m`gðj cdb ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm* Fgdjsqmp fíp gjlbtdj`gm mqgpsosçbg`m pd
dndq`æm" fíp pðbgcm bbdhmam m pdq* Bm jo`gðj }td bm lgbopolæm %gj`btwdjco m bm sdobohæm
jmstqmb' ydqsdjd`d mb jg|db gjldqgoq cd bm jmstqmbd~m" fgdjsqmp }td bm ‒sdobohæm qd|dbmcm‖
ydqsdjd`d mb jg|db ptydqgoq cd bo poaqdjmstqmb" `ofdj~ð m qd`gagq tj cd`gcgco myowo dj bm
fdjsd dp`obípsg`m*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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PTACG\GPGÐJ GG
DB @BÆFMU CDB DP@OBMPSG@GPFO
GJSQOCT@@GÐJ
Db ydqæoco cdb `bæfmu cd bm dp`obípsg`m ltd yqo|gpso yoq bm gj|mpgðj cd bm lgbopolæm
gpbífg`m w ntcæm* Empsm dpd sgdfyo" `ofo wm pd cgno" db lm`soq fíp gjlbtwdjsd dj dbydjpmfgdjso fdcgd|mb ltd db ybmsojgpfo* Bm fmwoq ymqsd cd bmp oaqmp cd Mqgpsðsdbdp dqmj
cdp`ojo`gcmp ymqm db o``gcdjsd bmsgjo* Pgj dfamqho" bop íqmadp emaæmj qdsofmjco dpmp
oaqmp ydqcgcmp" bmp sqmctndqoj w mapoqagdqoj dj pt ydjpmq gpbífg`o* Djsqdsmjso" dj pt
cdbgqgo cd `oj}tgpsm" pd mcntcg`mqoj Dpymým* Cdpcd mbbæ ltd lí`gb gjsqoct`gq tjm lgbopolæm
gpbífg`m dpsqt`stqmcm mb qdpso cd Dtqoym*
Oapçq|dpd }td bop `ojsm`sop lgbopðlg`op jo pd eg`gdqoj yoq bop `qt~mcop* Bmp `qt~mcmp
bmp eg`gdqoj bop `mambbdqop" bop pobcmcop w `ofdq`gmjsdp }tgdjdp jo ltdqoj dct`mcop dj bm
sdobohæm jg bm lgbopolæm* Ltd fíp agdj yoq bop nð|djdp dtqo&o``gcdjsmbdp m sqm|çp cd }tgçjdppd eg~o qdmbgcmc bm gj|mpgðj cdb ydjpmfgdjso gpbífg`o" wm }td ltdqoj m Dpymým ymqm
myqdjcdq bmp jtd|mp sdjcdj`gmp dj bm lgbopolæm*
Josdfop cop ytjsop* Yqgfdqo" qd`tçqcdpd }td bm fmwoq ymqsd cdb mqgpsosdbgpfo }td
emaæm bbdhmco mb o``gcdjsd dj dpd sgdfyo" bo ltd dj loqfm cd pæjsdpgp lgbopðlg`m gpbífg`m
hqgdhm* Cd m}tæ" ntjso `oj Mqgpsðsdbdp" djsqð tjm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj mqgpsosçbg`m* Cd ympo"
Ybmsðj ltd smfagçj sqmct`gco mb íqmad* Smfagçj pd d|gcdj`gm mbbæ pt gjlbtdj`gm dj bm
lgbopolæm gpbífg`m*
Dj pdhtjco bthmq" `tmjco bop sdðbohop w lgbðpolop `qgpsgmjop pd cgdqoj `tdjsm }td bopíqmadp smfagçj fmjdnmamj bm lgbopolæm hqgdhm" pd loqsmbd`gð bm `qddj`gm }td çpsm dqm tjm
lgbopolæm tjg|dqpmbfdjsd jmstqmb* Mpæ `oj`btwdqoj }td socm lgbopolæm |dqcmcdqm sdjæm }td
pdq lgbopolæm hqgdhm* Dj `ojpd`tdj`gm" db ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm pd msqgj`edqð fíp
lgqfdfdjsd dj db ydjpmfgdjso fdcgd|mb*
Ltd dj dpsm çyo`m cd bop fmdpsqop dp`obípsg`op }td pd josð qdmbfdjsd db `eo}td
djsqd db mqgpsosdbgpfo w db ybmsojgpfo* Bm fmwoqæm cd bop sdðbohop cdpdmamj bm oqsocougm
dj bm sdobohæm w ltdqoj loq~mcop o agdj m qd`em~mq `gdqsop sdfmp ymhmjop" o agdj m mcoysmq
yopstqmp dusqdfmp smbdp `ofo bm sdoqæm cd ‒bm coabd |dqcmc‖" yoq dndfybo" cd bop
m|dqqoæpsmp bmsgjop* Bm sdoqæm cd bm coabd |dqcmc qdlbdnm tjm yopstqm cd pæjsdpgp cd
ymqmconm*
Bmp yqgj`gymbdp `oqqgdjsdp cd ydjpmfgdjso dj dpsd ydqæoco ltdqoj db fojmq}tgpfo
ybmsojgpsm w db fojmq}tgpfo jo ybmsojgpsm" mpæ `ofo bm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj mqgpsosçbg`m* Dpsm
þbsgfm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj %`ofo bm cd Aod`go' cglgdqd cdb fojmq}tgpfo dj }td qd`em~m bm
dugpsdj`gm cdb dpyæqgst ydjpmjsd ptyqmydqpojmb %db jotp tjg|dqpmb'" bo `tmb emaæm pgco tjm
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ymqsd gjsdhqmb cd bm yopstqm lgjmb cd Mqgpsðsdbdp* Dpsop |mqgop fo|gfgdjsop ltdqoj mcdfíp
gjlbtdj`gmcop yoq db ydjpmq cd bop ymcqdp cd bm ghbdpgm*
Cdadfop qd`oqcmq }td bop dp`obípsg`op sæyg`op pd oqgdjsmqoj em`gm db tjg|dqpmbgpfo
ymq`gmb pgj db sdfm fm`qo`opfop&fg`qo`opfop %m}tæ ltd `bmqm bm gjlbtdj`gm cd Mqgpsðsdbdp'*
Fíp mþj" ptp `oj`dy`gojdp lgbopðlg`mp ltdqoj ctmbgpsmp w ytqmfdjsd `opfobðhg`mp dj`mqí`sdq* Pt ctmbgpfo `ojpgpsgð" yoq dndfybo" dj `ojpgcdqmq m Cgop `ofo ‒loqfm ytqm
sqmp`djcdjsd‖ w m tj ftjco jo sqmp`djcdjsd; o cd bmp jo`gojdp loqfm w fmsdqgm `ofo
cop `ojpsgstwdjsdp cd bm qdmbgcmc dsdqjmfdjsd cdsdqfgjmjsdp* Dpsd ctmbgpfo dj bm
lgbopolæm dp`obípsg`m |m cd bm fmjo `oj bm sdjcdj`gm m `ojpgcdqmq mb Hçjdpgp pðbo `ofo tj
mpyd`so cd dpsqt`stqm* W ytcgdqm yqdhtjsmqpd" ¿m`mpo jo `qdwdqoj bop dp`obípsg`op dj bm
`qdm`gðj" w smfyo`o pd gjsdqdpmqoj dj bop oqæhdjdp? Pg" dbbop `qdwdqoj dj db m`so `qdmsg|o
cd Cgop" ydqo db yqoabdfm ltd }td qdpsqgjhgdqoj db sdfm cd bm `qdm`gðj cd bm gcdm cd
dpsqt`stqm* Db m`so cd `qdm`gðj" ydjpmqoj" cd`æm mbho m`dq`m cd bm dpsqt`stqm cd bm qdmbgcmc
ydqo jo fíp* Db ftjco `ofo pd jop yqdpdjsm eow" jo ytcgdqm |dqpd `ofo osqm `opm*
Mb emadq mcfgsgco" bm lgbopolæm dp`obípsg`m" socmp bmp yqoabdfísg`mp ymhmjmp" `qdð `oj
dbbo tjm mhtcm sdjpgðj* Tjo cd bop qdptbsmcop ltdqoj bop ntg`gop yoq edqdnæm* Bm sdjpgðj
djsqd db yocdq cd bm Ymbmaqm&Qd|dbm`gðj w db gjsdjso ymhmjo cd qdpsqgjhgq dpd yocdq st|o
qdpojmj`gm dj socop bop dpltdq~op sdobðhg`op w lgbopðlg`op* Pt dld`so pd eg~o pdjsgq yoq
dndfybo" dj db djsdjcgfgdjso cd bm qd|dbm`gðj djsqd db ymym w db dfydqmcoq" djsqd bm
ghbdpgm w db dpsmco* Cghífopbo tjm |d~ fíp" bm pæjsdpgp sqmd pobmfdjsd mfmqhtqmp*
Dj bop pghtgdjsdp `myæstbop `ofdjsmqdfop poaqd bmp lghtqmp fíp gfyoqsmjsdp cd dpsd
ydqæoco*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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@MYÆSTBO =
LGBOPOLÆM GPBÍFG@M
Jgjhtjm egpsoqgm cd bm lgbopolæm %jg pg}tgdqm tj ymjoqmfm `ofo çpsd' ytdcd d|gsmq
fdj`gojmq m bop hqmjcdp ydjpmcoqdp íqmadp }td eg`gdqoj bm pæjsdpgp cd bm lgbopolæm hqgdhm
`oj db Gpbmf w sqmndqoj ptp qdptbsmcop mb o``gcdjsd bmsgjo* Cop lghtqmp yqgj`gymbdp mymqd`djdj dpsm dp`djm" dbbop poj M|g`djm %dj db pghbo UG' w M|dqqodp %dj db pghbo UGG'* Dpsop eofaqdp
dndq`gdqoj tjm gjlbtdj`gm yocdqopm dj bm dp`obípsg`m* Mfaop ltdqoj fojmq}tgmjop*
Cglgdqdj dj dpso> db fojmq}tgpfo cd M|g`djm dp ybmsðjg`o" ydqo jo db cd M|dqqodp* Dpsm
cgldqdj`gm pd fmjglgdpsm dj }td M|g`djm m`dysð db sdfm jdoybmsðjg`o cd bm dfmjm`gðj" dj
smjso }td bo qd`em~ð M|dqqodp* Db `mqí`sdq ybmsðjg`o cdb ydjpmfgdjso cd M|g`djm bo eg~o
ft`eo fíp m`dysmabd mb o``gcdjsd bmsgjo }td M|dqqodp" qd`tçqcdpd bm gjlbtdj`gm ybmsðjg`m
dj bm sdobohæm fdcgd|mb yqgfgsg|m* Dj dpm bmqhm `mqqdqm" dqm M|dqqodp }tgdj gam m sdjdq bm
fmwoq gjlbtdj`gm*
Db fojmq}tgpfo cd mfaop ydjpmcoqdp agdj ytdcd pdq gbtpsqmco `oj dpso> ptp
lgbopolæmp pd `mqm`sdqg~mqoj yoq tj ctmbgpfo ytqmfdjsd `opfobðhg`o" mpæ `ofo
tjg|dqpmbgpfo ymq`gmb* Dum`smfdjsd `ofo bm dsmym lgjmb fojmq}tgpsm cd Mqgpsðsdbdp*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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@MYÆSTBO 1
ATDJM\DJSTQM %=11=&=183'
Dj `gdqso pdjsgco Atdjm|djstqm ltd tj yd~ dusqmýo dj db dpsmj}td dp`obípsg`o* Ydqo
smfagçj dqm dp`obípsg`o* Jop bbmfm bm msdj`gðj yoq}td gjsdjsð" `ojp`gdjsd o jo" `ofamsgq
bm pæjsdpgp jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm* Mtj}td jo ytco bgaqmqpd cd dpm fdjsmbgcmc" `oj pt çjlmpgpdj bm ld yqdsdjcgð `ojsqmqqdpsmq bm oaqm cd pt `ojsdfyoqíjdo Sofíp cd M}tgjo*
Atdjm|djstqm fmjst|o }td bm ld cdsdqfgjm db `ojsdjgco cdb `ojo`gfgdjso* Yoq bo smjso
jdhð bm mtsojofæm cdb ydjpmfgdjso lgbopðlg`o* Dj soco dbbo mcoysð tjm yopstqm
dpdj`gmbfdjsd mhtpsgjm* @ofo dj db `mpo cd Mhtpsæj" pgj dfamqho" Atdjm|djstqm jo bohqð
|dq }td bm lgbopolæm `ofo smb" jd`dpgsm tjm qdloqfm gjsdqjm* Dj pdhtjco bthmq" smfagçj
sdobohg~ð m bm lgbopolæm" dp cd`gq" ptaoqcgjð bm lgbopolæm m bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm sdobohæm" cíjcobd
tj `ojsdjgco sdobðhg`o*
Yocdfop djsdjcdq bm oyopg`gðj cd Atdjm|djstqm m bm gjlbtdj`gm fojmq}tgmjmmqgpsosçbg`m `tmjco josmfop }td pt yopstqm lgbopðlg`m ltd m}tdbbm cd pdfg&fgpsg`gpfo
ybmsðjg`o* Bm gjlbtdj`gm jdoybmsðjg`m cdb fgpsg`gpfo dp d|gcdjsd* Db pdfg&fgpsg`gpfo
pgfybdfdjsd pghjglg`m }td bm ymqsd ptydqgoq cdb mbfm cdb eofaqd mp`gdjcd ymqm sdjdq
tjgðj fæpsg`m `oj db bohop" dj db `mpo cd bm djpdýmj~m cd Atdjm|djstqm" `oj Ndpt`qgpso
fgpfo* Dpsm yopstqm `ojsqmpsð mhtcmfdjsd `oj bm cd Sofíp cd M}tgjo*
Osqo mpyd`so dj db }td bm lgbopolæm cd Atdjm|djstqm cglgqgð cd bm cd Sofíp" dp pt
djsdjcgfgdjso cd bm dpsqt`stqm cdb eofaqd* Atdjm|djstqm `qdwð }td db eofaqd jo dqm
fdqmfdjsd tjm `ofagjm`gðj cd loqfm w fmsdqgm" pgjo }td smjso db mbfm w db `tdqyo cdb
eofaqd dpsmamj `ofytdpsop cd loqfm w fmsdqgm* Ydjpmam }td emw tjm coabd`ofyopg`gðj* Cd mbhtjm fmjdqm fgpsdqgopm" bm ptpsmj`gm mbfm %`ofytdpsm cd loqfm w
fmsdqgm' w bm ptpsmj`gm `tdqyo %`ofytdpsm cd loqfm w fmsdqgm smfagçj' pd fmjsgdjdj
tjgcmp* Dpsm sdoqæm cd bm coabd ̀ ofyopg`gðj ltd bbmfmcm ‒sdoqæm cdb |æj`tbo‖*
Bm mbsdqjmsg|m m dpsm yopstqm dp bm ‒sdoqæm cd bm ptapgpsdj`gm‖" popsdjgcm yoq Mbadqso
Fmhjo w Sofíp cd M}tgjo* Dpsm sdoqæm jgdhm socm `bmpd cd coabd `ofyopg`gðj" w mlgqfm
}td db eofaqd dp tjm tjgcmc `ojpgpsdjsd cd loqfm w fmsdqgm* Dp cglæ`gb |dq `ðfo pd qdmbg~m
smb tjgcmc cd bop cop dbdfdjsop `ojpsgstsg|op* Mþj mpæ" dj bm Dcmc Fdcgm dpsd mptjso ltd
oandso cd lgdqop cdamsdp* Yoq ptytdpso" dp `bmqo }td dpsm yqoabdfísg`m dp cd `mqí`sdqytqmfdjsd ymhmjo*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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@MYÆSTBO 0
SOFÍP CD M]TGJO %=114&=183'
M Sofíp cd M}tgjo `oqqd`smfdjsd pd bd ytdcd bbmfmq ‒db cd`mjo‖ cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo*
Pgj ctcm" dpsd fojnd ltd db fíp gfyoqsmjsd d gjlbtwdjsd cd socop bop sdðbohop fdcgd|mbdp*
M ydpmp cd ptp cgldqdj`gmp" Sofíp ymqd`d emadq pgco ftw mfgho cd Atdjm|djstqm*
Ltdqoj `ojsdfyoqíjdop w yoq tj sgdfyo mfaop djpdýmqoj dj bm tjg|dqpgcmc cd Ymqæp* Db
lmfopo fmdpsqo cd Sofíp" Mbadqso Fmhjo" dndq`gð hqmj gjlbtdj`gm poaqd m}tdb*
Db sdfm jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm bbdhð m pt fíugfm duyqdpgðj mqsg`tbmcm dj bm lgbopolæm cd
Sofíp cd M}tgjo* Ymqm çb" bm `mæcm dj yd`mco jo dp qmcg`mb" wm }td pðbo dld`sþm tjm
qdfo`gðj cd `gdqsop cojdp poaqdjmstqmbdp* Aípg`mfdjsd bm jmstqmbd~m cdagbgsmcm yoq bm
`mæcm" w cdpcd dpd sgdfyo dpsí cgqghgcm yoq tjm ‒bdw jmstqmb‖ `ofþj w bm ‒bt~ cd bm qm~ðj‖*
Db `qgpsgmjgpfo" bm Agabgm" bm ld" bm ghbdpgm" socop dbbop poj mqsæ`tbop dpyd`gmbdp mcg`gojmbdp; db
eofaqd jmstqmb jo dp db eofaqd `mæco qmcg`mbfdjsd mb `tmb pd qdlgdqd Pmj Ymabo" pgjo tj
eofaqd ‒emagbgsmco‖ `oj bm ‒qm~ðj‖ }td dp tjm w bm fgpfm ymqm socop bop eofaqdp" w dbbm
dp bm ampd cd socmp bmp íqdmp `oftjdp" ‒jdtsqmbdp‖ w mtsðjofmp cd bm |gcm* Dj
`ojpd`tdj`gm" bm mjsæsdpgp qmcg`mb dpsí mtpdjsd cdb ydjpmfgdjso cd M}tgjo*
Dj dpsd dp}tdfm jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm dpsí gfybæ`gsm bm yopgagbgcmc cdb pd`tbmqgpfo* Pg dp
|dqcmc }td emw tj ‒qdgjo cd bo jmstqmb‖" w pg dpso ‒jmstqmb‖ yopdd tj `gdqso hqmco cd
mtsojofæm" djsoj`dp" ¿}tç gfygcd m dpsm íqdm cd ‒bo jmstqmb‖ `mfgjmq pobm? ¿]tç
jd`dpgcmc sgdjd" dpsm íqdm cd ‒bo jmstqmb‖" cd bm sdobohæm w cd bm ghbdpgm? @oj dpso pd
`oj`btwd }td wm jo emw qm~ðj }td gfygcm }td socmp bmp íqdmp cd bm |gcm ytdcmj pdqpd`tbmqdp" bgaqdp cdb `ojsqob cd bm ghbdpgm" w bgaqdp mcdfíp" cd bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm Ymbmaqm cd
Cgop* Dpso dp bo }td pt`dcgð yqd`gpmfdjsd cdpytçp cd Htgbbdqfo cd O`kemf*
Sofíp }tgpo `ojpdq|mq bop cop qdgjop ntjsop" db cd bm jmstqmbd~m w db cd bm hqm`gm %mpæ bo
cg`d dj bm Ptfm sdobðhg`m =" 5" 1> ‒bm hqm`gm jo dbgfgjm bm jmstqmbd~m" pgjo bm ydqld``gojm‖'*
Yoq tj sgdfyo" bm ghbdpgm qofmjm bop fmjst|o ntjsop m bm ltdq~m" empsm }td bm oyopg`gðj
lgjmbfdjsd bohqð pt bgadqm`gðj" w djsoj`dp pd mpdjsð db yqo`dpo pd`tbmqg~mcoq* Jðsdpd }td
dj pt `ofgdj~o dpsd yqo`dpo pd`tbmqg~mjsd dqm atdjo" bm ghbdpgm qofmjm pd emaæm
mhdj`gmco cdfmpgmco yocdq" w emaæm `qdmco tjm po`gdcmc d`bdpgípsg`m* Bm pd`tbmqg~m`gðj
`ofdj~ð m `oqqdhgq dpsm pgstm`gðj cgpsoqpgojmcm" ydqo pd dusqm|gð `tmjco bmp íqdmp cd bm
|gcm bmp }tgsð jo pðbo cdb `ojsqob cd bm ghbdpgm gjpsgstgcm" pgjo cd bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm Ymbmaqm
cd Cgop*
Db ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm |gdjd m duyqdpmqpd dpyd`gmbfdjsd dj bm qdbm`gðj djsqd bm
ld w bm qm~ðj* Josd }td bm d`tm`gðj jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm" ghtmb m qm~ðj/ld" dp gj`oqqd`sm" wm
}td bm qm~ðj pd tpm dj mfamp íqdmp" bm sdobohæm w bm lgbopolæm* Bm cgpsgj`gðj jo cdad em`dqpd
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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djsqd ld w qm~ðj" pgjo djsqd pt ltdjsd w pt ytjso cd mqqmj}td* \dmfop bo }td pd cg`d> Yoq
fdcgo cd bm qm~ðj joposqop `ojo`dfop ‒yoq jmstqmbd~m‖" bm qm~ðj `ofgdj~m yoq
‒yqgj`gygop jmstqmbdp‖" smb `ofo bm bdw cd bm jo `ojsqmcg``gðj* Bm ld" yoq osqo bmco" cm
mpdjsgfgdjso m bo }td pd `ojo`d" ‒poaqdjmstqmbfdjsd‖" m dpso pd bd `ojo`d `ofo
qd|dbm`gðj* Ymqm cd`gqbo cd osqo foco" bm qm~ðj mlgqfm bo }td pd jop cm dj bm Dp`qgstqm*
Josd bo gjpgcgopo cd bm cgpsgj`gðj cdb yíqqmlo mjsdqgoq* Bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm Agabgm" bm
Ymbmaqm cd Cgop" pd bgfgsm mb íqdm cd bm ld" cd bm sdobohæm w cd bm ghbdpgm* Bm ‒qm~ðj‖ dp db
yqgj`gygo mtsoqgsmsg|o dj bm ‒dpldqm jmstqmb‖* Dp yqd`gpmfdjsd dpsm cgpsgj`gðj dp`obípsg`m
}td em `ojct`gco mb `qgpsgmjgpfo cd eow m bm fdnoq gfyosdj`gm yobæsg`m w po`gmb* Bmp dpldqmp
cd bm yobæsg`m" cdb sqmamno" cd bm `gdj`gm" cd bm sd`jobohæm" bm gjctpsqgm" bop jdho`gop w osqop"
amno dpsm ydqpyd`sg|m" ydqsdjd`dj mb íqdm cd ‒bo jmstqmb‖" bo ‒jdtsqmb‖; pd gfmhgjmj }td mbbæ
jo pd ytdcd emabmq cd jgjhtjm mjsæsdpgp dpygqgstmb* Db `qgpsgmjgpfo yqdptfgabdfdjsd dp tj
mptjso cd ld w foqmb" cd tjm |gcm cd`djsd" w cd bm mpgpsdj`gm m bop pdq|g`gop cd @tbso*
Dpsdfop mbdqsmp" dj bo mjsdqgoq pd ftdpsqm osqm |d~ db dp}tdfm jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm* Ymqmem`dq poaqd|g|gq jtdpsqo `qgpsgmjgpfo cdadfop etgq cd m}tdbbm fdjsmbgcmc" w |dq }td
Ndpt`qgpso dp Qdw cd qdwdp* Dpd qdgjmco gj`btwd bm m`sg|gcmc `tbstqmb etfmjm" jo pobo pt
foqmbgcmc o pt mpgpsdj`gm mb @tbso* Dp tqhdjsæpgfo }td bm `oftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm tjgcm
`ojlqojsd mb ftjco etfmjgpsm `oj db ofjgmamq`mjsd yocdq cd bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop*
Bm cgpsgj`gðj sofgpsm djsqd ld w qm~ðj em bdhmco djsqd osqmp `opmp tjm jo`gðj
ydq|dqsgcm cd bm |dqcmc* Dpso gj|obt`qm tjm pgstm`gðj `ofybdnm" mtj}td dj dpdj`gm dp
ampsmjsd pgfybd* Sofíp emaæm cg`eo }td bm ld `oj`dcd mpgdjso m bo cmco" m bm ‒cmsm‖ cd bm
qd|dbm`gðj* Bm sdobohæm djsoj`dp pdqæm db mqqdhbo pgpsdfísg`o cd smb ‒cmsm‖* Dpsd foco cd
m`dq`mfgdjso qdct`d m bmp Dp`qgstqmp m tjm fdqm `obd``gðj cd ‒cmsop‖" cd yqoyopg`gojdp
}td ytdcdj pdq fmjgytbmcmp sdðqg`mfdjsd* Cd m}tæ yqo`dcd bm jo`gðj cd bm Agabgm `ofo
‒|dqcmc yqoyopg`gojmb‖* Ydqo bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop jo dp tj `ojntjso cd yqoyopg`gojdp
bðhg`mp" pgjo tj yocdq }td myqgpgojm jtdpsqo `oqm~ðj w jop dj|tdb|d* Bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop dp
tjm Ymbmaqm&Bdw" mjsd bm `tmb cdadfop pofdsdqjop dj oadcgdj`gm* Cd foco pgfgbmq" bm
|dqcmc jo dp m}tdbbo }td `ojpgcdqdfop yqoyopg`gðj jdhmabd o jo bðhg`mfdjsd" fíp agdj
bm |dqcmc dp db `ojsduso cd bm bdw" fofdjso sqmp fofdjso" lgdbfdjsd fmjsdjgcm yoq Cgop
m sqm|çp cd Ndpt`qgpso* Bm |dqcmc dp bm lgcdbgcmc w `ojlgmagbgcmc cd jtdpsqo Ymcqd*
Bmfdjsmabdfdjsd" m `mtpm cd bm gjlbtdj`gm dp`obípsg`m" edfop ydqcgco dpd pghjglg`mco
aæabg`o cd |dqcmc*
Dpsmp w osqmp íqdmp dpsíj mld`smcmp yoq db ctmbgpfo jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm*
Lgbopðlg`mfdjsd bm yopg`gðj cd M}tgjo pd ytdcd `bmpglg`mq `ofo gjsdqyqdsm`gðj
mqgpsosçbg`m jo ybmsðjg`m* \dm bo }td dpso pghjglg`m* Emw ftw yo`m gjlbtdj`gm ybmsðjg`m dj pt
lgbopolæm" wm }td qd`em~m" yoq dndfybo" bm sdoqæm cd bmp gcdmp mpæ `ofo db sdfm cd bm
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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dfmjm`gðj* Mcdfíp" bm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj mqgpsosçbg`m gfybg`m }td jo dp fojmq}tgpsm" wm }td
qd`em~m bm sdoqæm cdb jotp tjg|dqpmb* @ofo |gfop" pd ptp`qgad m bm sdoqæm cd bm ptapgpsdj`gm"
w" `oj bm fmwoqæm cd bop dp`obípsg`op" pt ydjpmfgdjso dp ctmbgpsm w ytqmfdjsd
`opfobðhg`o" mpæ `ofo tjg|dqpmbgpsm ymq`gmb* \çmjpd m}tæ bmp yqoabdfísg`mp ymhmjmp dj pt
ydjpmfgdjso*
@ofo dqm cd dpydqmq" M}tgjo meojcm yqoltjcmfdjsd dj bop ífagsop cd bm ‒sdobohæm
jmstqmb‖* Pd d|gcdj`gm dpso dj ptp yqtdamp cd bm dugpsdj`gm cd Cgop* Sofíp qd`em~m db
mqhtfdjso ojsobðhg`o cd Mjpdbfo" w dj pt bthmq yopstbm ̀ gj`o ‒yqtdamp ̀ opfobðhg`mp‖* Dj
aqd|d dpsmp poj `ofo pghtd>
=* Emw tj fo|gfgdjso* Soco fo|gfgdjso sgdjd tjm `mtpm* Yoq bo smjso" emw tj
yqgfdq fosoq db `tmb dp Cgop*
1* Bop d|djsop poj `mtpmcop yoq osqop* Wm }td jo dp yopgabd tjm `mcdjm gjlgjgsm cd
`mtpmp" cdad emadq tjm yqgfdqm `mtpm" bm `tmb dp Cgop*0* Db ftjco dp `ojsgjhdjsd* Lí`gbfdjsd ytcgdqm jo emadq pgco" w ytcgdqm jo dugpsgq
fmýmjm* Jo dp yopgabd tjm pdqgd gjlgjgsm cd d|djsop `ojsgjhdjsdp" yoq}td dbbo
cdnmqæm gjduybg`mabd yoq }tç bmp `opmp dugpsdj* Yoq bo smjso" cdad emadq tjo }td
`ofdj~ð soco" w dpd dp Cgop*
3* M jtdpsqo mbqdcdcoq emw hqmcop cd aojcmc" adbbd~m" w cdfíp; smbdp hqmcop
yqdptyojdj tj focdbo þbsgfo" db `tmb dp Cgop*
4* Emw cdpghjgo dj db tjg|dqpo* Bmp `opmp pd `ojct`dj em`gm tj lgj" bo `tmb jo
pt`dcdqæm pg jo dpst|gdqmj hoadqjmcmp yoq tjm gjsdbghdj`gm* W dpm gjsdbghdj`gm dp
Cgop*
Dpsmp yqtdamp" `ofo dp d|gcdjsd" poj oandso cd hqmj cgp`tpgðj* Ymqm jtdpsqo
yqoyðpgso ampsd cd`gq }td cdadfop qd`em~mq bm myqougfm`gðj m Cgop yoq fdcgo cd
mqhtfdjsop bðhg`op* Cgop jo dp oandso cd mjíbgpgp bðhg`o* Cgop dp jtdpsqo Ymcqd m }tgdj
cdadfop |djgq dj Ndpt`qgpso* Bmp yqtdamp sofgpsmp jg pg}tgdqm yqtdamj bm dugpsdj`gm cdb
Ymcqd cd jtdpsqo Pdýoq* Dbbmp pðbo yqtdamj bm dugpsdj`gm cd tj cgop mqgpsosçbg`o" cd tj
fosoq gjfð|gb* Smb fosoq gjfð|gb dp tjm `ojpsqt``gðj bðhg`m" tjm `oj`btpgðj ampmcm dj bm
yqdfgpm cd }td bo gjfð|gb dp cg|gjo*
@oj`btgqdfop dpsd `ofdjsmqgo m`dq`m cd Sofíp cd M}tgjo `oj tjm aqd|d fdj`gðjcdb yd`mco dj bm sdobohæm w lgbopolæm fdcgd|mbdp* Db `oj`dyso cd yd`mco dj bm dcmc fdcgm
pd cdqg|ð ft`eo cdb jdoybmsojgpfo* Qd`tdqcd }td Ybosgjo emaæm `ojpsqtgco tjm ndqmq}tæm
cdb pdq `oj db ‒þjg`o‖ dj bm ymqsd ptydqgoq" w bm fmsdqgm dj bm ymqsd gjldqgoq* Dpm fmsdqgm"
cgngfop" ltd db yqgj`gygo cd bm gfydqld``gðj w cdb fmb* Dpm gcdm ltd bbd|mcm m bm sdobohæm
fdcgd|mb w qdptbsð bm co`sqgjm }td db fmb dp bm mtpdj`gm cdb agdj" tjm `mqdj`gm" tjm
yqg|m`gðj cdb agdj" tjm yqg|msgo aojg * Sofíp smfagçj mcoysð dpsm yopstqm* Dp gjjd`dpmqgo
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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cd`gq }td dpsm oygjgðj jdhmsg|m cdb yd`mco `ofo mtpdj`gm cdb agdj dp tjm gcdm ymhmjm w
`ofybdsmfdjsd mjsgaæabg`m* Ymqm bm Dp`qgstqm" db yd`mco dp tj `oj`dyso yopgsg|o" dp tj
yocdq myðpsmsm* Dp tjm yqg|m`gðj jo pðbo dj db pdjsgco cd }td pghjglg`m pdymqm`gðj cd Cgop*
Bmfdjsmabdfdjsd" dpsm þbsgfm jo dqm bm `oj`dy`gðj }td bop dp`obípsg`op sdjæmj cdb
yd`mco*
Edfop so`mco pðbo aqd|dfdjsd mbhtjop ytjsop cd bm lgbopolæm sofgpsm* W wm }td
qdyqdpdjsm db ygjí`tbo cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo" emqdfop agdj dj dpstcgmqbm m lojco* Mtj}td
cdadfop dpsmq yqd`m|gcop cdb yqohqdpo m`stmb cd bm sdobohæm cd bm bgadqm`gðj o cd bm
sdobohæm pd`tbmq" mb fgpfo sgdfyo cdadfop dpsmq `ojp`gdjsdp }td jtdpsqo fmwoq
yqoabdfm jo poj m}tdbbop" pgjo db dp`obmpsg`gpfo* Dj bm fdcgcm }td pd `ojsgjþd ydjpmjco
`oj tj fmq`o cd qdldqdj`gm dp`obípsg`o" bm `oftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm pdhtgqí pgdjco gqqdbd|mjsd
w pgj gfym`so dj bmp dpsqt`stqmp cd bm po`gdcmc m`stmb*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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09
@MYÆSTBO 3
CTJP DP@OSO %=1<<&=095'
Ctjp Dp`oso ltd db þbsgfo cd bop hqmjcdp dp`obípsg`op* Wm dj pt ydjpmfgdjso yocdfop
cdsd`smq tjm sdjcdj`gm `qæsg`m" bm `tmb yqdpmhgð db cd`bg|d cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo*
Dp`oso smfagçj pd `ofyqofdsgð lgqfdfdjsd `oj db yqgj`gygo cd jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm*
@oj Sofíp cd M}tgjo" pd oqgdjsð em`gm tjm gjsdqyqdsm`gðj mqgpsosçbg`m* Jo oapsmjsd" dj
`ojsqmpsd `oj Sofíp" Ctjp pd mcegdqd m bm sdoqæm cdb |æj`tbo* Mþj fíp" cglgdqd cd Sofíp
dj }td mlgqfm bm yqgfm`æm cd bm |obtjsmc" fgdjsqmp }td M}tgjo emaæm yqo`bmfmco bm
yqgfm`æm cdb gjsdbd`so* Cd`gfo" yoq bo smjso" }td Sofíp fmjst|o tjm yopstqm
gjsdbd`stmbgpsm" fgdjsqmp }td db ytjso cd |gpsm cd Ctjp ytdcd `mqm`sdqg~mqpd `ofo
|obtjsmqgpsm*
Dj dld`so" `ofo socop bop dp`obípsg`op" pd dj|ob|gð dj mhtcop cdamsdp `oj ptp
`ojsdfyoqíjdop* Dpsop cdamsdp mbhtjmp |d`dp poj cglæ`gbdp cd pdhtgq yoq ptp gjsdqfgjmabdp
cgpsgj`gojdp }td `ofybg`mj w op`tqd`dj db mqhtfdjso* @ofo qdptbsmco" bop dp`obípsg`op
jtj`m ymqd`gdqoj dpsmq `ojpghtgdjco mbho* Dpsm pgstm`gðj `ojsqgatwð hqmjcdfdjsd mb
`qd`gdjsd cdpdj`mjso `oj db dp`obmpsg`gpfo*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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0=
Qdympo cd bm Ptacg|gpgðj GG
Bm `gfm cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo `ojpsgstwd tj ydqgoco `qt`gmb dj bm egpsoqgm cd bm lgbopolæm*
Pghjglg`m tj `bæfmu* Bo pghbop yqd`dcdjsdp loqfmj tj yqdbtcgo* Cdpcd m}tæ pd gjg`gm db
cdp`djpo cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo* Mb fgpfo sgdfyo" cdadfop qd`oqcmq }td bop fgpfop sgyop cd
yqoabdfmp `ojsgjþmj gfyojgçjcopd poaqd db ydjpmfgdjso lgbopðlg`o*
Pdqí cd atdjm hmjm m`dysmco }td db dp`djmqgo dj bm dcmc fdcgm ltd ft`eo fíp
`ofybdno }td bo cdp`qgso dj dpsd ymjoqmfm* Ft`emp osqmp `oqqgdjsdp cd ydjpmfgdjso %w
`ofagjm`gojdp cd `oqqgdjsdp' eg`gdqoj pdjsgq ptp dld`sop*
Mtj}td db cd`bg|d cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo bo `ojpgcdqmfop wm tj ed`eo" pghtgçjcobd bm
Qdloqfm" jo cdad ob|gcmqpd }td bop dld`sop cd dpsd ydqæoco cd jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm"
`ojsgjþmj m sqm|çp cd bop pghbop* Tj dndfybo ampsmqí* Cdpytçp cd bm Qdloqfm w db
`oj`ofgsmjsd cdqqtfad cd bm po`gdcmc fdcgd|mb" tjm sdobohæm oqgdjsmcm
dp`obípsg`mfdjsd dp qd&gjsqoct`gcm dj bmp tjg|dqpgcmcdp* Qdptbsmco }td jtdpsqm yqoygm
sdobohæm d|mjhçbg`m w qdloqfmcm dpst|o bdnop cd bgaqmqpd cd bm gjlbtdj`gm dp`obípsg`m m ydpmq
cd bm oaqm cd Ntmj @mb|gjo* Eow socm|æm sdjdfop tjm sdjcdj`gm m sdobohg~mq m`dq`m cd
Cgop `ofo oandso cd mjíbgpgp* Dpsmfop socm|æm gj`bgjmcop m fgqmq m bmp Dp`qgstqmp `ofo tjm
`obd``gðj cd yqoyopg`gojdp |dqcmcdqo/lmbpo* Socm|æm sdjcdfop m `qddq dj ptytdpsmp íqdmp
jdtsqmbdp cd gjsdqçp yþabg`o*
Jd`dpgsmfop dqqmcg`mq bm fdjsmbgcmc dp`obípsg`m cd jtdpsqo fdcgo* Pg jo" djsoj`dp
gjd|gsmabdfdjsd db pd`tbmqgpfo etfmjgpsm `qd`dqí fíp w fíp ltdqsd" w fíp w fíp
gjsobdqmjsd" empsm }td" Cgop jo bo }tgdqm" bm |o~ `qgpsgmjm jo pdm fíp oæcm dj jtdpsqo ymæp*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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01
PTACG\GPGÐJ GGG
DB CD@BG\D CDB DP@OBMPSG@GPFO
GJSQOCT@@GÐJ
Dj bop pghbop UG\ w U\ cdsd`smfop tj cd`bg|d cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo ampsmjsd qíygco*
\mqgop lm`soqdp `ojsqgatwdqoj m dpso" yoq dndfybo" db cdpdj`mjso `oj bmp gjsdqfgjmabdpcgpsgj`gojdp dp`obípsg`mp w tj `qd`gdjsd dpyæqgst cd ctcm w dp`dysg`gpfo %w tj ptapd`tdjsd
ptqhgq cdb ptandsg|gpfo'* Mþj fíp" bm sdjpgðj dj bm ghbdpgm w bm sdobohæm o`mpgojmcm yoq bm
`ojsgjtm`gðj cd bm pæjsdpgp dpsmam mb`mj~mjco tj ytjso cd duybopgðj* Ydqo jo cdadfop pdq
jdhbghdjsdp ymqm josmq }td dj dpsd ytjso cd bm egpsoqgm dpsmam sofmjco bthmq tj qdmb
cd`qdfdjso cdb gjsdqçp dj bop pdq|g`gop cd mcoqm`gðj w bmp yqí`sg`mp ‒qdbghgopmp‖* Dpsd
cd`bgjmq cdb `dbo ‒qdbghgopo‖ ltd m`ofymýmco `oj bm cdpgjsdhqm`gðj cd bm yopg`gðj cd yocdq
dj bm ghbdpgm qofmjm* Dpsop ltdqoj sgdfyop cglæ`gbdp" w dfo`gojmjsdp* Bop dpsmcop
jm`gojmbdp `ofdj~mqoj m ptqhgq" w db eofaqd `ofdj~mam m duyboqmq db ftjco* Bm `gdj`gm
`ofdj~ð m cdpmqqobbmqpd w `oj db cdqqtfad cd bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm ghbdpgm pd mpdjsð dbyqo`dpo cd pd`tbmqg~m`gðj* Socop dpsop lm`soqdp pdýmbmqoj db lgj cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo
fdcgd|mb*
Gj`tdpsgojmabdfdjsd" bm lghtqm cd fíp gjlbtdj`gm }td myqdptqð bm `mæcm cdb
dp`obmpsg`gpfo ltd Htgbbdqfo cd O`kemf" tj gjcg|gctmbgpsm* Jo oapsmjsd" pd eg`gdqoj
yqdpdjsdp osqmp sdjcdj`gmp w `oqqgdjsdp" smb `ofo bm `ojsgjtm`gðj cdb |gdno `ojlbg`so djsqd
db tjg|dqpmbgpfo ymq`gmb ybmsðjg`o w mqgpsosçbg`o* Db tjg|dqpmbgpfo dpst|o qdyqdpdjsmco yoq
Fdgpsdq D`kemqs* Mb fgpfo sgdfyo" db sdfm cdb m yqgoqg yqdymqð db `mfgjo ymqm db `mqí`sdq
ptandsg|gpsm cd bm dcmc focdqjm*
Djlo`mqdfop jtdpsqm msdj`gðj m cop qdyqdpdjsmjsdp cd dpsd ydqæoco" m pmadq" Fdgpsdq
D`kemqs w Htgbbdqfo cd O`kemf*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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@MYÆSTBO =
FDGPSDQ D@KEMQS %=1<9&=018'
Tjm qdm``gðj mb dp`obmpsg`gpfo %tjg|dqpmbgpsm ymq`gmb' ltd db fo|gfgdjso cdb fgpsg`gpfo
tjg|dqpmbgpsm* Db fojnd mbdfíj D`kemqs qdyqdpdjsð dpsm yopstqm* Gjsdqdpmjsd ltd }td emwm
pgco tjo cd bop yqgfdqop lgbðpolop }td dp`qgagdqoj oaqmp yoytbmqdp dj db gcgofm |dqjí`tbo%bop sqmsmcop fíp cglæ`gbdp w dqtcgsop bop dp`qgagð dj bmsæj" yoq ptytdpso'*
D`kemqs `qdwð }td db pdq cd bm `qdm`gðj dp bm fgpfm `bmpd }td db cd Cgop* @mcm `qgmstqm
ymqsg`gym cdb pdq cd Cgop" cgno* Mb fgpfo sgdfyo" bmp `qgmstqmp cglgdqdj cd Cgop dj pt
dpdj`gm* Qdldqdjsd m pt dpdj`gm w ptp `mqm`sdqæpsg`mp cdsdqfgjmjsdp" bop eofaqdp jo poj
`ofo Cgop" yoq ptytdpso %bm cgldqdj`gm djsqd pdq w dpdj`gm dp tjm sæyg`m cgpsgj`gðj
dp`obípsg`m'* Db tjg|dqpmbgpfo cd D`kemqs dp d|gcdjsd> bop eofaqdp w bmp `opmp gjcg|gctmbdp
poj pobmfdjsd cdqg|m`gojdp" qmfmbdp cdb þjg`o" cdb pdq tjg|dqpmb* Dpsd dp db `mqí`sdq
fæpsg`o cdb ydjpmfgdjso cd D`kemqs* @tqgopm dp bm pgfgbgstc cdb ytjso cd |gpsm cd D`kemqs`oj db cd Edqí`bgso* Qd`tdqcd" Edqí`bgso smfagçj yopstbð cop yqo`dpop pgftbsíjdop> db
ltdho mb mhtm w |g`d|dqpm* Bop oytdpsop qdsoqjmj tjo mb osqo* M dpsm loqfm cd |dq cd
Edqí`bgso w Fdgpsdq D`kemqs bd bbmfmfop `ogj`gcdjsgm oyyopgsoqtf %`ogj`gcdj`gm cd
oytdpsop'* Smb ydjpmfgdjso dp `ojsqmcg`soqgo" wm }td bop cop yqo`dpop ‒pd `ojsqmcg`dj‖
tjo mb osqo*
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03
@MYÆSTBO 1
HTGBBDQFO CD O@KEMF %f* =049'
Bm sdjcdj`gm tjg|dqpmbgpsm dj dpsd ydqæoco cdb cd`bg|d cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo ltd
`ojsqmqqdpsmcm yoq tj yocdqopo fo|gfgdjso gjcg|gctmbgpsm* Josd }td dpsmp cop `oqqgdjsdp
poj cdp|gm`gojdp cdb tjg|dqpmbgpfo ymq`gmb m`dysmco dj bm dcmc fdcgm*
Htgbbdqfo cd O`kemf yqdymqð db ltjdqmb cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo* Dqm tj yqoltjco
ydjpmcoq w `qæsg`o qmcg`mb; cgo bm `mfymjmcm gjdpydqmcmfdjsd dj tj `ojsduso dp`obípsg`o*
Jo poqyqdjcd }td bm ghbdpgm qofmjm bo `ojpgcdqmqm tj edqdnd*
Wm edfop |gpso }td bm ghbdpgm fmjst|o loq~mcmfdjsd tjm ltpgðj mqsglg`gmb cd
jmstqmbd~m w hqm`gm* Pðbo m sqm|çp cd ptp dcg`sop w `ojcdjm cd bmp ‒edqdnæmp‖ ytco
`ojpdq|mq ntjsmp dpmp cop íqdmp* Smb ltpgðj dqm" ymqm cd`gqbo ptm|dfdjsd" yqd`mqgm*
Cdpytçp cd soco" mfamp íqdmp dqmj `ofybdsmfdjsd mtsðjofmp" mtj}td dj bm loqfm cd
|dq cd Sofíp" db qdgjo cd bm jmstqmbd~m dqm tj yqgfdq ympo em`gm db qdgjo cd bm hqm`gm" mbho
`ofo tj yðqsg`o ‒jmstqmb‖ m sqm|çp cdb `tmb tjo djsqm m bop `oqqdcoqdp cd bm hqm`gm*
O`kemf dpsmam cdsdqfgjmco m fopsqmq }td dj qdmbgcmc jo emaæm smb ltpgðj" smb `ojdugðj
djsqd jmstqmbd~m w hqm`gm* Dj dld`so" O`kemf dpsmam jdhmjco bm pæjsdpgp*
@ofo du`dbdjsd bðhg`o }td dqm" dpsmam emagbgsmco ymqm cdfobdq bmp lmbm`gmp cd tj
atdj jþfdqo cd jo`gojdp dp`obípsg`mp* Mcdfíp cd pt bðhg`m tpð osqm edqqmfgdjsm ymqm
cdpsqtgq mb dp`obmpsg`gpfo" `ojo`gcm `ofo ‒bm jm|mnm cd O`kemf‖* Dpsm dqm db yqgj`gygo cd
bm d`ojofæm cdb ydjpmfgdjso> ‒jo cdad yopstbmqpd tjm ybtqmbgcmc pgj jd`dpgcmc‖* Mb
mybg`mq dpsd yqgj`gygo" O`kemf eíagbfdjsd `ojpghtgð cdpem`dqpd cd tjm ftbsgstc cd%mhtcmp' cgpsgj`gojdp dp`obípsg`mp*
Bm yopstqm lgbopðlg`m cd O`kemf pd `mqm`sdqg~m yoq tj fgjt`gopo gjcg|gctmbgpfo* Jgdhm
`ofybdsmfdjsd bm dugpsdj`gm cd tjg|dqpmbdp* Jo emw smb `opm" cgno" `ofo tjm loqfm o
fmsdqgm tjg|dqpmb* Jo emw tj ‒pdq `ofo smb‖* Pobmfdjsd dugpsdj `opmp gjcg|gctmbdp* Emw
pobmfdjsd eofaqdp w ftndqdp gjcg|gctmbdp* @mcm eofaqd w ftndq gjcg|gctmb" `mcm `opm
gjcg|gctmb dp tjm djsgcmc mtso `ojsdjgcm" tj mapobtso" jo qdbm`gojmcm m osqm `opm
gjcg|gctmb* Mþj fíp" bop tjg|dqpmbdp poj pðbo `oj`dysop cd bm fdjsd" dbmaoqmcop mb
mapsqmdq `mqm`sdqæpsg`mp pgfgbmqdp cd |mqgop gjcg|gctop* Cd m}tæ }td db jofgjmbgpfo cd
O`kemf %bop tjg|dqpmbdp poj tj `oj`dyso" tj jofaqd" cdb bmsæj jofdj" jofaqd' dp tjm
`ojpd`tdj`gm cd pt gjcg|gctmbgpfo*
O`kemf ltd tj dfygqgpsm* Pðbo yocdfop emabmq `opmp `oj pghjglg`mco cd jtdpsqm
duydqgdj`gm* Db qdpso cd bmp `opmp" yoq dndfybo" Cgop" dp pgfybdfdjsd ld* @ofo qdptbsmco
cd dpsd dpsqg`so dfygqgpfo" O`kemf qd`em~ð bmp yqtdamp dp`obípsg`mp cd bm dugpsdj`gm cd
Cgop*
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Qdympo cd bm Ptacg|gpgðj GGG
Empsm meoqm bop cdpmpsqopop dld`sop cd bm pæjsdpgp jmstqmbd~m/hqm`gm poj ampsmjsd
d|gcdjsdp* Db cd`bg|d cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo pghjglg`ð db `ofgdj~o cd ltdq~mp pd`tbmqdp" ltdq~mp
etfmjgpsmp* Db eofaqd myðpsmsm" qd`tdqcdj" ‒ptyqgfd bm |dqcmc dj gjntpsg`gm‖" w `tmjco
bop dp`obípsg`op mqsg`tbmqoj tjm sdobohæm w lgbopolæm }td gjedqdjsdfdjsd `ojsdjæm bmyopgagbgcmc cd bgfgsmq db yocdq cd bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop" jo etao |m`gbm`gðj* Mjpgopmfdjsd db
jtd|o dpyæqgst etfmjgpsm myqo|d`eð bm oyoqstjgcmc w pd myqoygð yqí`sg`mfdjsd cd socmp
bmp íqdmp cd bm |gcm" cdnmjco pðbo tj yd}tdýo dpym`go ymqm bm `oftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm* @ofo
qdptbsmco" bm mtsoqgcmc cd bm Ymbmaqm cd Cgop ltd dbgfgjmcm cd bmp qdbm`gojdp yþabg`mp* Eow
bop yqo`dpop yobæsg`op" yoq dndfybo" poj etfmjgpsmp w jo `qgpsgmjop; Ndpt`qgpso w pt Ymbmaqm
ntdhmj tj ymydb fdjop }td fmqhgjmb dj bm yobæsg`m* Bm dfyqdpm `gdjsælg`m dp pd`tbmq m
lojco" yoq}td Ndpt`qgpso jo dp Qdw cd bm `gdj`gm w bm sd`jobohæm dj jtdpsqo ftjco
focdqjo* Bmp dp`tdbmp yþabg`mp w tjg|dqpgcmcdp poj ambtmqsdp cdb etfmjgpfo" yoq}td bm
Ymbmaqm cd Cgop dp yqop`qgsm w qgcg`tbg~mcm* Pdmfop ybdjmfdjsd `ojp`gdjsdp }td tjm fdqmqdloqfm foqmb jo |m m `oqqdhgq dpsm pgstm`gðj gfyæm* Jo emaqæm pgjo cd`gq m bm hdjsd }td pd
`ofyoqsd dj loqfm `oqqd`sm fgdjsqmp bmp ltdq~mp cd gj`qdctbgcmc `ojsgjþmj dpsqd`emjco
pt cofgjgo yqí`sg`mfdjsd poaqd socm bm |gcm* Bo }td pd jd`dpgsm dp tjm yqoltjcm qdloqfm
cd bm dfyqdpm yobæsg`m" bmaoqmb" gjctpsqgmb w `gdjsælg`m* Dpsd dp tj bbmfmco m bm m``gðj
`qgpsgmjm `oftjgsmqgm %db gjcg|gctmbgpfo bmqho sgdfyo em po`m|mco bm ltdq~m cd bm
`oftjgcmc `qgpsgmjm'* ]tç sqdfdjcm smqdm jop dpydqm*
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08
CG\GPGÐJ GGG
PÆJSDPGP MB @DQQMQ BM DCMC FDCGM
GJSQOCT@@GÐJ
Dpdj`gmbfdjsd dpsd ydqæoco qdyqdpdjsm tj sgdfyo cd sqmjpg`gðj* Wm edfop pdýmbmco
mbhtjop cd bop lm`soqdp }td `ojsqgatwdqoj mb cd`bg|d cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo" w wm }td dbydqæoco }td jop o`tym pghtd ftw cd `dq`m mb yqd`dcdjsd" jo jd`dpgsmfop qdydsgqbo*
Bbmfmqdfop m çpsd" bm sdq`dqm pæjsdpgp" dj `ojsqmpsd `oj bm pæjsdpgp yqgfdqm %ymsqæpsg`m' w
pdhtjcm %dp`obípsg`m'*
@mqm`sdqæpsg`o cd dpsm sdq`dqm dp db ltdqsd pdjsgfgdjso mjsgdp`obípsg`o* Bop
qdyqdpdjsmjsdp cd dpsm dqm pd pgdjsdj djldqfop w `mjpmcop cdb dp`obmpsg`gpfo* Fíp
gfyoqsmjsd" pgj dfamqho" dp db cdpdo cd qdsoqjmq mb ydqæoco ymsqæpsg`o* Db `qgpsgmjgpfo
yqgfgsg|o msqmd ftw ltdqsdfdjsd m bop lgbðpolop cd bm sdq`dqm pæjsdpgp*
Yocdfop cgpsgjhtgq cop fo|gfgdjsop" jgjhtjo cd bop `tmbdp yqoct`d lgbðpolop cd
qdjofaqd* Cop aqd|dp ptacg|gpgojdp ampsmqíj*
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07
PTACG\GPGÐJ GG
DB ETFMJGPFO @QGPSGMJO
Bop etfmjgpsmp `qgpsgmjop smfagçj ltdqoj ydjpmcoqdp pgjsçsg`op* @ofo bm yqd&
qdloqfm" db etfmjgpfo `qgpsgmjo mjedbmam qdsoqjmq mb ydqæoco ymsqæpsg`o* Ydqo db çjlmpgp
dqm cgldqdjsd* Wm }td myqd`gmqoj jo smjso db dbdfdjso Dp`qgstqmb dj Mhtpsæj" pgjo db ed`eo}td Mhtpsæj dqm m bm |d~ `qgpsgmjo w qofmjo* Dj osqmp ymbmaqmp" bop etfmjgpsmp `qgpsgmjop
dpsmamj atp`mjco db qdsoqjo cd tj ftjco qofmjo `qgpsgmjg~mco* Ydsqmq`m %f* =080' w ptp
mfghop m`sg|mfdjsd sqmsmqoj cd qdpsmabd`dq smb ftjco* Fíp }td gsmbgmjop" }tdqæmj pdq
qofmjop*
Bop `qgpsgmjop etfmjgpsmp `qdwdqoj }td yoq qdpsmtqmq bm `tbstqm `bípg`m yocqæmj
fdnoqmq pt yqoygo ftjco*
7/31/2019 Van Dyk - Panorama de la Historia de la Filosofía Vol. II
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Qdympo cd bm Cg|gpgðj GGG
Db cdpdo cd qdsoqjmq mb ftjco ymsqæpsg`o dqm ftw yo`o pmbtcmabd* Tjm qdpsmtqm`gðj
cdb ympmco jo pðbo dp gfyopgabd" smfagçj djsqm dj `ojlbg`so `oj db |dqcmcdqo yqgj`gygo cd
bm Qdloqfm* Bm Qdloqfm jtj`m dp tj qdsoqjo m tj ydqæoco `qgpsgmjo dj bm egpsoqgm" pgjo
pgdfyqd pghjglg`m mqqdydjsgfgdjso w tj qdsoqjo m bm oadcgdj`gm* Dpsd mjedbo yoq db ympmco`ojpsgstwd osqm qm~ðj yoq bm }td lmbbmqoj dpsop fo|gfgdjsop*
Edfop bbdhmco meoqm m bm `oj`btpgðj cdb pdhtjco ydqæoco yqgj`gymb" db ydqæoco cd bm
pæjsdpgp* Cdadqæm pdq `bmqo }td bm dcmc fdcgm dpst|o bdnop cd pdq ‒op`tqm‖* Mb `ojsqmqgo"
tjm qg`m cg|dqpgcmc cd fo|gfgdjsop lgbopðlg`op dpst|gdqoj yqdpdjsdp yqí`sg`mfdjsd dj
`mcm pghbo* Dj db pghtgdjsd ydqæoco yqgj`gymb `ojpgcdqmqdfop bm qdm``gðj m dpsop pghbop cd
pæjsdpgp* Dpsm qdm``gðj mjtj`gmam db mqqgao cd bm dqm focdqjm*
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