vampire electricity-standby power

Vampire ElectricityVampire Power

Phantom LoadStandby Power

“Is a Phantom Stealing Your

Electricity?”

Introduction

• Standby power, also called vampire power,

vampire draw, phantom load, or leaking

electricity, refers to the way electric power consumed

by electronic and electrical appliances while they are

switched off or in a standby mode.

Introduction

• Standby power consumption is the amount

of such power that is used even though the

power drainage is not apparent. The terms

apply to appliances such as television sets,

computers, computer peripherals, and

various other devices, including those that

use battery chargers. Standby power is

expressed in watt s (W).

Introduction

• An increasing number and variety of consumer

devices incorporate standby features. Often a

device is in standby mode when the consumer thinks

it is completely powered-down.

• Placing the power switch in the OFF position does

not guarantee that a device consumes no power.

• The only way an everyday consumer can be sure a

device is not drawing power is to unplug it from the

utility outlet.

Introduction

• Standby power, over time, adds to the energy expenseincurred by a household or business.

• Consider a home with the following appliances instandby operation: two television sets (10 W each); threecordless telephones (2 W each); a computer with anUninterruptible Power Supply ( UPS ), a scanner ,external hard drive, compact disc ( CD (24 Wcombined); and various other appliances such asmicrowave ovens, electric clocks, and hi-fi sets (20 Wcombined).

• The total standby power used by this household is 70 W.Over the course of a 365-day year, this amounts to morethan 600 kilowatt hours (kWh).

Introduction

• It can be argued that the economic cost of standbymode, for the average consumer, is worth the addedconvenience the feature provides in terms of shortenedwarm-up periods and well-charged batteries.

• But when the standby power of 70 W per householdor business (often much more) is multiplied bymillions in a nation and integrated over a longperiod of time, the resulting energy consumptionmay have far-reaching environmental and economicconsequences.

Introduction

• In the past, standby power was largely a non-issuefor users, electricity providers, manufacturers, andgovernment regulators.

• In the first decade of the twenty-first century, awarenessof the issue grew and it became an importantconsideration for all parties.

• Up to the middle of the decade, standby power wasoften several watts or even tens of watts perappliance. By 2010, regulations were in place inmost developed countries restricting standby powerof devices sold to one watt (and half that from 2013).

One Watt Initiative

The One Watt Initiative (or the proper One-Watt

Initiative) is an energy-saving initiative by the

International Energy Agency (IEA) to reduce

standby power-use by any appliance to not more

than one watt in 2010, and 0.5 watts in 2013, which

has given rise to regulations in many countries and

regions.

The One Watt Initiative was launched by the

IEA in 1999 to ensure through international

cooperation that by 2010 all new appliances

sold in the world use only one watt in standby

mode. This would reduce CO2 emissions by

50 million tons in the OECD countries alone

by 2010; the equivalent to removing 18

million cars from the roads.

Definition

• Standby power is electrical power used byappliances and equipment while switchedoff or not performing their primaryfunction, often waiting to be activated by aremote controller.

• That power is consumed by internal orexternal power supplies, remote controlreceivers, text or light displays, circuitsenergized when the device is plugged in evenwhen switched off, etc. Power can be savedby disconnecting such devices, causing atworst only inconvenience.

Standby Power

Definition

• While this definition is inadequate for technical purposes,

there is as yet no formal definition; an international standards

committee is developing a definition and test procedure.

• The term is often used more loosely for any device that

continuously must use a small amount of power even when

not active; for example a telephone answering machine must

be available at all times to receive calls, switching off to save

power is not an option. Timers, powered thermostats, and the

like are other examples. An uninterruptible power supply

could be considered to be wasting standby power only when

the computer it protects is off. Disconnecting standby power

proper is at worst inconvenient; powering down completely,

for example an answering machine not dealing with a call,

renders it useless.

Standby Power

Definition

• Most experts agree that standby power is electricity used byappliances and equipment while they are switched off or notperforming their primary function. That power isconsumed by power supplies (the black cubes—sometimes called "vampires"—converting AC into DC),the circuits and sensors needed to receive a remotesignal, soft keypads and displays includingmiscellaneous LED status lights. Standby power use isalso caused by circuits that continue to be energizedeven when the device is "off".

• That definition is attractive to a lay person butinadequate for technical purposes. An internationaltechnical standards committee is developing a definitionand test procedure.

Who coined the term "energy vampire"?

• The vampire refers to the external power supply—

the little black cubes—which have two teeth (the

plugs) and "suck" electricity all night.

• The term "leaking electricity" was coined by a

Swedish engineer, Eje Sandberg, in 1993.

Standby Power

Magnitude

• Standby power makes up a portion of homes'miscellaneous electric load, which also includessmall appliances, security systems, and other smallpower draws.

• "Many appliances continue to draw a small amountof power when they are switched off. These"phantom" loads occur in most appliances that useelectricity, such as VCRs, televisions, stereos,computers, and kitchen appliances. This can beavoided by unplugging the appliance or using a powerstrip and using the switch on the power strip to cut allpower to the appliance."

Standby Power

Magnitude

• Standby power used by older devices can be as

high as 10–15 W per device, while a modern HD

LCD television may use less than 1 W in standby

mode. Many countries adopting the One Watt

Initiative now require new devices to use no more

than 1 W starting in 2010, and 0.5 W in 2013.

Standby Power

Magnitude

• Although the power needed for functions such asdisplays, indicators, and remote control functions isrelatively small, the large number of such devices andtheir being continuously plugged in resulted in energyusage before the One Watt regulations of 8 to 22percent of all appliance consumption in differentcountries, 32 to 87 W, and around 3–10 percent oftotal residential consumption.

• In Britain in 2004 standby modes on electronicdevices accounted for 8% of all British residentialpower consumption. A similar study in France in2000 found that standby power accounted for 7% oftotal residential consumption

Standby Power

Magnitude

• Devices such as security systems, fire

alarms, and digital video recorders require

continuous power to operate properly

(though in the case of electric timers used to

disconnect other devices on standby, they

actually reduce total energy usage). The

Reducing Consumption section below provides

information on reducing standby power.

Standby Power

Ranges of Standby Power• The following chart shows minimum, average, and maximum standby

power use of residential appliances in the following categories:

• audio equipment (AUDIO),

• battery chargers and battery powered devices (BATTERY),

• home automation and security (HOME),

• small kitchen appliances (KITCHEN),

• home office equipment (OFFICE),

• set-top boxes (SET-TOP),

• telephone equipment (TELEPHONY),

• TVs and VCRs (TV-VCR), and

• white goods (WHITE).

• Note that the minimum value in our database is represented by theleftmost portion of the bar, the maximum value by the rightmostportion of the bar, and the average by the vertical line within the bar.

Ranges of Standby Power

Fire Risks

• There is a risk of fire from devices in standby mode. There arereports of televisions, in particular, catching fire in standbymode.

• Before the development of modern semiconductor electronics itwas not uncommon for devices, typically television receivers, tocatch fire when plugged in but switched off, sometimes whenfully switched off rather than on standby.

• This is much less likely with modern equipment, but not impossible.Older cathode-ray tube display equipment (television and computerdisplays) had high voltages and currents, and were far more of a firerisk than thin panel LCD and other displays.

• Contributing factors for electrical fires include:

• Damp environments

• Lightning strikes affecting building wiring

• Age of the appliance—older appliances are less well designed forsafety, and may have detrimental effect

Fire Risks

Determining Standby Power

The following types of devices consume standby power.

• Transformers for voltage conversion.

• Wall power supplies powering devices that are switched off.

• Many devices with "instant-on" functions that respondimmediately to user action without warm-up delay.

• Electronic and electrical devices in standby mode that can bewoken by a remote control, e.g. some air conditioners, audio-visual equipment such as a television receiver

• Electronic and electrical devices that can carry out somefunctions even when switched off, e.g. with an electricallypowered timer.

• Most modern computers consume standby power, allowing themto be woken remotely (by Wake on LAN, etc.) or at a specifiedtime. These functions are always enabled even if not needed; powercan be saved by disconnecting from mains (sometimes by a switchon the back), but only if functionality is not needed.

• Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)

Devices That Consume Standby Power

Determining Standby Power

• Other devices consume standby power which is requiredfor normal functioning that cannot be saved byswitching off when not in use. For these deviceselectricity can only be saved by choosing units withminimal permanent power consumption:

• Cordless telephones and answering machines

• Timers that operate devices

• Security systems and fire alarms

• Transformer-powered doorbells

• Programmable thermostats

• Motion sensors, light sensors, built-in timers and automaticsprinklers

Devices That Consume Standby

Estimating Standby Power

• Standby power consumption can be estimated

using tables of standby power used by typical

devices, although standby power used by

appliances of the same class vary extremely

widely.

Estimating Standby Power

Measuring Standby Power

• The power wasted in standby must gosomewhere; it is dissipated as heat.

• The temperature, or simply perceived warmth,of a device on standby long enough to reach astable temperature gives some idea of powerwasted.

• For most home applications, wattmeter givea good indication of energy used, and someindication of standby consumption.

Wattmeter

Reducing Standby Consumption

• Some equipment has a quick-start mode;standby power is eliminated if this mode is notused. Video game consoles often use power whenthey are turned off, but the standby power can befurther reduced if the correct options are set.

• For example, a Wii console can go from 18watts to 8 watts to 1 watt by turning off theWiiConnect24 and Standby Connectionoptions.

• Devices that have rechargeable batteries and arealways plugged in use standby power even if thebattery is fully charged. Corded appliances such asvacuum cleaners, electric razors, and simpletelephones do not need a standby mode and do notconsume the standby power that cordlessequivalents do.

• Older devices with power adapters that are large andare warm to the touch use several watts of power.Newer power adapters that are lightweight and are notwarm to the touch may use less than one watt.

• Standby power consumption can be reduced byunplugging or totally switching off, if possible,devices with a standby mode not currently inuse; if several devices are used together or onlywhen a room is occupied, they can beconnected to a single power strip that isswitched off when not needed.

• This may cause some electronic devices,particularly older ones, to lose their configurationsettings.

• A switchable power strip or power bar

• Timers can be used to turn off standby power todevices that are unused on a regular schedule.Switches that turn the power off when the connecteddevice goes into standby, or that turn other outlets on oroff when a device is turned on or off are also available.Switches can be activated by sensors.

• Home automation sensors, switches and controllerscan be used to handle more complex sensing andswitching. This produces a net saving of power so longas the control devices themselves use less power thanthe controlled equipment in standby mode.

• Standby power consumption of some computers can bereduced by turning off components that use power instandby mode. For instance, disabling Wake-on-LAN(WoL), "wake on modem", "wake on keyboard" or"wake on USB" may reduce power when in standby.Unused features may be disabled in the computer's BIOSsetup to save power.

• Devices were introduced in 2010 that allow the remotecontroller for equipment to be used to totally switch offpower to everything plugged into a power strip.

• It was claimed in the UK that this could save £30, morethan the price of the device, in one year

Equipment Efficiency

• As users of energy and government

authorities have become aware of the need

not to waste energy, more attention is being

paid to the electrical efficiency of devices

(fraction of power consumed that achieves

functionality, rather than waste heat); this

affects all aspects of equipment, including

standby power.

• Standby power use can be decreased both byattention to circuit design and by improvedtechnology.

• Programs directed at consumer electronics havestimulated manufacturers to cut standby poweruse in many products.

• It is probably technically feasible to reducestandby power by 75% overall; most savingswill be less than a watt, but other cases will beas large as 10 watts.

Reducing Standby Power

Consumption

• For example, a commercially available

computer in Wake on LAN standby

typically consumed 2 to 8 watts of standby

power as of 2011, but it was possible to

design much more efficient circuitry: a

purpose-designed microcontroller can

reduce total system power to under 0.5W,

with the microcontroller itself contributing

42 mW.

Advantages

• Standby power is often consumed for apurpose, although in the past there was littleeffort to minimize power used.

• It may enable a device to switch on veryquickly without delays that might otherwiseoccur ("instant-on"). This was used, forexample, with CRT television receivers (nowlargely supplanted by thin solid-state screens),where a small current was passed through the tubeheater, avoiding a delay of many seconds instarting up.

“Instant-On“ Devices

Advantages

• It may be used to power a remote control receiver, sothat when infrared or radio-frequency signals are sentby a remote control device, the equipment is able torespond, typically by changing from standby to fully onmode.

• Standby power may be used to power a display, operate aclock, etc., without switching on the equipment to fullpower.

• Battery-powered equipment connected to mainselectricity can be kept fully charged although switchedon; for example, a mobile telephone can be ready toreceive calls without depleting its battery charge.

Disadvantages

• The disadvantages of standby power mainly relate to theenergy used. As standby power is reduced, thedisadvantages become less.

• Older devices often used ten watts or more; with theadoption of the One Watt Initiative by many countries,standby energy use is much diminished.

• Devices on standby consume electricity which must be paidfor. The total energy consumed may be of the order of 10%of the electrical energy used by a typical household. Thecost of standby energy is easily estimated—each watt ofcontinuous standby consumes about 9 kWh of electricityper year, and the price per kWh is shown on electricitybills.

Standby Power

Disadvantages

• Electricity is very often generated bycombustion of hydrocarbons (oil, coal, gas) orother substances, which releases substantialamounts of carbon dioxide, implicated inglobal warming, and other pollutants such assulphur dioxide, which produces acid rain.Standby power is a significant contributor toelectricity usage.

• As electricity consumption increases, more powerstations are needed, with associated capital andrunning costs.

Standby Power

Disadvantages

• Standby devices mean that heat is generated, whichcan mean extra cooling is needed, and in the wrongcircumstances can be a fire risk.

• Standby devices are not always completely silent.

• Standby means electric power is present in thedevice, increasing electrical interference, andmaking the risks associated with electricity a 24hour issue.

• Standby devices can often be remotely controlled,sometimes by unauthorised or irresponsible agents, orby accident.

Standby Power

Need of Stand-by Power

• Sometimes. Certain appliance functions do requiresmall amounts of electricity include:

• Maintaining signal reception capability (for remotecontrol, telephone or network signal)

• Monitoring temperature or other conditions (such asin a refrigerator)

• Powering an internal clock

• Battery charging

• Continuous display

• Good design can make the power requirements forthese functions very low (but not yet zero).

Need of Stand-by Power

Stand-by Power• Fortunately, there are ways to reduce your standby power

loads and save money,

• Use a Power Strip with Switches. You can use a power strip

with on/off switches to plug in your appliances. If you plug

all of your products into a power strip and flip off the power

strip when these items are not in use, they are truly off.

Stand-by Power

• Unplug Your Products. Another sure way to reduceyour standby power load is to just unplug yourproducts. Now, there are some products that you maywant to keep plugged, such as the digital alarm clock inyour bedroom or the refrigerator. But there are manyappliances that you may not need to have pluggedin, such as the microwave or toaster oven.

• Consider using ENERGY STAR® energy-efficiencylabelling products. Many ENERGY STAR productsare energy efficient and have lower standby power thancomparable non-ENERGY STAR products.

Stand-by Power

Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme

(DELP)- Case Study

• Unnat Jivan by Affordable LEDs and Appliances forAll (UJALA) was launched by Prime Minister ofIndia Narendra Modi on 1st May 2015

• Within 1 year of its launch, 9 crore LED bulbs weresold in the country, reducing their electricity bills by55 billion (US$850 million).

• The scheme was announced as "Domestic EfficientLighting Programme (DELP)" on 5 January 2015,urging the people to use LED bulbs in place ofincandescent bulbs, tube lights and CFL bulbs asthey are more efficient, long lasting and economical intheir life cycle duration.

(DELP)

• The programme was launched in July andreached the one-crore LED milestone on 9August 2015.

• The total replacement has helped energysaving of more than 1.4 crore units per day.

• It has also helped to avoid peak demand of1,326 MW and 5.56 crore (US$860,000) incost savings per day, leading to substantialreduction in carbon emissions.

(DELP)

• It has been adopted by over 2.3 crore peopleacross 11 states in the country. The number ofLED bulbs distributed increased to sevencrores by 1 March 2016.

• As of 5 December 2016, a total of 18 crore LEDBulbs have been distributed under the scheme.This led to a savings of 64.5 GWh per day inenergy and 25.8 crore (US$4.0 million) per dayin cost and a per day reduction of 52,278 t ofCO2.

(DELP)

• After LED Bulbs and Energy Efficient Fans, Now Get ReadyFor LED Tubes. Launch likely by July

• After the success of LED bulbs and energyefficient fans, the government is all set toannounce the launch of LED tube lights forhouseholds across the country.

• The LED tube lights project is expected to belaunched by the ministery of state for power,coal and Renewable Energy, sometimes in Julyor beginning of August.

Energy Efficient Fans & LED Tubes.

(DELP)

• “In the first phase, about one crore LED tubelights are likely to be procured and expect thecost to be around Rs 300-350, this willeventually come down as further bulkprocurement is done”

• The government, plans to targetdistribution of around 5 crore LED tubes onthe remaining 8 months of the currentfinancial year.

A Quick Look At Savings and Advantages of

Energy Efficient Products

UJALA Yojana in Gujarat: People to Get

LED Tube Light and Fan at Affordable Rate

• Gujarat Chief Minister Shri Vijay Rupani decided to reduce the priceof LED bulb following overwhelming response by people of Gujaratunder UJALA Yojana.

• As per his decision, the bulb will be sold with price of Rs. 65 per bulb forcash and Rs. 70 per bulb for EMI along with keeping similar rate for bothresidential and commercial consumers of the state.

• CM Shri Rupani has also decided to initiate selling of LED tube-lightand five-star rated energy-efficient fans under Domestic EfficientLighting Programme launched by the Union Government. As per hisdecision, 20 watt LED tube-light will be given to consumers with a costof Rs. 210 by cash with a total reduction of Rs. 20 in its price assignedby the Union Government.

• The Five-star rated energy efficient fan will be sold at Rs. 1,110 pricewith a total reduction Rs. 40 in its price assigned by the UnionGovernment for the whole nation. The EMI cost of LED tube-light andfan will be Rs. 230 and Rs. 1260 respectively.

UJALA Yojana in Gujarat

(Gujarat Chief Minister Shri Vijay Rupani)

UJALA Yojana: People to Get LED Tube

Light and Fan at Affordable Rate

NATIONAL UJALA DASHBOARD(Energy Saving Per year/ by replacing normal bulb by LED

NATIONAL PAVAN DASHBOARD(Energy Saving Per day/ by replacing normal Fan by

Energy Efficient Fan )

NATIONAL TUBELIGHT DASHBOARD

(Energy Saving Per year/ by replacing normal Tubelight by

LED tube-light )

• Alongside, during the same time around

July, plans are a foot to make all

government ministries and departments

housed in heritage and other buildings as

BEE 5-star labelled buildings with energy

efficient gadgetries such as LED lights,

energy efficient fans and Air conditioners.

References

Is a 'Phantom' Stealing Your Electricity?

http://www.stretcher.com/stories/990913l.cfm

National Ujala Dashboard

http://www.ujala.gov.in/

One Watt Initiative : a Global Effort to Reduce Leaking Electricityhttp://www.eceee.org/library/conference_proceedings/eceee_Summer_Studies/1999/Panel_2/p2_2/paper

Phantom loads

http://www.takecontrolandsave.coop/documents/PhantomLoad.pdf

Standby power

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standby_power

Standby power

http://standby.lbl.gov/

Vampire power: What It Is and How To Stop It

https://www.digitaltrends.com/home/vampire-power/

Vampire Loads Waste Energyhttp://www.sdcl.org/reusable_components/images/dgs/Documents/Energy_Vampire_Loads.pdf

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