using brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal extracts as bioherbicides lydia clayton, donn thill, and...
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Using Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal
extracts as bioherbicides
Using Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal
extracts as bioherbicides
Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra
University of Idaho
Lydia Clayton, Donn Thill, and Matt Morra
University of Idaho
OutlineOutline
• Background• Introduction to Brassicaceae seed meals• Justification• Greenhouse seed meal extract study
• Background• Introduction to Brassicaceae seed meals• Justification• Greenhouse seed meal extract study
Research at UIResearch at UI
Interdisciplinary research for obtaining • EPA registration• Use patents for Brassicaceae seed meals
(yellow mustard and oriental mustard) and their extracts involving soil, weed, entomology, and plant breeding sciences
Interdisciplinary research for obtaining • EPA registration• Use patents for Brassicaceae seed meals
(yellow mustard and oriental mustard) and their extracts involving soil, weed, entomology, and plant breeding sciences
% of farmed acres in US certified organic
Number of organicacres farmed per state
Organic Farming Research Foundation, www.ofrf.org
MustardRapeseed
CanolaBroccoli
Cauliflower Kale
MustardRapeseed
CanolaBroccoli
Cauliflower Kale
Brassicaceae cropsBrassicaceae crops
Morra, 2007; Univ. of Idaho
Biological & Agricultural Engineering
28 – 40%28 – 40%
o
CH2OH
S C
N OSO3-
R
OH
OH
HO
Glucosinolate
> 120
Morra, 2007; Univ. of Idaho
o
CH2OH
S C
N OSO3-
R
OH
OH
HO
IntroductionIntroduction
Glucosinolates- enzymatically
degrade into 2° compounds
- water soluble anions
Glucosinolates- enzymatically
degrade into 2° compounds
- water soluble anions
+ H2O
+ H2O
Enzyme(myrosinase)
Enzyme(myrosinase)
Glucosinolate
IntroductionIntroduction
–Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) 4-hydroxy-benzyl (~148 μ mol/g)Ionic thiocyanate (SCN )ˉ (~165 μ mol/g)
–Canola (Brassica napus L.) 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl, etc.Various breakdown products (~17 μ mol/g)
–Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) 4-hydroxy-benzyl (~148 μ mol/g)Ionic thiocyanate (SCN )ˉ (~165 μ mol/g)
–Canola (Brassica napus L.) 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl, etc.Various breakdown products (~17 μ mol/g)
Justification and ObjectivesJustification and Objectives• Management of weeds one of the most
expensive and troublesome aspects of organic agricultural production
• Greenhouse study designed to analyze water extracts of yellow mustard seed meal as an effective weed management tool
• Management of weeds one of the most expensive and troublesome aspects of organic agricultural production
• Greenhouse study designed to analyze water extracts of yellow mustard seed meal as an effective weed management tool
Extraction Experiment
• Factorial design with 6 doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mt/ha) and 8 treatments:
- water alone preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST)
- dry seed meal PRE - dry seed meal POST - extract alone PRE- extract plus organic surfactant (OS) POST- extract plus nonionic synthetic surfactant (NIS) POST - water plus OS POST, and water plus NIS POST
• Factorial design with 6 doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mt/ha) and 8 treatments:
- water alone preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST)
- dry seed meal PRE - dry seed meal POST - extract alone PRE- extract plus organic surfactant (OS) POST- extract plus nonionic synthetic surfactant (NIS) POST - water plus OS POST, and water plus NIS POST
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
• ‘Yaya’ carrot, common lambsquarters, ‘Baronet’ lettuce, and ‘Cabernet’ spring wheat seeded in rows at 20 seeds/flat
• Seed meal applied 3 days after seeding for PRE and at 2 leaf stage for POST treatments
• Biomass collected 18 DAT for PRE and POST treatments
• ‘Yaya’ carrot, common lambsquarters, ‘Baronet’ lettuce, and ‘Cabernet’ spring wheat seeded in rows at 20 seeds/flat
• Seed meal applied 3 days after seeding for PRE and at 2 leaf stage for POST treatments
• Biomass collected 18 DAT for PRE and POST treatments
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
2 lf stage for POST treatments
• Statistical analysis Statistical analysis -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce
and wheat biomass and wheat biomass • SAS version 9.1SAS version 9.1
-Non-linear regression techniques-Non-linear regression techniques
• Statistical analysis Statistical analysis -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce -carrot, common lambsquarters, lettuce
and wheat biomass and wheat biomass • SAS version 9.1SAS version 9.1
-Non-linear regression techniques-Non-linear regression techniques
Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
Exponential regression model for biomass analysis
Exponential regression model for biomass analysis
Y = A*exp(-B*rate)
A - intercept-biomass at a dose = 0
B - rate of change-slope of line between seed meal and
seed meal extract doses
Y = A*exp(-B*rate)
A - intercept-biomass at a dose = 0
B - rate of change-slope of line between seed meal and
seed meal extract doses
Yellow mustard seed meal extractionYellow mustard seed meal extraction
Spinning!Spinning!
Hydrolyzed seed meal being poured into GE extractor
Hydrolyzed seed meal being poured into GE extractor
Yellow mustard seed meal extraction
Yellow mustard seed meal extraction
ExtractExtract
Yellow mustard seed meal extraction
Yellow mustard seed meal extraction
ExtractExtract
Yellow mustard seed meal extraction
Yellow mustard seed meal extraction
Carrot biomass by treatment as a percent of control
Carrot biomass by treatment as a percent of control
Extract plus synthetic surfactantExtract plus organic surfactantExtract alone
Dry seed meal pre - emergenceDry Seed meal post - emergence
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.5 1 2 3 4
Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha
Biom
ass,
% o
f ave
rage
con
trol
Extract plus OS
Water alone; 3 mt/ha; 14 DAT
Extract plus NIS
Seed meal alone
GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on carrot
GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on carrot
Treatment GR50
------------ mt/ha ------------
Dry Seed Meal (PRE) 15.5
Dry Seed Meal (POST) 8.5
Extract 7.5
Extract plus NIS 6
Extract plus OS 2.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.5 1 2 3 4
Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha
Biom
ass,
% o
f ave
rage
con
trol
Common lambsquarters biomass by treatment as a percent of control
Common lambsquarters biomass by treatment as a percent of control
Extract plus synthetic surfactantExtract plus organic surfactantExtract alone
Dry seed meal pre - emergenceDry Seed meal post - emergence
Seed meal alone
Water alone; 4 mt/ha; 14 DAT
Extract plus OS Extract plus NIS
GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on common lambsquarters
GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on common lambsquarters
Treatment GR50
------------ mt/ha ------------
Dry Seed Meal (PRE) 0.7
Dry Seed Meal (POST) 2
Extract 1.5
Extract plus NIS 0.3
Extract plus OS 0.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.5 1 2 3 4
Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha
Biom
ass,
% o
f ave
rage
con
trol
Lettuce biomass by treatment as a percent of control
Lettuce biomass by treatment as a percent of control
Extract plus synthetic surfactantExtract plus organic surfactantExtract alone
Dry seed meal pre - emergenceDry Seed meal post - emergence
Water alone; 2 mt/ha; 14 DAT
Seed meal alone
Extract plus OS Extract plus NIS
GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on lettuce
GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on lettuce
Treatment GR50
------------ mt/ha ------------
Dry Seed Meal (PRE) 16
Dry Seed Meal (POST) 4
Extract 3.5
Extract plus NIS 1.2
Extract plus OS 1.4
Spring wheat biomass by treatment as a percent of control
Spring wheat biomass by treatment as a percent of control
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.5 1 2 3 4
Dose of yellow mustard seed meal, mt/ha
Biom
ass,
% o
f ave
rage
con
trol
Extract plus synthetic surfactantExtract plus organic surfactantExtract alone
Dry seed meal pre - emergenceDry Seed meal post - emergence
Water alone; 4 mt/ha; 14 DAT
Extract plus OS Extract plus NIS
Seed meal alone
GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on spring wheat
GR50 for seed meal and extract treatments on spring wheat
Treatment GR50
------------ mt/ha ------------
Dry Seed Meal (PRE) 4.4
Dry Seed Meal (POST) 12.4
Extract 6.4
Extract plus NIS 1.8
Extract plus OS 2.1
SummarySummary
Carrot Common lambsquarters Lettuce Spring
wheat
Treatment ---------------- GR50, mt/ha ---------------
Dry Seed Meal (PRE) 15.5 0.7 16 4.4
Dry Seed Meal (POST) 8.5 2 4 12.4
Extract 7.5 1.5 3.5 6.4
Extract plus NIS 6 0.3 1.2 1.8
Extract plus OS 2.5 0.5 1.4 2.1
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
SummarySummarySummarySummaryThe University of Idaho is continuing to The University of Idaho is continuing to explore novel uses of Brassicaceae seed meals explore novel uses of Brassicaceae seed meals and seed meal byproducts, for biopesticides and seed meal byproducts, for biopesticides and other uses.and other uses.
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• Dr. Thill• Dr. Morra• Dr. Price• Vladimir Borek• USDA - National Research Initiative (NRI)
Competitive Grants Program
• Dr. Thill• Dr. Morra• Dr. Price• Vladimir Borek• USDA - National Research Initiative (NRI)
Competitive Grants Program
QuestionsQuestions
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