"use of feed additives generated through fermentation technologies for livestock feed "

CS Prasad and AK Samanta

ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Bengaluru, India

Multiple uses of livestock

Producing High BV food viz., milk, meat, egg

FYM for soil health Draught power

Apparel industry

Leather industry

Transport means

Liquidable asset for unwarranted expenditureLiquidable asset for unwarranted expenditure

Breeding

Veterinary careBalanced

feeding

Housing management

Feed Additives

Key steps for animal performance

“Feed additives” are non-nutritive ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth or enhance the performances (quality/ quantity) of animals through improved nutrient utilization and uptake

“Feed additives” are non-nutritive ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth or enhance the performances (quality/ quantity) of animals through improved nutrient utilization and uptake

What are feed

additives?

What are feed

additives?

But to a livestock farmer, feed additive should:

Enhance the productivity and/ or product qualityCost effectiveEasy to use/ handleReadily accessible

Enhance the productivity and/ or product qualityCost effectiveEasy to use/ handleReadily accessible

Evaluating Feed Additives

4 R’s

Results (at Farm)

Research Response Returns

Leaves no residue in animals or their products

No adverse side affects

Non-carcinogenic

No public health issue like antibiotics & hormones

Required in smaller quantity

Environment & consumer friendly

Major drivers for FA

Major drivers for FA

Demand for safe and quality

animal products

Demand for safe and quality

animal products

Rising per capita animal

product consumption

Rising per capita animal

product consumption

Ban/ restriction on antibiotic usage in food

animals

Industrialization/ modernization

of animal husbandry

growth

Evolution of Prebiotic Concept

What is prebiotic?

A non-digestible dietary ingredient that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of a limited number of bacteria in the colon, improving host health (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995).

Fructooligosaccharides

Galactooligosaccharides

Xylooligosaccharides

Mannan oligosaccharides

Tagatose

Arabino-xylooligosaccharides

Corn Waste (Cob) XylooligosaccharidesCorn cob Xylan

XYLOOLIGOSACCHARIDES

(Samanta et al., 2012)

Effect of XOS in broiler birds

Reduction in gut pathogens

Reduced cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in blood

Enhanced anti-oxidant activity

(Jayapal et al, 2014)

Effects of prebiotic in pig

Newborn piglets exhibited higher number of Bifidobacteria on 6th day of consumption of oligofructose (Howard et. al., 1995)

Population of Lactobacilli increased significantly in caecum by daily consumption of 9.5 g of oligofructose in piglet diarrhoea Population of harmful bacteria (Enterobacteria) significantly decreased at caecum and colon in piglets receiving oligofructose (Oli et al., 1998)

Probiotic

ioti

In 1907, E. Metchnikoff proposed the concept of longevity that is taking care by beneficial gut microflora from the observation at Village in Bulgaria. Concept of probiotic emerged and he received Nobel prize

Historical background

Probiotic

Bacteria

(i)Lactobacillus(ii)Bifidobacteria(iii)Enterococcus

Yeast

(i)Saccharomyces(ii)Kluyveromyces(iii)Aspergillus

Probiotic is defined as live microorganism which, when

administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefit on

the host Examples

Lactobacillus -reduced the population of Salmonella enteridis in challenged broiler chicks

Probiotic reduced mortality rates from 60 to 30% in birds, challenged with necrotic enteritis

Broiler chicks supplemented with mixed probiotics showed reduction in the gut pathogens

Dosing Enterococcus faecium reduced diarrhoea and improved daily weight gains

Providing Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium after birth resulted in improved beneficial microflora and reduced pathogen load

Positive influence of probiotic is mediated through stimulation of immune system (increasing levels of IgM and IgA)

Enzymes in livestock

Phytase (increasing availability of phosphorus)

Proteases (enhancing digestibility of vegetable proteins like soybean, legumes)

Carbohydrases (enhancing digestibility of resistant starch and dietary fibre)

Lipase (enhancing digestibility of lipid)

2-21

Birds absorb phytate-P poorly as they lack enzyme phytase

Adding phytase to poultry diets improves the digestibility of phytate-P and AA utilization

Reductions in fecal P excretions from using phytase can be as much as 40%.

Phytase

23

Organic Cr is better bioavailable than inorganic Cr

Better utilization in the gut

Cr enriched egg can act as nutraceutical

Reduces cholesterol in egg

High pigmented egg – More consumer preference

24

Effect of supplementation of Cr Yeast on Egg Production

• Supplementing Cr Yeast and Azolla enriched Cr to ND affected birds restored body weight gain in 3 weeks

• Cr Yeast improved immunity status in diseased birds as compared to inorganic Cr

• Reduced mortality in laying birds (3% to 1%)

• Reduced cholesterol content in eggs (230 vs 205)

Elemental SeSe-Met/Se-Csy/Se-met-Se-CysYeast

Biofactory

Organic Se -high bioavailability and retention.

Higher Se storage in organs & tissues & greater accumulation in meat, milk & egg.

Se-Yeast as “PROBIOTIC”.

Organic Se

Amino acids are building blocks of proteins and play essential role in the regulation of metabolism of living organisms

Produced by

Chemical synthesis

Isolation from natural

materialsFermentation

Chemo-enzyme methods

Lysine, Threonine, Aspartate, Glutamate

Lysine, with production capacity of around 2.39 million tons in 2013 world wide, accounted for about 70% of amino acid usage in livestock sector .

Other amino acids – Tryptophan, methionine, threonine – in pigs and poultry

Essential for feed conversion and growth promotion, particularly in swine and poultry

Glutamic acid producing microoraganisms - Micobacterium ammoniaphilum, E. coli, Bacillus circulans, C, glutamicum-

Bacterial fermentation technology

Low production ; Agriculture by products major feed resource

•Gut flora altered•Nutrient use efficiency is low

Feed additives in ruminants

Results not consistentHigh cost

In poultry and pig use is higher

•Enhances bioavailability of nutrients•Improves immunity and health

Market potential of feed additives

159 million USD

296 million USD by 2016

CAGR 9.3%

Global feed additives market

CAGR is 3.9%Expected to

reach 21.8 billion USD by 2020

Global feed additives market

CAGR is 3.9%Expected to

reach 21.8 billion USD by 2020

Tremendous scope in use of FA in animal feeding

Developing cost effective FA

More research in standardizing microbial enzyme, probiotics and prebiotics preparation

Fermentation technologies will occupy major share of FA to produce safe and healthy livestock products (animal welfare, food safety and environmental issues)

Genomic based knowledge on the composition and functions of gut microbes- advance the selection of Feed additives

Potential combination of prebiotics and probiotics could reduce the risk of intestinal diseases

Antioxidants from microbial source

Breakdown of ligno-cellulosic materials

FA in modifying gut bacteria for mitigating enteric methane emission

Feed Additives

Next time you burp, no methane please

THANKSPrebiotics

Fermentation revolutionEnzymes

Yeast embedded

micro-nutrients

Probiotics

Amino acids