us history to 1865 lecture 1. chapter 1 worlds collide europe and the americas 1450-1620 worlds...
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US History to 1865Lecture 1
US History to 1865Lecture 1
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Worlds Collide
Europe and the Americas
1450-1620
Worlds Collide
Europe and the Americas
1450-1620
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The First Americans – The first people to live in the Western
Hemisphere were migrants from Asia; most came across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska.
• The First Americans – The first people to live in the Western
Hemisphere were migrants from Asia; most came across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The First Americans – About 20,000 years after the migration
began, glacial melting isolated the people of the Western Hemisphere for 400 generations.
• The First Americans – About 20,000 years after the migration
began, glacial melting isolated the people of the Western Hemisphere for 400 generations.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The First Americans – For centuries Native Americans were
hunter -gatherers; they developed horticulture around 3000 B.C.
• The First Americans – For centuries Native Americans were
hunter -gatherers; they developed horticulture around 3000 B.C.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The First Americans – Agricultural surplus led to populous and
wealthy societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi River Valley.
• The First Americans – Agricultural surplus led to populous and
wealthy societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi River Valley.
• Indian America before Columbus is a mystery
• Primitive Nomads– Mexico
– Panama (?)
– South America (?)
• Indian America before Columbus is a mystery
• Primitive Nomads– Mexico
– Panama (?)
– South America (?)
• 10,000 B.C.– Mexico
– Central America
– Two waves or three waves of migration?
– Three if we include the Inuit migration 1000-1700 AD
• 10,000 B.C.– Mexico
– Central America
– Two waves or three waves of migration?
– Three if we include the Inuit migration 1000-1700 AD
• Two real migration patterns
First extremely primitive hunter gatherers maybe 20,000 years ago
Second Big game hunters spread over the continent reached tip of S. America 9000 BC
• Two real migration patterns
First extremely primitive hunter gatherers maybe 20,000 years ago
Second Big game hunters spread over the continent reached tip of S. America 9000 BC
• Archaic Age C 7000 BC– Changed from food gatherer to food
producer
– Cultivation of corn Tehuacάn near Mexico City
– Agriculture highlands of Mexico by 5000 B.C.
• Archaic Age C 7000 BC– Changed from food gatherer to food
producer
– Cultivation of corn Tehuacάn near Mexico City
– Agriculture highlands of Mexico by 5000 B.C.
• 6,700 B.C. – 5000 B.C. shift to gathering plant foods as chief means of sustenance
– Stone choppers, grinders, mortars
• 5000 – c. 3400 BC increased domestication/cultivation of corn, squash, beqans, chilli, gourds, cotton
• 6,700 B.C. – 5000 B.C. shift to gathering plant foods as chief means of sustenance
– Stone choppers, grinders, mortars
• 5000 – c. 3400 BC increased domestication/cultivation of corn, squash, beqans, chilli, gourds, cotton
• By 3400 BC 30% of total food supply came from agriculture
• By 3400 BC 30% of total food supply came from agriculture
• Formative – Pre Classic Period– Pottery
– Complex village life
• After 850 BC hybrid corn – irrigated fields
• Formative – Pre Classic Period– Pottery
– Complex village life
• After 850 BC hybrid corn – irrigated fields
4 groups of PeopleHandbook of S.A. Infians
4 groups of PeopleHandbook of S.A. Infians
• I Marginal hunting and gathering tribes: eastern Brazil, the Gran Chaco, the Pampa, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego
• II Tropical Forrest, region around Amazon basin, lowlands of coastal Brazil, slopes of montaña in Peru and the Yungas in Bolivia
• I Marginal hunting and gathering tribes: eastern Brazil, the Gran Chaco, the Pampa, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego
• II Tropical Forrest, region around Amazon basin, lowlands of coastal Brazil, slopes of montaña in Peru and the Yungas in Bolivia
– Currare
– Cannibalisms
– Simple pottery
– Basketry
– Wood tools
– Dugout canoes
– Currare
– Cannibalisms
– Simple pottery
– Basketry
– Wood tools
– Dugout canoes
• III Circum Carribean tribes – Arawaks, Caribs – all but gone
• IV Andean Civilization: Araucanians of Chile, Argentina; Chibchas of Columbia & numerous civilizations which merged into the Inca Empire
• III Circum Carribean tribes – Arawaks, Caribs – all but gone
• IV Andean Civilization: Araucanians of Chile, Argentina; Chibchas of Columbia & numerous civilizations which merged into the Inca Empire
Middle AmericaMiddle America
• Zapotecs, Mixtecs of Mitla and Monte Alban
– Temples
– Potery
– Tombs
– Metal work
• Zapotecs, Mixtecs of Mitla and Monte Alban
– Temples
– Potery
– Tombs
– Metal work
• Totonacs – Gulf Coast– Linguistically related to the Maya
– Architecture
– Sculpture
• Toltecs– “master-builder”
• Architecture, stone work, metal work
• Totonacs – Gulf Coast– Linguistically related to the Maya
– Architecture
– Sculpture
• Toltecs– “master-builder”
• Architecture, stone work, metal work
NorsemenNorsemen
– The Vikings
• Scandinavia
• Warriors, shipbuilders, and sailors
• Danes occupied – Iceland 1874
– northeastern England by 878
– part of France, Normandy
– 1000 AD coast of N America
– The Vikings
• Scandinavia
• Warriors, shipbuilders, and sailors
• Danes occupied – Iceland 1874
– northeastern England by 878
– part of France, Normandy
– 1000 AD coast of N America
CHINACHINA
CHINAMING DYNASTY
CHINAMING DYNASTY
• MILITARY RESURGENCE
• T’AI-TSU RULED FOR 30 YEARS GAINED CONTROL OF:– ALL CHINA
– DOMINATED HAMI
– SIKIANG
– INNER MONGOLIA
– NORTHERN MONGOLIA
• MILITARY RESURGENCE
• T’AI-TSU RULED FOR 30 YEARS GAINED CONTROL OF:– ALL CHINA
– DOMINATED HAMI
– SIKIANG
– INNER MONGOLIA
– NORTHERN MONGOLIA
MINGMING
• SUBJUGATION OF– KOREA
– CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN STATES
• YUNG-LO
• SUBJUGATION OF– KOREA
– CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN STATES
• YUNG-LO
MING CHINAMING CHINA
• REFORM
• WELFARE STATE
• STABILITY
• AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT
• LITERACY
• REFORM
• WELFARE STATE
• STABILITY
• AGRICULTURE IMPROVEMENT
• LITERACY
MING CHINAMING CHINA
• DRAMA
• PAINTING–SOOCHOW WU SCHOOL
• THOUGHT
• DRAMA
• PAINTING–SOOCHOW WU SCHOOL
• THOUGHT
• Exploratory Fleet– 1405-1434 6 large fleets sailed
• Africa• East Indies
• Exploratory Fleet– 1405-1434 6 large fleets sailed
• Africa• East Indies
Europe vs IslamEurope vs Islam
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The Early CrusadesThe Early Crusades
• The First Crusades– Pope Urban II, 1088-1099
• Alexius I asked for help• Council of Clermont, 1095
– First Crusade, 1096-1099• Jerusalem, 1099• Crusader feudal states
• Second Crusade, 1147-1149– Edessa recaptured by Muslims, 1144– Failure
• Third Crusade, 1189-1192– Saladin captures Jerusalem in 1187– Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I the
Lionhearted of England, Philip II Augustus of France
• The First Crusades– Pope Urban II, 1088-1099
• Alexius I asked for help• Council of Clermont, 1095
– First Crusade, 1096-1099• Jerusalem, 1099• Crusader feudal states
• Second Crusade, 1147-1149– Edessa recaptured by Muslims, 1144– Failure
• Third Crusade, 1189-1192– Saladin captures Jerusalem in 1187– Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I the
Lionhearted of England, Philip II Augustus of France
• A quick word about Europe– Not in your text
• A quick word about Europe– Not in your text
Traditional European Society in 1450 Traditional European Society in 1450
• The Peasantry – There were only a few large cities in
western Europe before A.D. 1450; more than 90 percent of the population were peasants living in small rural communities.
• The Peasantry – There were only a few large cities in
western Europe before A.D. 1450; more than 90 percent of the population were peasants living in small rural communities.
Traditional European Society in 1450 Traditional European Society in 1450
• The Peasantry
– Most peasants yearned to be yeomen, but few achieved that goal.
• The Peasantry
– Most peasants yearned to be yeomen, but few achieved that goal.
Traditional European Society in 1450 Traditional European Society in 1450
• The Peasantry – Cooperative farming was a necessity and
most farm families exchanged their surplus farm products with their neighbors or bartered it for local services.
• The Peasantry – Cooperative farming was a necessity and
most farm families exchanged their surplus farm products with their neighbors or bartered it for local services.
Traditional European Society in 1450 Traditional European Society in 1450
• The Peasantry
– As with the Native American cultures, many aspects of European life followed a seasonal pattern.
• The Peasantry
– As with the Native American cultures, many aspects of European life followed a seasonal pattern.
Traditional European Society in 1450 Traditional European Society in 1450
• The Peasantry – Mortality rates among the peasants were
high life consisted of little food and much work
– The deprived rural classes of Britain, Spain, and Germany constituted the majority of white migrants to the Western Hemisphere.
• The Peasantry – Mortality rates among the peasants were
high life consisted of little food and much work
– The deprived rural classes of Britain, Spain, and Germany constituted the majority of white migrants to the Western Hemisphere.
Traditional European Society in 1450 Traditional European Society in 1450
• Hierarchy and Authority
– In the traditional European social order, authority came from above; kings and princes lived in splendor off the labor of the peasantry.
• Hierarchy and Authority
– In the traditional European social order, authority came from above; kings and princes lived in splendor off the labor of the peasantry.
Traditional European Society in 1450 Traditional European Society in 1450
• Hierarchy and Authority
– Collectively, noblemen had the power to challenge royal authority; after 1450 kings began to undermine the power of the nobility and create more centralized states.
• Hierarchy and Authority
– Collectively, noblemen had the power to challenge royal authority; after 1450 kings began to undermine the power of the nobility and create more centralized states.
Traditional European Society in 1450 Traditional European Society in 1450
• Hierarchy and Authority– The peasant man ruled his women and
children; his power was justified by the teachings of the Christian church.
– The inheritance practice of primogeniture forced many younger children to join the ranks of the roaming poor; there was little personal freedom or individual identity for these peasants.
• Hierarchy and Authority– The peasant man ruled his women and
children; his power was justified by the teachings of the Christian church.
– The inheritance practice of primogeniture forced many younger children to join the ranks of the roaming poor; there was little personal freedom or individual identity for these peasants.
Traditional European Society in 1450 Traditional European Society in 1450
• Hierarchy and Authority– The peasant man ruled his women and
children; his power was justified by the teachings of the Christian church.
– The inheritance practice of primogeniture forced many younger children to join the ranks of the roaming poor; there was little personal freedom or individual identity for these peasants.
• Hierarchy and Authority– The peasant man ruled his women and
children; his power was justified by the teachings of the Christian church.
– The inheritance practice of primogeniture forced many younger children to join the ranks of the roaming poor; there was little personal freedom or individual identity for these peasants.
Traditional European Society in 1450 Traditional European Society in 1450
• Hierarchy and Authority– Hierarchy and authority prevailed
because they offered a measure of social stability, and these values later shaped the American social order well into the eighteenth century.
• Hierarchy and Authority– Hierarchy and authority prevailed
because they offered a measure of social stability, and these values later shaped the American social order well into the eighteenth century.
Traditional European Society in 1450Traditional European Society in 1450
• The Power of Religion – The Roman Catholic Church served as
one of the great unifying forces in western European society; the Church provided a bulwark of authority and discipline.
– Christian doctrine penetrated the lives of peas ants; the merging of the sacred with the agricultural cycle endowed all worldly events with spiritual meaning.
• The Power of Religion – The Roman Catholic Church served as
one of the great unifying forces in western European society; the Church provided a bulwark of authority and discipline.
– Christian doctrine penetrated the lives of peas ants; the merging of the sacred with the agricultural cycle endowed all worldly events with spiritual meaning.
Traditional European Society in 1450Traditional European Society in 1450
• The Power of Religion – Crushing other religions and suppressing
heresies among Christians was an obligation of rulers and a task of the new orders of Christian knights.
– Between A.D. 1096 and 1291, successive armies of Christians embarked on Crusades; Muslims were a prime target of the crusaders.
• The Power of Religion – Crushing other religions and suppressing
heresies among Christians was an obligation of rulers and a task of the new orders of Christian knights.
– Between A.D. 1096 and 1291, successive armies of Christians embarked on Crusades; Muslims were a prime target of the crusaders.
Traditional European Society in 1450Traditional European Society in 1450
• The Power of Religion – The Crusades strengthened the Christian
identity of the European population and helped broaden the intellectual and economic horizons of the European privileged class.
• The Power of Religion – The Crusades strengthened the Christian
identity of the European population and helped broaden the intellectual and economic horizons of the European privileged class.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• The Renaissance
– Around 1450 Europeans engaged in a major revival of learning; the Renaissance had the most impact on the upper classes.
• The Renaissance
– Around 1450 Europeans engaged in a major revival of learning; the Renaissance had the most impact on the upper classes.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• The Renaissance
– The artists and intellectuals of the Renaissance were humanists who celebrated individual human potential.
• The Renaissance
– The artists and intellectuals of the Renaissance were humanists who celebrated individual human potential.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• The Renaissance
• – Following Niccolo Machiavelli's advice in
The Prince (1513), an alliance of monarchs, merchants, and royal bureaucrats challenged the power of the agrarian nobility.
• The Renaissance
• – Following Niccolo Machiavelli's advice in
The Prince (1513), an alliance of monarchs, merchants, and royal bureaucrats challenged the power of the agrarian nobility.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• The Renaissance
– The increasing wealth of the monarchical nation-state propelled Europe into its first age of expansion.
• The Renaissance
– The increasing wealth of the monarchical nation-state propelled Europe into its first age of expansion.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• The Renaissance
– Because Arabs and Italians dominated trade in the Mediterranean, Prince Henry of Portugal sought an alternate oceanic route to Asia; under Henry's direction, Portugal led European expansion overseas.
• The Renaissance
– Because Arabs and Italians dominated trade in the Mediterranean, Prince Henry of Portugal sought an alternate oceanic route to Asia; under Henry's direction, Portugal led European expansion overseas.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• The Renaissance
– By the 1440s the Portuguese were the first Europeans engaged in the African slave trade.
• The Renaissance
– By the 1440s the Portuguese were the first Europeans engaged in the African slave trade.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
West African Society and Slavery
• Most West Africans farmed small plots and lived in extended families in small villages that specialized in certain crops; they traded goods with one another.
West African Society and Slavery
• Most West Africans farmed small plots and lived in extended families in small villages that specialized in certain crops; they traded goods with one another.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
West African Society and Slavery
• West Africans spoke many different languages and formed hundreds of distinct groups, the majority of which lived in hierarchical societies ruled by princes
West African Society and Slavery
• West Africans spoke many different languages and formed hundreds of distinct groups, the majority of which lived in hierarchical societies ruled by princes
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• West African Society and Slavery– Their spiritual beliefs were varied; some
were Muslim, but most recognized a variety of deities.
• West African Society and Slavery– Their spiritual beliefs were varied; some
were Muslim, but most recognized a variety of deities.
– At first, European traders had a positive impact on the West African peoples because they introduced new plants, animals, and metal products to West Africa.
– At first, European traders had a positive impact on the West African peoples because they introduced new plants, animals, and metal products to West Africa.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• West African Society and Slavery– Europeans living in West Africa were
stricken by disease, and their death rate was more than. 50 percent a year.
– Europeans soon joined the West African's long established trade in humans; by 1700 Europeans shipped hundreds of thousands of slaves to American plantations.
• West African Society and Slavery– Europeans living in West Africa were
stricken by disease, and their death rate was more than. 50 percent a year.
– Europeans soon joined the West African's long established trade in humans; by 1700 Europeans shipped hundreds of thousands of slaves to American plantations.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• Europe Reaches the Americas– While they traded with the Africans, the
Portuguese continued to look for a direct ocean route to Asia.
– Bartholomew Dias sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
– In 1502 Vasco da Gama's ships outgunned Arab fleets; the Portuguese government soon opened trade routes from Africa to Indonesia and up the coast of Asia to China and Japan.
• Europe Reaches the Americas– While they traded with the Africans, the
Portuguese continued to look for a direct ocean route to Asia.
– Bartholomew Dias sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
– In 1502 Vasco da Gama's ships outgunned Arab fleets; the Portuguese government soon opened trade routes from Africa to Indonesia and up the coast of Asia to China and Japan.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• Europe Reaches the Americas – The Portuguese replaced the Arabs as leaders
in world commerce and African slave trade.– Spain followed Portugal's example, but they
sought a western route to the riches of the East.
– Christopher Columbus, a Genoese sea captain, set sail on August 3, 1492, with the support of Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, and financially backed by Spanish merchants
• Europe Reaches the Americas – The Portuguese replaced the Arabs as leaders
in world commerce and African slave trade.– Spain followed Portugal's example, but they
sought a western route to the riches of the East.
– Christopher Columbus, a Genoese sea captain, set sail on August 3, 1492, with the support of Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, and financially backed by Spanish merchants
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• Europe Reaches the Americas– October 12, 1492, Columbus landed on
what he thought was the "Indies" and called the native inhabitants "Indians"; he had actually landed at the present day Bahamas.
– Although Columbus found no gold, the mon archs sent three more voyages over the next twelve years; the Spanish monarchs wanted to make the New World their own.
• Europe Reaches the Americas– October 12, 1492, Columbus landed on
what he thought was the "Indies" and called the native inhabitants "Indians"; he had actually landed at the present day Bahamas.
– Although Columbus found no gold, the mon archs sent three more voyages over the next twelve years; the Spanish monarchs wanted to make the New World their own.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• The Spanish Conquest – In 1519 Hernando Cortes and his fellow
Spanish conquistadors landed on the Mexican coast and overthrew the Aztec empire.
– Moctezuma, the Aztec ruler, believed that Cortes might be a returning god and allowed him to enter the empire without challenge.
• The Spanish Conquest – In 1519 Hernando Cortes and his fellow
Spanish conquistadors landed on the Mexican coast and overthrew the Aztec empire.
– Moctezuma, the Aztec ruler, believed that Cortes might be a returning god and allowed him to enter the empire without challenge.
In this Aztec pictograph (c. 1540) Cortes is shown with his Nahuatl-speaking interpreter, mistress, and advisor Malinche (or Marina in Spanish). Signifying her dual identity as an Indian and a European, Malinche wears native clothes while holding up the Christian rosary.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Mayas and the Aztecs – The flowering of civilization
began among the Mayan peoples of the Yucatan Peninsula and Guatemala; they built large religious centers and urban communities.
• The Mayas and the Aztecs – The flowering of civilization
began among the Mayan peoples of the Yucatan Peninsula and Guatemala; they built large religious centers and urban communities.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Mayas and the Aztecs – An elite class claiming descent from the
gods ruled Mayan society and lived off the goods and taxes of peasant families; beginning around A.D. 800, Mayan civilization declined.
• The Mayas and the Aztecs – An elite class claiming descent from the
gods ruled Mayan society and lived off the goods and taxes of peasant families; beginning around A.D. 800, Mayan civilization declined.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Mayas and the Aztecs– A second major Mesoamerican
civilization developed around the city of Teotihuacan; by A.D. 800 Teotihuacan had also declined.
• The Mayas and the Aztecs– A second major Mesoamerican
civilization developed around the city of Teotihuacan; by A.D. 800 Teotihuacan had also declined.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Mayas and the Aztecs– In A.D. 1325 the Aztecs built the city of
Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) where they established a hierarchical social order and subjugated most of central Mexico.
• The Mayas and the Aztecs– In A.D. 1325 the Aztecs built the city of
Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) where they established a hierarchical social order and subjugated most of central Mexico.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Mayas and the Aztecs– By A.D. 1500 Tenochtitlan had grown
into a metropolis of over 200,000 inhabitants, and the Aztecs posed a formidable challenge to any adversary.
• The Mayas and the Aztecs– By A.D. 1500 Tenochtitlan had grown
into a metropolis of over 200,000 inhabitants, and the Aztecs posed a formidable challenge to any adversary.
Skilled Inca artisans created gold jewelry and artifacts of striking beauty. Found in a tomb, this figurine may be a stylized image of the dead man, who was undoubtedly a noble of considerable status. Note the intricate detail on the man's headdress and garment.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North – The Indians north of the Rio Grande had
smaller, less coercive societies; in A.D. 1500 most of these societies were self-governing tribes composed of clans.
• The Indians of the North – The Indians north of the Rio Grande had
smaller, less coercive societies; in A.D. 1500 most of these societies were self-governing tribes composed of clans.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North – Clan leaders resolved feuds and
disciplined individuals, yet clan leaders had less power than the Mayan and Aztec nobles.
• The Indians of the North – Clan leaders resolved feuds and
disciplined individuals, yet clan leaders had less power than the Mayan and Aztec nobles.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North – Some tribes exerted influence over their
immediate neighbors through trade or conquest; by A.D. 100 the Hopewells had spread their influence through Wisconsin and Louisiana.
• The Indians of the North – Some tribes exerted influence over their
immediate neighbors through trade or conquest; by A.D. 100 the Hopewells had spread their influence through Wisconsin and Louisiana.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North – The Hopewell trading network gradually
collapsed around A.D. 400.
• The Indians of the North – The Hopewell trading network gradually
collapsed around A.D. 400.
This meticulously carved ceramic bottle in the shape of a nursing mother was presumably not made to hold liquid for everyday use, but for ritualistic or symbolic purposes - perhaps it was placed in a grave for use in the afterlife
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North – In the Southwest, the complex Mogollon
culture developed by A.D. 600, and the Anasazi culture developed by A.D. 900; drought brought on the collapse of both of these cultures after A.D. 1150.
• The Indians of the North – In the Southwest, the complex Mogollon
culture developed by A.D. 600, and the Anasazi culture developed by A.D. 900; drought brought on the collapse of both of these cultures after A.D. 1150.
The artistically and architecturally talented Mogollon and Anasazi peoples of Arizona and New Mexico took utilitarian objects-- such as this ordinary pot -- and decorated them with black-on-white designs. Their cultures flourished from 1000 to 1250, after which they slowly declined, probably because the climate became increasingly arid.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North – The advanced farming technology of
Mesoamerica spread into the Mississippi Valley around A.D. 700; the Mississippian society was the last large scale culture to emerge north of the Rio Grande.
• The Indians of the North – The advanced farming technology of
Mesoamerica spread into the Mississippi Valley around A.D. 700; the Mississippian society was the last large scale culture to emerge north of the Rio Grande.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North– By A.D. 1350 disease and warfare over
fertile bottomlands led to the decline of the Mississippian civilization.
• The Indians of the North– By A.D. 1350 disease and warfare over
fertile bottomlands led to the decline of the Mississippian civilization.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North– Eighteenth-century British settlers
referred to the Indian peoples of this region as the "Civilized Tribes" because of their stable, agriculture-based way of life.
• The Indians of the North– Eighteenth-century British settlers
referred to the Indian peoples of this region as the "Civilized Tribes" because of their stable, agriculture-based way of life.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North – Horticulture was a significant part of the
lives of the women of the eastern Woodland Indians, and because of the importance of farming, a matrilineal inheritance system developed.
• The Indians of the North – Horticulture was a significant part of the
lives of the women of the eastern Woodland Indians, and because of the importance of farming, a matrilineal inheritance system developed.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North
– Indian peoples ate better due to farming, but their populations grew slowly.
• The Indians of the North
– Indian peoples ate better due to farming, but their populations grew slowly.
Native American WorldsNative American Worlds
• The Indians of the North – By A.D. 1500 there were no great Indian
empires left to lead a military campaign against the European invasion.
• The Indians of the North – By A.D. 1500 there were no great Indian
empires left to lead a military campaign against the European invasion.
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• The Spanish Conquest – The empire's collapse was mainly due to
internal rebellion and death by disease.– In the late 1520s the Spanish conquest
entered a new phase when Francisco Pizarro overthrew the Inca empire in Peru
– The Incas were also easy prey due to internal fighting over the throne and because of disease
• The Spanish Conquest – The empire's collapse was mainly due to
internal rebellion and death by disease.– In the late 1520s the Spanish conquest
entered a new phase when Francisco Pizarro overthrew the Inca empire in Peru
– The Incas were also easy prey due to internal fighting over the throne and because of disease
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450-1550
• The Spanish Conquest – The conquests diminished the Native
American population and survivors were forced to work on plantations.
– The Spanish invasion of the Americas had a significant impact on life in Europe and Africa due to a process of transfer known as the "Columbian Exchange.“
– Native Americans lost part of their cultural identity; a new mestizo, or mixed race, culture emerged.
• The Spanish Conquest – The conquests diminished the Native
American population and survivors were forced to work on plantations.
– The Spanish invasion of the Americas had a significant impact on life in Europe and Africa due to a process of transfer known as the "Columbian Exchange.“
– Native Americans lost part of their cultural identity; a new mestizo, or mixed race, culture emerged.
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