urinary system. urinary system function = to form and eliminate urine consists of: two kidneys...
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Urinary System
Function = to form and eliminate urine Consists of:
Two kidneys Organs of excretion Regulate body fluids’ composition, volume, and pH Produce erythropoietin Produce renin
Two ureters Urinary bladder Urethra
The Kidneys
Located behind peritoneum in lumbar region
Adrenal glands rest on top Outer region = renal cortex Inner region = renal medulla Nephrons: Microscopic working units
of kidneys
Urine Formation
Blood pressure forces material through glomerular wall and capsule, into nephron
Glomerular filtrate consists of: Water Electrolytes Soluble wastes Nutrients Toxins
Urea = main waste material (byproduct of protein metabolism)
Urine Formation (con’t)
Waste material and toxins need to be eliminated
Water, electrolytes, nutrients returned to blood
Remaining fluid is urine Adjusted by pituitary hormone ADH
Removal of Urine
Urine Drained from renal pelvis Carried by ureter to urinary bladder before
release Urethra
Expulses urine when bladder muscle contracts Sphincters
Regulate urination Upper has involuntary function Lower functions under conscious control
Clinical Aspects of the Urinary System
Infections of urinary tract Organisms usually enter through urethra Usually colon bacteria in feces UTI’s more common in females Cystitis produced
Infections (con’t)
Infections of kidney and renal pelvis Pyelonephritis Symptoms include:
Dysuria Bacteriuria Pyuria
Urethritis Inflammation of urethra Associated with sexually transmitted diseases
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of kidney and glomeruli Specifically occurs after immunologic reaction Usually response to infection in another system Symptoms:
Hypertension Edema Oliguria (passage of small amounts of urine)
Dialysis
Hemodialysis = Cleansing of blood cleansed Passed over membrane surrounded by dialysate to
remove unwanted substances Peritoneal dialysis = fluids introduced to
peritoneal cavity Periodically withdrawn with waste products Process repeated
Urinary Stones (calculi)
Called urinary lithiasis Formed of calcium salts May result from:
Dehydration Infection Abnormal urine pH Urinary stasis Metabolic imbalances
Urinalysis
Simple, widely-used diagnosing process Urine examined and tested for:
Color Turbidity Specific gravity pH level Chemical components Cells, crystals, or casts
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