urea & other npn sources
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USE OF UREA AND OTHER NPN SOURCES IN ANIMAL FEEDING
INTRODUCTION There is shortage of feed resources for live stock in
Pakistan and AJ &K (Azad Jammu and Kashmir).
Particularly in & Balochistan NWFP provinces and AJ&K.
In these areas , dry roughages are used throughout
the year with exception of June to September.
SHORTAGE OF LIVE STOCK FEED IN PAKISTAN
Fodder --------------- 40% Roughages ---------- 20% Concentrates -------- 80%
Reasons: Inadequate water resources and reservoirs Harsh weather conditions Overpopulation
Roughages produced are of coarse quality.
These roughages are major part of livestock feed particularly in winter.
These can not meet even the maintenance requirement of live stock.
Bcause:Coarse roughages or Straws are of low nutritive quality and are characterized by:
-High content of lignified cellulose
-Low level of nitrogen content
-Low level of minerals.
- it does not adequately satisfy microbial growth requirement of ruminal flora.
Besides this, these are low in:
- voluntary intake-CP contents -Digestibility
Because these roughages are of low nutritive value, they demand treatments to improve the nutritive value.
There are various techniques to improve the nutritive value of the feed stuffs categorized as:
Mechanical
Chemical
Biochemical methods
NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN (NPN) SOURCES
Feed stuffs which contain nitrogen in the form of other than protein or peptides are termed as non-protein nitrogen sources.
There are various sources of NPN used in live stock feeding but two sources are mainly used:
Urea
Ammonia
SOME NPN SOURCES USED IN ANIMAL FEEDING
Nitrogen % Protein equivalent %
UreaAmmonium acetate Ammonium bicarbonateAmmonium carbamateAmmonium lactatebiurete
42-451818361335
262-28111211222581219
Ref. G.C. Banerjee
UREA AS AN NPN SOURCE History:
The concept of increasing the nitrogen content and nutritive value of low-protein roughages including cereal straw by means of urea and ammonia treatment is more than a century old and has been researched and tested in the developed world during the past 50 years.
Much of the early work on straw treatment in developing countries concentrated on small scale research projects with little or no on-farm application.
Small scale research, starting in the 1970's, in Bangladesh (Dolberg et al 1981) and to some extent in other countries including Pakistan.
In Azad Jammu and Kashmir urea treatment was introduced during 1994-95 under a project supervised by UNDP.
UREA IN ANIMAL FEEDING Treating with urea is based upon its transformation
into ammonia. In order for the treatment to succeed, most of the urea must first be hydrolyzed into ammonia and then this must diffuse correctly so fixing itself to the forage and modifying it chemically
Untreated straws having 2-4 % crude protein initially have, after treatment, "potential" crude protein levels of 7-12 % which is sufficient for maintenance of live weights.
HOW UREA IS UTILIZED BY RUMINANTS?
ureaseUrea NH3 +CO2
from microbes enzymes
Carbohydrates VFA + Keto acids form rumen microbes
enzymeAmmonia + Keto acids amino acids
from microbes
enzymesAmino acids microbial protein
from microbes
enzymes in abomasum and Microbial protein free amino acids
small intestine
Free amino acids are absorbed from small intestine
METHODS OF UREA FEEDING
Urea can be fed by different methods in different systems with the consideration given to the following factors:
Protein need of the animal Availability and cost of urea Availability of the energy sources Amount of plant protein being used Cost of processing and mixing
Urea can be fed to ruminants by mixing in :
Concentrates Liquid supplements Silage Dry roughages In salt blocks
1. UREA IN CONCENTRATES
Not employed more than 3% of the total concentrate feed or 1% in total dry matter of the ration.
The maximum safe limit is 136 gm of urea per animal over 360 kg body wt.
91 gm for animals between 225-360kg. 45 gm for those between135-225kg. For calves below 6 months of age urea is not fed in any
form. Proper mixing is necessary to avoid the toxicity. Urea should not be mixed with soybean as it contain
urease.
2. UREA IN LIQUIDS This is homogenous mixture of urea with molasses along
with minerals and vitamins.
It is prepared by dissolving 2.5 parts of urea in equal amount of water. The mixture is mixed with vitamin mixture, 25 gm per 100 kg of liquid feed.
1 part common salt + 2 parts mineral mixture are sprinkled over 92 parts of sugarcane molasses.
It is important to provide the animals ad lib water all the time when feeding with urea treated molasses
3. UREA MIXED IN SILAGE
If chopped whole maize plant is being ensiled at 35% to 40% dry matter, urea is then added at a level of 0.5% of wet material.
This will increase the CP % on dry matter basis up to 5point.
4.UREA IN SALT BLOCKS
Simple way of supplying protein precursors.
Numerous combinations
Contains molasses, urea, minerals like Ca, P, F, Co, Mn, Cu, salt with small amount of oil cakes.
Components of Urea Molasses Blocks
Ingredients Range (%)
Best use level (%)
Molasses 35-40 40Urea 5-13 <10Common salt 2-8 4Di Calcium phosphate
1-4 2
Calcium sulphate (Cement)
1-3 2
Calcium oxide (Choona)
5-10 5
Components of Urea Molasses Blocks
Ingredients Range (%)
Best use level (%)
Oil seed meals 8-12 10
Bran / Rice polishing 15-25 20
Drugs ( Parasitic controls, manipulation of rumen etc)
- According to recommendation of manufacturer
Mixing of Ingredients Sequence for proper Mixing of ingredients
i. Molasses
ii. Urea
i. Salt
ii. Lime and cement
iii. Bran and oil seed meals
Mechanical Methods of ingredients Mixing
Manual Moulding
Mechanical Moulding
Urea molasses blocks
Urea molasses blocks under shade after removal from moulds
5. UREA TREATMENT OF Straws
Urea treatment of the dry roughages enhanced the palatability and nutritive value.
partially solved the crisis of quality dry roughages in the country.
Material Required: Urea
Clean water
Sprayer or gardener's sprinkler
Container for making solution
Plastic sheets (mud, silos, pits, wooden boxes etc. can be used)
Household utensils can be used for urea treatment
Demonstration for urea treatment in AJ&K
Method: Urea is dissolved in water Straw is spread so that most of the straw can be
soaked. Urea solution is sprinkled on the straw layer. After this second layer of straw is spreaded and
urea solution is sprinkled. Stacks are made by this method. Covered by plastic sheet and mud from all sides
making it air tight.
Women learning Urea treatment
Another technique of urea treatment
Urea treatment in pit
A silo made by wood and plated mat for urea treatment
Silo made for urea treatment from seko grass in Nigeria
Paniers and shelters used for urea treatment
Silo prepared for urea treatment
A stack of rice straw after Urea treatment in AJ &K
Temperature and Duration:
Should be for 3-4 weeks for completion of the physiochemical reaction if the ambient temperature is between20-30°C
If the temperature is more than 30°C then it requires not less than one week.
Final Moisture of treated straw should be between 30-50%.
Urea treated and untreated dry roughages in AJ and K
Formula: suggested by FAO animal production is
5kg of urea
30 liter water
100kg dry roughages
National Dairy Research Institute in India has suggested the following formula:
Urea = 4kg
Water = 50 liters
Straw = 100 kg
Precautions against fungal spoilage:
Clean water
Uniform sprinkling of urea solution
Thoroughly compact stacks
Stacks should be properly covered form all sides.
Comparative values of untreated and urea treated straw
CP% DCP% TDN%
Untreated straw
2-4 Zero 38-40
Urea Treated straw
7-12 4-5 48-50
G.C. Banerjee
Rate of feeding:
FOR DRY ANIMALS: 5-6 Kg, sufficient to meet the requirements of
protein and energy.
FOR MILK YIELDING ANIMALS: 4-5 kg, can either reduce concentrate by half
to 1kg. Or increase milk yeild by 1 to one and half kg.
Good quality rice straw after urea treatment
Advantages: It increase
the palatability and Nutritive value i.e. increases Protein ,TDN, and
DCP. Convert the fodder of low quality in valuable
one. Easy and can be performed any where. Cheaper No specific equipments are required
DISADVANTAGES:
Time consuming Laborious Some time urea toxicity It cold climate it takes a long time
USE OF AMONIA IN DAIRY FEEDING Ammonia (NH3) is a by product from industrial
“cracking” of hydrocarbons.
It is used as a raw material in the fertilizer industry and also applied directly as a fertilizer.
It is a gas at normal atmospheric pressure.
It is easy to liquefy and readily dissolves in water.
Anhydrous ammonia is used to improve the quality roughages.
It is done by injecting the straw with anhydrous ammonia by using a simple equipment.
This requires the industrial produced ammonia with proper distribution net work.
This problem makes it difficult to treat the straw with ammonia and makes it less applicable in our circumstances.
Ammonia treatment of a covered stach
Refilling of the ammnia supplying tank
Stacks of rice straw prepared for ammonia treatment
Rate of application:
economic application rate for ammonia (either anhydrous or aqueous) certainly lies in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 kg per 100 kg DM of straw.
below an ambient temperature of 17°C, treatment should extend beyond 4 weeks.
Temperature And Duration Required
< 5°C >8 weeks
5–15°C 4 to 8 weeks
15–30°C 1 to 4 weeks
>30°C <1 week
Sundstol et als, 1978
Moisture Content:
the dry matter content of forages to be treated should lie in the range of 60 to 85 %.
THANKS!
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