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Urbanization, Resources and Urban
Nexus in Asia & the Pacific
10 October 2016, UNCC, Bangkok
KK Philip Kang
Economic Affairs Officer, Sustainable Urban Development Section,
Environment and Development Division, United Nations Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
Introducing ESCAP
ESCAP is the regional development arm of the UN that fosters:
Cooperation between its members for social and economic development in Asia-Pacific
Normative, analytical and technical cooperation at the regional level
UN ESCAP MEMBERS
ASSOCIATED MEMBERS
POPULATION IN ASIA-PACIFIC
WORLD’S POOR
WORLD’S LAND AREA
53
9
58%
40%
60%
Rapid economic
transition, but
great inequality
Significant
inefficiencies in
resource use
Increasing role
of urbanization
in economic
growth
Towards Sustainable Cities:
Sustainable Urban Development
Section
Normative: Conferences, Forums, Workshops, EGMs, Training
• Ministerial Conference on Environment & Development (MCED)
• Committee on Environment & Development (CED)
• Asia-Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development (APFSD)
• Asia-Pacific Urban Forums (APUFs)
• SDG Week
• Regional Consultative Meeting on Good Urban Governance (GUG)
Towards Sustainable Cities:
Sustainable Urban Development
Section
Technical Cooperation: Projects in the field, close to people
• Pro-poor Sustainable Solid Waste Management (Gates Foundation)
• Integrated Resource Management in Asian Cities: the Urban Nexus (GIZ)
• Mainstreaming Climate Change Concerns Into National Urban –related Policies (DA)
• Water-resilient sustainable cities
• Eco-city/climate resilience
• Urban infrastructure
• Municipal governance & budget
• Etc.
Towards Sustainable Cities:
Sustainable Urban Development
Section
Analysis: SUDS Knowledge products, publications, reports
Cities as Drivers of Development
1,875
326
269
251
233
225
223
221
206
188
2,219
689
411
1,112
400
424
454
342
1,028
480
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Tokyo
Moscow
Sydney
Shanghai
Seoul
Hong Kong, China
Singapore
Melbourne
Beijing
Istanbul
Absolute total population numbers, by region, 2000-2050 (thousands)
Source: ESCAP, The State of Asia and Pacific Cities 2015
Source: ESCAP, The State of Asia and Pacific Cities 2015, FP, 2012
Estimated GDP for the Largest Urban Economies in the Region (USD billions)
2010 2025
4 BILLION GLOBALLY LIVE
IN URBAN AREAS
IN 2007 MAJORITY LIVED IN
URBAN AREAS
80% GLOBAL GDP
PRODUCED IN CITIES
60% OF
POPULATION LIVE IN URBAN
AREAS, BY 2030
Cities as Drivers of Development
Natural population growth, migration, informal sector
Modernizing and developing infrastructure for economic growth
Rapidly rising middle-class with conspicuous consumption life-styles
High concentration of services & commercial attractions (i.e. department stores, major hotels, tourism, banks, etc.)
Social status signifies wealth and achievements (i.e. luxury cars, expensive condos, gated communities, etc.)
Drivers of consumption in Asian-Pacific cities:
Cities as Drivers of Development
Asia’s working-age still a force for strong economic momentum
Even as majority of Asians are rural, the urban population is the largest in the world
Spatial & Territorial
Transformations of Urbanization
Urban expansion in the Jakarta, Indonesia, urban area, 2000-2010
Urban sprawl in
Kabul, Afghanistan has grown 7
fold since 2001
Urban Sprawl
Asia-Pacific cities tend to ‘radiate-out’ rather than be compact.
Global sample (1990’s)
3.7% annual rate of urban land cover expansion, urban population increase 1.6% (Angel, 2012)
Mega-regions
Pearl River Delta
Delhi-Mumbai Corridor
Greater Tokyo Area
Jakarta (Jabodetabek
Most cities are NOT shifting towards compact forms.
Blurring rural/urban interface: ecosystem, governance and land use planning dimensions.
Pearl River Delta Region, China
1979 2003
“ECONOMIC HUB OF CHINA – FACTORY OF THE WORLD”
• Population of 57 million • 9 largest prefectures of Guangdong Province • 8.7% of GDP • 35.8% of total trade • 29.3% utilized foreign capital (2001)
v
LARGEST URBAN AREA IN THE WORLD: 39,380 KM2 /15,200 SQ. MILES
Pollution & health: Waste-water containing chemicals with proven or suspected hazardous properties including beryllium, copper, manganese and heavy metals
v
Urban Resource Inefficiencies &
Footprints
By 2030, we will need at least 50% MORE FOOD, 45% MORE ENERGY, 30% MORE WATER.
2012 REPORT ON UN SECRETARY-GENERAL’S HIGH LEVEL PANEL ON GLOBAL SUSTAINABILITY
“
”
OCCUPY
3% OF
LAND SURFACE
PRODUCE
50% OF
GLOBAL WASTE
ACCOUNT FOR
60-80% GLOBAL GHG EMISSIONS
CONSUME
75% OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
GENERATE
80% OF
GLOBAL GDP
CITIES ARE
RESOURCE INTENSE
Source: UNEP, Global Initiative for Resource Efficient Cities
Consumption Behavior of
Resources
Correlation between high urbanization high resource consumption pattern economic development?
Or is it economic growth increases resource use attracts people to urban areas?
When capita GDP rises above $20,000, water consumption/litres/day declines.
However, electricity use is different: richer countries consume more because they are the largest consumer groups.
Resource Use per Capita
Asia Pacific was consuming just one third of the Rest of the World
Asia Pacific is now consuming as much as the Rest of the World
Domestic materials consumption per capita for the Asia-Pacific region, Rest of the World, and World, for the years 1970 – 2008
Water, Energy, Food Consumed
in Asia-Pacific
Source: UNEP, 2015. Resource use in the Asia-Pacific: A booklet of infographics
729 897
544 689
1970
2010
Developing countries Industrialized countries
Water Use Per Person KILOLITERS PER PERSON
1970
2010
15
47
93
184
Energy Use Per Person GIGAJOULES PER PERSON
Developing countries Industrialized countries
Undernourished People
1990- 1992
2014- 2016
MILLIONS
20 990.7
779.9 14.7
Developed countries Developing countries
Cities Provide Opportunities for Innovative Solutions
60% of future urban areas to be built by 2030
New urban middle classes a major social, economic & political force
High density of cities can bring efficiency gains & technological innovation while reducing resource and energy consumption
Bridge resource gaps: energy, water – waste to resource/circular economy principles must underpin future strategies
It is no longer possible or affordable to address these crises in isolation: integrated/nexus solutions are essential for eco-efficiency
QUANTITY QUALITY
URBAN TRANSFORMATION
EXPLOITATION INVESTMENT
Opportunities for Resource Gains in Cities
Coordination across sectors and
industries
Real time technology increases efficiency
Good urban planning prevents
infrastructure lock-in
Gains in specialized skill
sets and knowledge
Incentives: • Financial incentive and cost saving opportunities • Reduction of environmental impact • Healthier natural environment • New business opportunities between sectors, industries and entrepreneurs
Opportunities for Resource Gains in Cities
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL COOPERATION INCREASES SYNERGY
Source: Symbiotic City, 2012
Source:6th Regional Workshop, 22 June 2016, Santa Rosa, Philippines by Adelphi
ESCAP & Urban Nexus
2013 2014
Phase I Phase II
2015 2016 2017 2018
ESCAP PROJECT
Integrate Resource Management in Asia Cities: the Urban Nexus
DONOR
EXECUTING AGENCY
PARTNER
7 TARGET COUNTRIES (12 secondary cities)
China India
Indonesia Mongolia
Philippines Thailand Viet Nam
ACTIVITIES TO DATE
6 regional workshops
7 outreach global events
Several national dialogues
Analytical study
Turning challenges into
opportunities
Climate change warning signs: We are much more environmentally conscious of consequences of our actions.
Proven technologies and know-how: We are smarter, quicker & richer.
Conserve & preserve: ‘Same or more with less’/1+1=3
Demand-side management: Natural resources, energy and water resource efficiency.
Time is not on our side: We need to take collective action, but differentiated responsibilities.
THANK YOU
For more about ESCAP’s work on sustainable urban development, please visit: www.unescap.org/our-work/environment-development/urban-development
“The principal message is that urban areas must offer better stewardship of the ecosystems on which they rely, including by generating multiple ecosystem services through design and restoration and reducing their environmental impact through improved efficiency of material and energy use and by making productive use of waste.”
UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL MR. BAN KI-MOON CITIES AND BIODIVERSIITY OUTLOOK, 2012
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