upset recovery training

Bombardier Safety Standdown – USA 2012

Upset Recovery Training Concepts and Strategies

Repairing the Cracks in the Foundation

Bombardier Safety Standdown 2012

Wichita, Kansas

Paul BJ Ransbury, President Aviation Performance Solutions

16-Years Full-Time Development & Delivery of

Upset Prevention & Recovery Training (UPRT)

Airbus A320 Airline Pilot

B.Sc. Honors Mathematics & Physics, Royal Military College

Part 141 Chief Flight Instructor

Master CFI – Aerobatics / ATP / CFI / CFII / MEI /AGI

F/A-18 Hornet Fighter Pilot / Fighter Weapons Instructor

4,500+ Upset Recovery Flights Hours (Piston & Jet Aircraft)

APS is the Official In-Flight Upset Recovery Provider for:

Paul ‘BJ’ Ransbury APS Emergency Maneuver Training – President

Thank You for the Opportunity

UPRT Training Density • 1000+ Pilots per Year

• ~ 80 Flights per Week

• ~ 400 UPRT Sets per Day

Overview

Learn Outline the Loss of Control Threat

Why Loss of Control In-Flight can

Penetrate our Defenses and Training

Apply Discuss Knowledge Concepts in Upset

Prevention & Recovery Intervention

Share Links to Useful Industry Documents

You may not have

Question #1

Why are professional pilots still

losing control of high

performance jet airplanes?

Critical Lesson Today

Management of

Angle of Attack (AOA)

The Need

Loss of Control – In Flight (LOC-I) fatalities

have risen in prominence despite

improvements in

aircraft design and existing training.

General Aviation LOC-I Status

SCF-NP

“Loss of control (LOC) was identified

far and away as the most prevalent

type of fatal GA accident with 1,190

fatal accidents followed by controlled

flight into terrain, with 432 …”

GENERAL AVIATION JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE (GAJSC)

Chance of Next Fatality Being LOC-I*

Runway Excursion (T/O & LDG)

2.0 X more likely to be LOC-I

Smoke/Fire

350 X more likely to be LOC-I

Engine Failure / Power Plant

1000 X more likely to be LOC-I

Runway Incursion

1500+ X more likely to be LOC-I

*Source: Boeing/CAST – July 2012

Major Threat: The Aerodynamic Stall

Dynamic Instability Jet Characteristics

TURN UP THE VOLUME AND DON’T RELAX … THIS IS SCARY!

Duration: 2 Minutes and 51 Seconds

C-5 Galaxy Loss of Control Diego Garcia

Status of Pilot Population

Pilots are well trained

Aircraft have protection systems:

stick shakers

stick pushers

audible / visual warnings

push-to-level buttons

FBW flight envelope protection

airframe parachutes

angle-of-attack indications (in some platforms)

Yet … despite today’s best training and systems …

Grand Building

Foundation

Four Massive

Pilings

Ultimate in Safety

Grand Building

Foundation

Four Massive

Pilings

Ultimate in Safety The Unexpected

LOC-I Accidents

Predictable: No

Likelihood: Rare

Severity: Catastrophic

Training Need: Critical

Current Training Status: Untrained or Inadequate

Licensing Assumptions The ‘Four Pilings’ Embedded into Existing Pilot Training

Why the Classic Track of Licensing Training is Penetrable by LOC-I

Training Assumptions (Pilings)

1. Aircraft is within normal operational envelope and in a non-agitated flight condition (Prevention)

2. Situational awareness and information can be accurately correlated by the pilot with respect to observed flight condition.

3. Airplane handling skills and strategies established by regulatory licensing can directly resolve an escalating condition.

4. Human psychophysical response is predictable and reliable.

Roll (Right) Roll (Left)

Pitch (-down)

Pitch (+up)

Envelope Attitude

Pitch attitude greater than 25 deg nose up.

Pitch attitude greater than 10 deg nose down.

Bank angle greater than 45 deg. Or, within those parameters, but flying at

airspeeds inappropriate for the conditions.

► L/D Max

► Stall

► Vmo / Mmo

What is an upset? What is an Airplane Upset?

All-Attitude Daily Threat

100 % All-Attitude Training (180 AOB, +/- 90 Pitch)

All-Attitude Knowledge Deficiencies

11.1 % Max Licensing Limits (60 AOB, +/-30 Pitch)

Upset Definition

Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid

Upset Definition (45 AOB, +25 & -10 Pitch)

Pitch (-down)

Pitch (+up) + 90

180o 180

Colgan Air 3407

All-Attitude Daily Threat

100 % All-Attitude Training (180 AOB, +/- 90 Pitch)

All-Attitude Knowledge Deficiencies

11.1 % Max Licensing Limits (60 AOB, +/-30 Pitch)

Upset Definition

Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid

Pitch (-down)

Pitch (+up) + 90

180o 180

Colgan 3407

Training Assumptions

1. Aircraft is within normal operational envelope and in a non-agitated flight condition (Prevention)

Air France 447 Animation

Assess Situational & Flight Condition Awareness

1. Aircraft is within normal operational envelope and in a non-agitated flight condition (Prevention).

All-Envelope Knowledge Deficiencies

L/D Max

Stall Warning

Full Stall

Learning Objective – Stall Awareness

Prevention & Recovery technique:

Managing Angle-of-Attack (SAFO 10012 – July 2010)

AC 120-109: Stall & Stick Pusher Circular – 6 Aug 12

Reduce AOA as First Priority

Stall and Approach to Stall Evaluation Criteria MUST NOT mandate a pre-

determined minimum altitude loss

Realistic Stall Scenarios in Operational Conditions

Pilot Training: Stall and Approach to Stall Treated the Same

Stick Pusher Training (if aircraft is equipped)

Recognizing Symptoms

Buffet

Reduced Lateral Control / Reduced Stability

Inability to Arrest Descent

Associated Stall Warnings (usually present)

UPDATED

tinyurl.com/AC120-109

4-Psychophysical response is predictable & reliable

CASS 2012 - San Antonio, Texas 31

PreTraining Evaluation Exercise 4000-Hr Corporate Pilot

Supporting Evidence

CAST LOC-I

Analysis: CAST 2001 - 2010 AIAA Modeling and

Simulations Technology

Conference – Aug 2012 Unexpected Pilot Performance

Contributing to Loss of Control

in Flight (LOC-I)*

All Twenty (20) CAST July

2011 Accidents Analyzed by

Three Independent

Evaluators

From 62% to 100%

Correlation

Accident

Dataset #

Normal

Envelope

Existing

Skills

Adequate

Cuing/SA

Reliable

Response

Accident

Dataset #

Normal

Envelope

Existing

Skills

Adequate

Cuing/SA

Reliable

Response

Inadequate Data

tinyurl.com/aiaa-loci-performance

Question #2

How do training managers mitigate

the LOC-I threat to their flight

department through training and

awareness?

Upset Prevention and Recovery Training

(UPRT)

Today & Tomorrow

• Awareness & Prevention

Airplane Upset Recovery Training

Aid – Revision 2

is today’s industry reference

• ICATEE* UPRT Manual Sections

Pilot Academic Knowledge & Skill

Preparation

Instructor Guidance in UPRT

Authorized Training Providers

Regulatory Guidance

*International Committee for Aviation

Training in Extended Envelopes (ICATEE)

– Royal Aeronautical Society

Element 1 - Academics Element 1 - Academics

Sample Academic Concepts

Flight Envelope Awareness

Dynamic Margin of Safety

Implications of Varying Load Conditions

A Study of the V-G Diagram

Critical Important of Angle of Attack Management in an

Airplane Upset

Stall / Spin Awareness: An Escalating Threat

Nose-Low and Nose-Low High-Bank Events

Nose-High Events

Management of

Upset / Loss of Control In-Flight Priorities

1. Regain and/or Maintain Control (First & Foremost)

2. Minimize Altitude Loss as Appropriate

AOA Awareness Stall-Spin Threat

AOA in Stall Mitigation

AOA in Nose-Low Upsets

AOA in Nose-High Upsets

First Step 90% Upset Solution

12.5 % PUSH-Possibly-Valid Region (20% Chance? ~ 2.5%)

87.5 % PUSH-Valid Region

Upset Definition

Pitch (-down)

Pitch (+up)

90o 90

o 180o

Management of

Often Best First Step …

Strategy in LOC-I Mitigation

Systemic Deficiency in All-Attitude Exposure

What Does Strategy Matter?

An Airplane Upset can be Incapacitating

Mentally and Physically

NASA Research Reveals Human Limitations

Core Elements of Any Strategy

Planned Approach to Recovery

Ability to Recall Strategy in a Crisis

Enhance Mental Discipline

Repetition to Proficiency

Upset Strategies

Primary Control Strategies

Angle of Attack

Energy and/or Pitching Moments

Lift Vector

Manage Settings, Performance and Configurations

Alternate Control Strategies

Pitch Upset

Roll Upset

Yaw Upset

Element 2 - Airplane

Exposure to

Psychological component

Physiological component

Accurate recovery environment

Requires

Qualified aircraft

Qualified Instructors

Element 3: Simulators

Stick pusher (if available)

Stall warning

Normal Flight Approach to Stall Fully-Developed

Cardinal Simulator Rule

AVOID AND ELIMINATE

NEGATIVE TRAINING

Investigating UPRT Providers Questions to Ask a Prospective UPRT Provider

Company

Get Industry-relevant References and Call Them

Safety Record (Investigate any Accidents)

Program

Written Syllabus (preferably Part 141 in US)

Building Block

AURTA – Revision 2 Compliant

Delivered in Relation to the LOC-I Threat Distribution

Vetted by Industry. If so, how?

NOT Aerobatics: Ask for an explanation why

Instructors

Standardized to What and How?

Corporate and/or Commercial Operational Experience

Instructional Experience

Training Platforms:

On-Aircraft: Aerobatic-certified or Equivalent (Investigate Level of Maintenance)

Simulators: Operated within Fidelity Envelope

Manual Handling Skills Degradation

Manual Handling

Systems Knowledge

career path

An additional potential benefit of UPRT

... the future

Question #3

What does a comprehensive

loss of control in-flight

mitigation program look like?

Academic Preparation

Awareness Training

Prevention: Recognition & Avoidance

Aeronautical Decision Making

Proportional Counter-Response

Recovery: Recognition & Recovery

Primary Control Strategies

Alternate Control Strategies

Type / Class Specific Considerations

Startle / Surprise Factor

CRM Integration (if applicable)

UPRT Footprint

Type/Class-Specific Consideration Examples …

Fly-By Wire Flight Envelope Protections

Pitch / Roll Optimization

Thrust Management

Rudder / Cyclic Control Implications

Secondary Flight Control Integration

Trim / Speedbrakes / Spoilers

Configuration Changes

Placement of FFS Differences Training

Considered by Core Skill Development in Licensing

Corporate / Air Carrier Level

Type Rating / Recurrent Training

UPRT Differences Training

LOC-I Risk-Time Analysis

Accident

Incapacitated

Perception /

Detection

Competency Growth Dynamic

1. Awareness

2. Prevention

3. Recovery

Perception /

Detection Perception /

Detection

Incapacitated

+ Enhanced Prevention

* Adopted Concept from Tony Kern

Management of

Often Best First Step …

Grand Building

Foundation

Four Massive

Pilings

Ultimate in Safety

The Unexpected Unexpected

Upset Prevention & Recovery Training

Requires ‘Zero to Hero’ Integration

Standardized and Complimentary

Licensing

Type Rating / Recurrent Training

On-Going Differences Training

Mitigating the LOC-I Threat Involves …

Regulatory Mandates

Quality-Assured Industry-Standardized UPRT Instructors

Transferring Risk Away from You, Your Passengers and the Traveling

Public through Enhanced Flight Training

Solutions Hinge on Training the Pilot

Closing Summary

Upset Recovery Training Concepts and Strategies

Repairing the Cracks in the Foundation

Paul BJ Ransbury, President Aviation Performance Solutions

Bombardier Safety Standdown 2012

Wichita, Kansas

Today’s Resources

• AC 120-109 (Stall / Stick Pusher)

• PL 111-216 (Aug 2013)

• tinyurl.com/aiaa-loci-performance

• Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid

• tinyurl.com/uprt-questions

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