up-scaling sanitation services in urban low income areas ...€¦ · •dry toilets (urine...
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Up-scaling Sanitation services in urban low income areas in Kenya
Patrick Onyango
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Rationale for up-scaling sanitation• Rapid growing low income areas (1,882 currently)
• High population in low income urban areas (about 8 Mio.)
• High urban migration (250,000 annually)
• Adoption of HR to WS by the water sector in 2006
• Adoption of HR to W+S in the Constitution of 2010
• Possible use of low cost options for faster achievement of universal access (sewerage coverage 19% last 50 years!)
• Reaching higher access with low average per capita investment cost
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Major Challenges facing Sanitation Provision in LIA
• Inadequate enforcement of laws, regulations and policies (Public Health Act, National Hygiene and Sanitation Policy, Environmental Regulations of NEMA, etc)
• Poor wastewater, solid waste and sludge management
• Inappropriate technologies and sanitation systems
• Missing standards and regulatory guidelines
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Enabling Framework of the GoK• Legal Framework (Water Policy 1999, Water Act 2002,
Constitution 2010 and Water Policy and Bill 2013)
• A functional Institutional set –up for WS provision (policy making, regulation and pro-poor financing )
• National Concepts and Strategies for up-scaling WS
• Sector Information systems and database (MajiData, WARIS, SIS)
• Appropriate/affordable technologies (public and onsite sanitation systems)
• Appropriate tariff structures
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External support required in the water sector
• Policy and legal framework development (MEWNR)
• Institutional and capacity building in water sector (all water sector institutions)
• Development of national concepts for up-scaling water and sanitation (WSTF)
• Supporting Human Capacity Development (HCD) measures in water services and water resource management
• Promotion of good governance
• Technical and financial support to WSTF, water utilities and county governments
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Status of up-scaling Sanitation Services in LIAs of Kenya (2008-2013)
• Public sanitation being up-scaled by WSP about 120,000 people reached
• Household /sanitation level sanitation up-scaling being tested wit 3 WSP. Target to reach 800,000 people
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Principles of the water sector up-scaling
• Target the population of the urban low income areas in Kenya
• Cover the full sanitation value chain
• Use sanitation subsidy approach to create demand
• Subsidy and financing linked to performace (output) based approach/result based financing
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Low cost sanitation systems promoted within the Water Sector
Types of Sanitation facilities
• Dry Toilets (Urine Diverting Dry Toilets-UDDTs)
• Wet toilets (Pour and Cistern flush connected toseptic/conservancy tank or existing sewer network)
Types of Sludge treatment facilities
• UDDT Vaults (primary treatment) for dry toilets
• Sludge Drying Beds (secondary treatment) for water basedand dry toilets
• DTF (Bio-digesters and Anaerobic Baffled Reactors) for waterbased systems and sludge from VIPs and pit latrines)
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Issues still to be solved by the water sector to enhance up-scaling sanitation services in LIAs
• Land tenure problems
• Spatial design of some areas
• Danger posed by cartels providing informal services
• Lack of best practices in up-scaling sanitation especially at household level in LIAs
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Issues still to be solved by the water sector to enhance up-scaling sanitation services in LIAs
• Missing standards for low cost technologies
• Missing policy, regulation and lack of enforcement
• Missing investment plans and financing strategy
• Lack of interest on utilities to implement onsite sanitation systems
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Thank you!For further information, please visit
WSTF website: www.wstfkenya.org
UBSUP website: www.ubsup.go.ke
UBSUP Flickr account: www.flickr.com/photos/ubsup
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