university of science and technology, bannu.. collaboration

University of Science and Technology, Bannu.

Collaboration

Academic Writing

Prepared by Sohail RahmanLecturer, Institute of Management Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Bannu

sohailaormarh@hotmail.com

Quote of the Day

“It is by writing, even more than by speech, that you actually master your material and extend

your own understanding.”

Clanchy, J. & Ballard, B. (1991). Essay writing for students. New ed. Melbourne: Longman and Cheshire.

Outline/Objectives of Presentation1. Definitions of Academic writing.2. Poor Example of Academic writing.3. Answer to Poor Example.4. List of documents involved in Academic writing.5. Characteristics of Academic writing.6. Structure of Academic Writing7. The writing process of Essay.8. Activity9. Paper outline/ Research Article outline/Process10. Activity11. Some common mistakes or problems faced by Pakistani writers.12. Higher Education Commission (Achievements)13. Activities and Feed Back14. Bibliography/References15. Acknowledgements16. Thanks

Videos

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CelpkwseU5U

• http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x158p3d_essay-academic-writing_lifestyle

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiTaxAfIBPg

Definitions of Academic Writing

• 1. A broad definition of academic writing is any writing done to fulfill a requirement of a college or University.

• 2. Academic writing could include any writing assignment given in academic setting.

Why is the following text not a good example of academic style?

• Today being fat is totally bad for your health. About 30,000 fat people die every year in the UK and loads more fat people die in the USA. By 2005 more people will die of being fat than smoking and it doesn’t have to be this way, this could easily be prevented, couldn't it?

Answer

• The number of deaths per year attributable to obesity is roughly 30,000 in the UK and ten times that in the USA, where obesity is set to overtake smoking in 2005 as the main preventable cause of illness and premature death.

List of documents where academic writing is used

• 1. Books and Book reports• 2. Translations• 3. Essays• 4. Research Paper/ Research Article• 5. Conference Paper• 6. Academic Journals• 7. Dissertation or thesis• 8. Abstract• 9. Explication• 10. Term Paper• 11. Assignment Writing• 12. Internship Report writing• 13. Technical Report• 14. Correspondence• Etc.

Characteristics of Academic Writing• 1. Planning (Should be analytical and organized)• 2. Outline (Helps to formulate your thoughts and helps in certain relationship between topics)• 3. Tone (Formal)• 4. Language(Clear and precise, thesaurus can help)• 5. Point of View( On facts not on opinion)• 6. Approach (Deductive )

Academic writing structure• 1. Introduction(Should encompass• Several questions• A famous quote • Facts and information• Definition of important terms)• 2. Body(Paragraphs should be written logical order, like chronologically, sentences should refer back to topic, cohesion should be there)3. Conclusion(Summarize all the points)

Main Emphasis would be given to

1. Essay Writing2. Research Article writing

The Writing process: Essay Writing

• Steps in Essay Writing• 1. Prewriting• 2. Planning and

organizing• 3. Writing first draft• 4. Revising and editing• 5. Final Draft

1. Prewriting

• It means before writing, you need to do the following

1. Choose a topic to write2. Brainstorming to

generate ideas3. Focus in on central

idea

2. Organizing

• 1. Make outline• 2. Decide what

you want to write• 3. Make rough

plan for your essay

3. Writing the first draft

• Guidelines• 1. Do not worry to write

perfect paper for the first time.

• 2. Goal is to develop and support the ideas listed in your outline

• 3. Do not worry about spelling and Grammar, they can be checked latter on.

4. Revising and editing

• RevisionContent and organization

• Editing Spelling, Grammar, Punctuation

5. The Final Copy

• Guidelines• 1. Word processed• 2. All New paragraphs

indented 5 spaces• 3. A-4 size white paper• 4. Double spaced, Font

12 size• 5. One inch Margin on

all sides

Activity: Write Essay on given sheets

• Q1. How does your school life influence your future?

• Q2. What is the importance of schooling to your life?

• Please attempt any one of the following• Time limit 15 Minutes.

Paper outline/ Research Article outline for Social Science

• Contents• 1. Abstract• 2.Introduction• 3. Literature Review• 4. Theoretical framework• 5. Hypothesis Development• 6. Research Methodology• 7. Data Collection• 8. Data Analysis• 9. Findings• 10. Conclusions• 12.Recommendations• 13.References/ Bibliography• 14. Managerial Decision Making

Explanations-1. Abstract

• It’s a brief summary usually one paragraph summarizing the whole research process.

2. Introduction

• Your justification of topic

• Objectives of study• Importance of topic• Definitions• Linkage with previous

research• Motivation of study

3. Literature review

• The past studies done about research

• All secondary data sources like internet, library, research journals Etc. can be used.

• What was topic, methodology and what was done regarding the topic in past is studied.

4. Theoretical Framework

• Shows variables of study.

• Shows diagrammatically about relationship among variables.

• Each arrow indicate one hypothesis.

5. Hypothesis development

• Hypothesis are testable statements which would be tested latter on in research process. E.g. If advertisements are increased then sales would increase of a certain product.

6. Research Methodology

• Proposed Plan• What model was used.• What was importance of

your research.• You claim research by

methodology.• Sample, population,

statistical tests decisions.• Some times variables are

added in methodology.

7. Data Collection

• For each variable data is collected.

• Data collection methods like Questionnaire, interview, Focus group, observation etc. will be used.

8. Data Analysis

• Thanks to soft wares like SPSS, E-View, M-Fit, Etc. are used for data analysis.

• In them data are feed and statistic is run.

• It is necessary sometimes to study econometrics subject to understand data analysis.

9. Findings

• After the analysis we will get results, they should be stated as it is with out any manipulations.

10. Conclusions

• The researcher concludes the article in this step.

11.Recommendations

• After studying the results the researcher gives recommendations to solve the problem or phenomena under investigation.

References/ bibliography for article

• There are different styles of referencing like MLA, APA, Chicago, Turabian style Etc. in which references are written.

Activity

• 6-8-5 Game

Some common Mistakes of Paper writers in Pakistan or Difficulties faced by Pakistani student writers.

• Check list1. A lot of memorization(Don not think critically)2. Cramming(Just to pass the exams)3. Heavy syllabus(Can not write up to mark)4. Difficult to abstract and replicate(In one situation they perform well but fail to replicate in another situation)5. Having problems drawing inferences(Difficult to form concepts what they have read)6. Weak writing skills7. Can not think out of the box.8. Not proper schooling.(Some schools are good others are not good in education)

Difficulties leading to Mistakes in Paper

Writing.

Continued9.Monologue lectures(Teacher just speaking from one side and that’s it.)10. Just instruction by instructors with out practically doing writing by students.11. Try to ignore that writing is to write, write and write.12. Lack of rubrics.13. Rural background of students.14.Issues in curriculum.(Some syllabuses are very old and not up to the mark)

• Writing

Some common Mistakes of Paper writers in Pakistan or Difficulties faced by Pakistani student writers.

15.English as a second language.(Mostly causes problems in writing)16. Stories, plays, poems instead of functional English.(English for communication is required)17. Time pressure(Short time as a target)18. Expectation that writing to be perfect.19. English taught by teachers who are not specialist in it.20. Different marking styles.(Not looking to rubrics for assignment)21. No feed back.(Take writing assignment and mark them and teacher does not provide feed back to writer)

Continued22. Psychological difficulties.(Lies in deciding what information the reader needs and best way to express it)23. Linguistic difficulties.(Lies in the language used in speaking is not the same as that of speech)24. Cognitive difficulties.(Difficulty to organize thoughts on paper)25. Problems related to process

a. In-class room Problems(The reluctant writer)b. Homework syndrome(Poor motivation of students to homework)

26. Plagiarism27. No research Environment28. No journal-article publishing relevancy29. Not looking to impact factor journals30. No access to data bases

continued31. Papers presented in conference but not submitted in journals32. Literature review not comprehensive33. Weak research proposal34. completely rely on supervisor and do not search itself by student.35. Future directions not clear36. Can not identify the gap37. Problems in topic selection.38. lack of theoretical richness.39. Researchers community not strong40. Lack of research skills41. Lack of publishing in impact factor journals42. Lack of knowledge to run soft wares

HEC Achievements• The creation of HEC has had a positive impact on higher education in Pakistan.• Established the finest Digital Library in Pakistan: Every student in every public

sector university today has access to 45,000 textbooks research monographs from 220 international publishers as well as to 25,000 international research journals - regarded as one of the best digital libraries anywhere in the world.

• Tripled University enrollment from 135,000 in the year 2003 to 400,000 in 2008.

• Promoted research, resulting in huge expansion of international research publications from Pakistan from only 600 research papers /yr in 2003 to 4300 research papers in 2008.

• During the 56 year period (1947–2003) not a single Pakistani university could be ranked among the top 600 universities in the world. Today 2 Pakistani universities ranked among top 200 World’s Technology Universities.

HEC Achievements• Four year undergraduate program introduced so that our degrees are internationally

recognized.• About 5000 Ph.D. level scholarships awarded for study in technologically advanced

countries (largest program in developing world) and some 3,000 indigenous Ph.D. scholarships have been awarded. The world’s largest Fulbright Scholarship program (US $150 million) launched with joint funding (HEC/USAID).

• Fifty one new universities and degree awarding institutes and 18 campuses of existing universities established during (2003–2008).

• Sending 1000 Pakistani students to study medicine in Cuba and doing their best to register their degrees by PMDC and soon will send a delegation of members of PMDC,HEC and MNAs

• Seven Pakistan universities became ranked for the first time among the top 250 universities of Asia according to QS World University Rankings 2013.

• Research output out of Pakistan increased by over 50% within two years, which was the second highest increase worldwide. According to Scimago world scientific database, if Pakistan continues at the same pace, its ranking will increase from 43 to 27 globally by 2017.

Activities

• 1. Trading Cards(10-15 Minutes)• 2. Welcome to my world( 30Minutes to one

hour)• 3. Design the Box( 1 Hour)• 4. SWOT ANALYSIS (1-2 Hours)

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Acknowledgements

• Interview with Dr. Imran Khan(Assistant Professor, COMSATS, Vehari Campus)• Interview with Dr. Muhammad Zubair (Assistant Professor, IMS, UST, Bannu)• Interview with Dr. Muhammad Niaz(Assistant Professor, IMS, UST, Bannu)

Thanks and Good luck for your Academic Writing.