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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE INTEGRATED
DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM
AMIR IHSAN ABD. SALAM
FK 2002 62
DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE INTEGRATED
DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM
By
AMIR IHSAN ABO. SALAM
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
November 2002
DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE INTEGRATED
DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM
AMIR IHSAN ABD. SALAM
MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
2002
DEDICATION
I would Eke to record my det:pt:st appreciation to my parents Hj . Abd. Salam Hj .
Mohd. Zain and Hjh . Noor Aini Mohamed for their infinitive support. To my loving
wife, Sharifah Intan Khursiah Syed Husin, for her encouragement and getting through
my disposition during the whole writing process. My lovely kids, Qurratul Ain and
Aminatul Adilah for the laughter that enlighten the family. Also, to my big family
members who are always there for me.
ii
Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science
DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
INTEGRATED DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM
By
AMIR IHSAN BIN ABD. SALAM
November 2002
Chairman: Associate Professor Megat Hamdan Megat Ahmad, Ph.D.
Faculty: Faculty of Engineering
Awareness on the environment and significant benefit to the customer has
lead to the growth of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) application in Malaysia. Most of
them are implemented in medium to large chilled water manufacturing faci lity that
cooled multiple buildings in a widespread area or integrated in a District Cooling
System (DCS). For encapsulated ice method, the difference in the amount of ice
supplied to supplement the chilled water generated during peak hours plays major
role in ascertaining the result of electricity bill savings and therefore, payback period.
Based on actual implementation in Cyberjaya, Selangor, a simple simulation program
of TES integrated DCS is created to study the impact on the electricity bill savings,
iii
conventional system. Varying the percentage of ice supply, application to cooling
capacity of 500 RT, 1000 RT, 1500 RT with and without base load, on different tariff
rates are calculated. It shows that integration of smallest percentage of TJ:'S is most
feasible in terms of payback period aJld electricity consumption. However, the
amount of savings is small. As the ice making process operates at lower temperature,
there is also penalty on energy consumption. On tanff imposed, the acceptable range
for base load and percentage of ice supply that is feasible are identified while most of
the rates in no base condition qualify to entitlement of payback period under five
years. The parameters whereby TES Integrated DeS are not advisable are also
acknowledged.
IV
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk Ijazah Master Sains
PEMBANGUNAN ATURCARA SIMULASI BAGI SISTEM PENYEJUKAN DAERAH DAN PENYIMPANAN TENAGA HABA SEPADU
Oleh
AMIR IHSAN BIN ABD. SALAM
November 2002
Pengerusi: Profesor Madya Megat Hamdan Megat Ahmad, Ph.D.
Fakulti: Kejuruteraan
Kesedaran terhadap alam sekitar dan manfaat yang diperolehi pengguna telah
menerajui peningkatan dalam penggunaan Penyimpanan Tenaga Haba di Malaysia.
Kebanyakan aplikasi tersebut melibatkan pusat penjanaan air dingin bersaiz
sederhana hingga besar bagi menyejukkan beberapa buah bangunan dalam satu
kawasan yang luas atau disepadukan ke dalam Sistem Penyejukan Daerah. Bagi
kaedah ais berkapsul, perbezaan di antara jumlah ais yang dibekalkan bagi mengatasi
kekurangan air dingin yang dijana semasa waktu puncak memainkan peranan penting
dalam menentukan hasil penjimatan bil elektrik dan seterusnya tempoh pulangan
balik. Berdasarkan perlaksanaan sebenar di Cyberjaya, Selangor, satu kaedah aturcara
mudah bagi mengkaji kesan Penyimpanan Tenaga Haba dan Sistem Penyejukan
v
Daerah Sepadu terhadap penjimatan bil elektrik, tempoh pulangan balik, guna tenaga
dan penggunaan elektrik dibandingkan dengan Sistem KonvensionaI, telah dihasilkan.
Pengiraan dilakukan dengan cara mempelbagaikan peratusan bekalan ais, penggunaan
ke at as kapasiti penyejukan yang berbeza iaitu 500 RT, 1000 RT, 1500 RT, sarna ada
dengan aplikasi beban asas atau pun tidak, di samping pelbagai kadar tarif yang
dikenakan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan Penyimpanan Tenaga
Haba dalam peratusan yang terkeci l adalah paling memberangsangkan dari segi
tempoh pulangan balik dan penggunaan elektrik. Walaubagaimanapun, jumlah
penj imatan adalah kecil . Keburukan sistem ini juga didapati dari segi guna tenaga,
disebabkan proses membuat ais berlaku pada suhu yang rendah. Berhubung dengan
kadar tarif pula, jula[ yang dapat diterima bagi aplikasi dengan beban asas dan
peratusan bekalan ais telah dikenalpasti di mana sebahagian besar kadar tariff dengan
aplikasi tiada beban asas berjaya mendapat tempoh pulangan balik kurang dari lima
tahun. Parameter di mana Sistem Penyejukan Daerah dan Penyimpanan Tenaga Haba
adalah tidak menguntungkan, juga dapat dipastikan.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The greatest appreciation goes to all my �ervisors, Dr. Megat Hamdan Megat
Ahmad, Dr. Hj. Sapuan Salit, Dr. Nor Mariah Adam, Dr. Abu! Hossain, Ir. Hj. Fuad
Abas and Ir. Hj. Mohd. Rasid Osman for their guidance, motivation and allocation of
their precious time in order for me to complete this study.
I would also like to thank the staffs of Ministry of Science, Technology and
Environment, especially Cik Nordiana Idris for their support throughout the whole
period.
My gratitude also goes to all the directors of Jurutera CMP Sdn. Bhd., especially Ir.
Arul Hisham Abd. Rahim for his willingness to share the knowledge on the topic of
my research.
To those who have made contributions. 1 pray that Allah' s blessing is rendered to you
and your family.
Thank you.
V II
I certify that an Examination Committee met on 6th November 2002 to conduct the final examination of Amir Ihsan Abd. Salam on his Master of Science thesis entitled "Development of Simulation Program for Thermal Energy Storage Integrated District Cooling System" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1981. The Committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follows:
Hasan Yudie Sastra, Ph.D Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (Chairman)
Megat Hamdan Megat Ahmad, Ph.D Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (Member)
Tuan Haji Mohd. Sapuan Salit, Ph.D Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (Member)
Nor Mariah Adam, Ph.D Associate Professor, F acuIty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (Member)
MSHER MOHAMAD RAMADILI, Ph.D. ProfessorlDeputy Dean, School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Date: 1 ';;' A I 'R v I'l l-\. 2003
viii
The thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia has been accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master Science. The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:
Megat Hamdan Megat Ahmad, Ph.D Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (Chairperson)
Tuan Haji Mohd. Sapuan SaJit. Ph.D Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (Member)
Nor Mariah Adam, Ph.D Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (Member)
AINI IDERIS, Ph.D. ProfessorlDean, School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Date: 0 9 MAY 2003
DECLARATION
I hereby decrare tnat the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any degree at UPM or other institutions.
Amir Ihsan Abd. Salam
Date : 1 2 MAR 2003
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '" ........... ........................ .... 11 ABSTRACT .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '" ......... 111 ABSTRAK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................. -.................... Vll APPROVAL SHEETS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vlll DECLARATION FORM . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x TABLE OF CONTENTS. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl LIST OF TABLES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV LIST OF FIGURES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . XVI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . XVlll
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Background ....................... , .,. . ......... . . . .. ... ...... .. . 1
1.2 Energy Overview.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............ ........... 5
1.3 Problems of TES Integrated DCS. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . 1 2
1.4 Scope of Study. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . ..... .. 1 5
1.5 Research Aim and Objectives . . . . . . ........................... 16
2 LITERATURE REVIEW .............. , ............. ,. ... ... ..... ....... 17
2.1 District Cooling System (DCS) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. ... . . .. 17
2.1.1 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) . . . . .. .......................... 18
2.2.1 History of Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . 19
2.2.2 Criteria for TES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... 20 2.2.3 Ice Storage Devices/Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Cooling Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4 Operation of Conventional System and DCS ...... . ... . ..... 36
2.4.1 Operation of Conventional System . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.2 Operation of Thermal Energy Storage Integrated System. ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5 Overview of Some District Cooling Application in Malaysia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
2.5.1 Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 41
2.5.2 Putrajaya. .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 42
2.5.3 Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) . .. . .. . . ..... . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . . . . 42
2.5.4 Universiti Tenaga Nasional (Uniten) .................. 43
2.5.5 Cyberjaya .................................................. 44
\,1
2. 6 Issues Pertaining District Cooling with Thermal Energy Storage ............................................................. 45 2.6. 1 Benefits of District Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.6 .2 Disadvantages of District Cooling System . . .. . . .. . .. 48 2.6.3 Benefits of Thermal tnergy Storage· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.6.4 Major Setback on TES system . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2
2.7 District Cooling from Environmental Perspective . . . . . . . . .. . . 53 2.8 Summary . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . , . . . . . . '" . . . . . . . .. '" . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . 5 9
3 METHODOLOGy. . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.1 Basis of Research . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3 .2 Background of the Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
3 .2 .1 Function of the Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . 61 3.2 .2 Cooling Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61 3.2.3 Initial Cost for Air Conditioning Apparatus . . . . . . . . . 62 3.2.4 Equipment Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . '" . . . 63 3 . 2. 5 Electrical Tariff Structure in which the Site Falls
Into . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3 Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3 .3 . 1 Payback Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 66 3.3.2 Design Criteria . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .... . . . . .. .. 67 3.3.3 Simulation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67 3. 3.4 Comparison against Conventional System .. . . . . .. ... 68
4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 70 4. 1 Introduction . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.2 Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '" . . . . . . .. 70 4.3 About the Spreadsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 72 4.4 Validation of Software Results . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 75 5 . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . ,. 75
5. 1. 1 Site A . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. 75 5 . 1. 2 Simulation Result for Site A . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. 76 5.1.3 Result Summary for Site A - TES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82 5 . ] .4 Result Summary for Site A - Conventional . .. . , . . ... 83 5 . 1.5 Comparison Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 84
5 . 2 Parameters for Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5 .2. 1 Maximum Cooling Requirement for 500 RT,
1000 RT, 1 500 RT with and without Base Load Imposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.2 .2 Capacity of 500 RT without Base Load. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88
5 . 2.3 Capacity of 500 RT with Base Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
XII
5.2.4 Capacity of 1000 RT without Base Load ............. 92 5.2.5 Capacity of 1000 RT with Base Load ................. 94 5.2.6 Capacity of 1 500 RT without Base Load ... . ......... 95 5.2.7 Capacity of 1 500 RT with Base Load .. . ....... . ...... 96
5.3 Situation Where Different Tariff Structure is Applied ..... .. 98 5.4 Overall Results ........ . ...... . ........ '" . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. ... .. . . . . . . 1 03
6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 1 08 6. 1 Conclusions ................... . ....... . ........................ , . . 1 08 6.2 Recommendations................................................ 1 09
REFERENCES ........... . ....... . ....... . .. . ...................... ..... . .......... 1 1 2
APPENDICES..................................................................... 1 1 7
A. SIMULATION OUTPUT .............................................. . 500 RT Without Base Load ..................................................... . 500 RT With Base Load ........................................................ .. 1 000 RT Without Base Load ................................................... .. 1 000 RT With Base Load ........................................................ . 1 500 RT Without Base Load ................................................... .. 1 500 RT With Base Load ........................................................ . Tariff Rates ........................................................................ . 1000 RT Without Base Load .................................................... . 1 000 RT With Base Load ........................................................ .
1 1 7 1 1 8 1 30 1 42 1 54 166 1 78 1 90 1 90 203
B. CONTRACTOR'S FIGURES......................................... 2 1 6
VITA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Page
1 . 1 Final Demand for Energy by Sector ( 1 985 - 1 999) 6
1 .2 Major Generators for National Grid 8
1 .3 Structure for Special C2 Tariff 1 0
2 . 1 Summary of Primary Features of Thermal Storage
Systems 31
2.2 Load Profile of Different System 33
5. 1 Simulation Output for Site 'A' with TES 8 1
5.2 S imulation Output of 'Theoretical Conventional
System' for Site 'A' 82
5.3 Simulation Result for 500 RT Cooling Load Without
Base Load 90
5.4 Simulation Result for 500 RT Cooling Load With
Base Load 92
5.5 Simulation Result for 1000 RT Cooling Load Without
Base Load 94
5.6 Simulation Result for 1 000 RT Cooling Load With
Base Load 95
5.7 Simulation Result for 1 500 RT Cooling Load Without
Base Load 97
5.8 Simulation Result for 500 RT Cooling Load With
Base Load 98
xiv
5.9 Maximum Cooling Requirement of 1000 RT, With
and Without Base Load on Different Tariff Rates for
50 % and 1 00 % TES Supply 1 00
5 . 1 0 Overall Result for Electricity Bill Saving and Increased
Electricity Consumption 1 03
5 . 1 1 Overall Result for Payback Period 1 04
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Description Page
1.1 TNB's System Demand Curve for Peninsular
Malaysia 2
1.2 Energy Consumption in Typical Office Buildings 2
1.3 Energy Consumption in Educational Buildings 3
1.4 Energy Consumption in Hospitals 3
1.5 Energy Growth in Terms of Sales (1978 - 1998) 6
2.1 Dimpled Iceball 24
2.2 A Simplified Ice Slurry System 29
2.3 Typical Load Profile for Conventional System of Office
Buildings in Tropical Countries 34
2.4 Ideal Load Profile for Chillers of TES System of Office
Buildings 36
2.5 Load Profile for Chillers of TES System and Conventional
System of Office Buildings 37
2.6 Sample Schematic of a Conventional District Cooling
System 38
2.7 Sample Schematic of a TES Integrated District Cooling System 40
3. 1 Flow of Methodology 66
4.1 Flow Chart for Software Development 71
5.1 Payback Period vs. Percentage of TES Supply for 500 RT 93
5.2 Payback Period vs. Percentage of TES Supply for 1000 RT 96
xvi
5.3 Payback Period vs. Percentage of TES Supply for 500 RT 99
5.4 Bill Saving vs. Tariff 101
5.5 Payback Period vs. Tariff 102
5.6 Graph 'Percentage of Bill Saving' vs. 'Capacity' 105
5.7 Graph 'Increased Electricity Consumption' vs. 'TES Supply' 106
5.8 Graph 'Overall Payback' vs. 'TES Supply' 107
XVIi
Abbreviation
AHU CEPSI CHW DCS DSM EG FFDS HDPE IkW/rt IPP KLCC KLIA KWh KWr Ib/hr Lis MEC MmBtu MP MW MWh PETRONAS PG RM RT RTh SIRIM TNB TES TWh USD Usgpm
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Description
Air Handling Unit Conference of Electricity and Power Supply Industry Chilled Water District Cooling System Demand Side M anagement Ethylene Glycol Four Fuel Diversification Strategy High Density Poly Ethylene Input Kilowatt per Refrigerant Ton Independent Power Producer Kuala Lumpur City Centre Kuala Lumpur International Airport Kilowatt Hour ( 1 03) Kilowatt refrigerant Pound per Hour Liter per second Malaysian Energy Center Million British Thermal Unit Malaysian Plan Megawatts Mega Watt Hour (1 06) Petroliam Nasional Berhad Propylene Glycol Ringgit Malaysia Refrigerant Ton Refrigerant Ton Hour Standard Industries Research Institute, Malaysia Tenaga Nasional Berhad Thermal Energy Storage Tetra Watt Hour ( 1 012) U S Dollar U S gallon per minute
xviii
1.1 Background
CHAPTERl
INTRODUCTION
Demand for energy has become critical now than ever before. Most of the developing
countries recorded energy growth each year of more than 10 %. At average, Asian
countries require 30,000 MW of new generation of energy every year while total of
the world demand increase as high as 90,000 MW annually (lusoh, 1996). In
Malaysia alone, the demand for electricity soars at the rate of I 1 % a year
(Shamsuddin, 1996). With current capacity of about 13,000 MW and expected 19,000
MW of capacity required in year 2005 (Pua, et aI., 1996), Tenaga Nasional Berhad
(TNB), the national electricity provider, is rigorously taking steps in sustaining the
economic growth with sufficient energy supply.
Report by Chua (2000) which, illustrate the electricity demand curve in Peninsular
Malaysia as reflected in Figure 1.1, shows that the curve for electricity demand is
somewhat similar to that of air conditioning load. Since conventional air conditioning
system and apparatus contribute 60 % to 75 % of total electrj�ity reak demand. as
shown in Figures 1.2, 1.3 and lA, energy management is said best be achieved
through proper arrangement of air conditioning utilization.
11000
10000
9000
8000
§' 7000 �
6000 "0 t:
5000 (1) E
1-- Electricity Demand I Cl> 4000 0
3000
2000
1000
0
\:) "-' � � % � V � � � � V Hour of the Day
Figure 1.1: TNB's System Demand Curve for Peninsular Malaysia (Chua, 2000)
Elevators
13%
Lighting
11%
76%
Figure 1.2: Energy Consumption in Typical Office Buildings (Thomas, 1997)
Laboratories
13%
Lighting
15%
7% AC
Figure 1.3: Energy Consumption in Educational Buildings (Thomas, 1997)
Medical
equipment
4%
Lighting
15%
7%
Laundry
12%
Others
2%
Figure 1.4: Energy Consumption in Hospitals (Thomas, 1997)
*Notes: HVAC - Heating. Ventilation and Air Conditioning
One major strategy to efficiently manage the imbalance energy utilization IS to
promote better customer participation through a program called Demand Side
3
Management (DSM)'. The program boasts an approach taken to reorganize the
electricity utilization by reducing both peak and base electricity loadings. Thermal
Energy Storage (TES) system, being part of DSM program, h<1s-been identified as a
proven technology in elcctricalload management (Thomas, 1 997).
Recent emergence of so-called <Mega Projects' such as Kuala Lumpur International
Airport (KLIA), Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC), KL Sentral, Putrajaya and
Cyberjaya have all participated in DSM program through application of TES
technology with some implementation of District Cooling System (DCS). Depending
on TES size, the contribution of TES application could reduce the electrical peak
demand to as much as 20 % to 30 % (Rosli, et aI. , 1 997).
1.2 Energy Overview
Being one of the fast growing developing nation in the region, Malaysia has been
noted as one of the' Asian Tigers' with its economic strength recognized globally.
Before the economic turmoil during the period of 1997 to 1999, Malaysia has been
experiencing strong economic growth at the average of 9 % for eight consecutive
years (Mohamad, 1999), which in turn put the country through an unpredicted crisis
of energy supply. The fact is, history of energy crisis in this country has dated back
since 1973, when together with the rest of the world, faced with the famous oil crisis
caused by the embargo of oil by Middle East Countries. From that date, a number of
policies have been established by the Government to sustain the economic growth
while maintaining sufficient supply of energy. Report released by Anon., Department
of Statistic, Malaysia (1998), highlights that during the period of 1992 to 1998 alone,
the production of natural gas has been increased by 1 15 % and cmde oil by 10 %.
While on the other hand, electrical power supply expanded up to 84 % (at annual rate
of 1 1 %). The figure is significant as compared to the world growth of 2�3 %. The
sales growth from 1978 to 1998 (20 years span) together with sales forecast until
20 lOis illustrated in Figure 1.5 while sectional distribution of energy utilization and
sectored growth rate is shown in Table 1. 1 for the fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Malaysia
plans (MP5, MP6 and MP7).
5
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