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Universe and Theories of Cosmology

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwih1_6fvq_TAhVMTSYKHapfCA8QjRwIBw&url=http://www.davidreneke.com/what-is-the-ultimate-fate-of-the-universe/&psig=AFQjCNFQWZleLXjriwHUe5Kk9tFi4noVaQ&ust=1492655778861600

Define Universe: • The totality of all space, time, and matter

(everything)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjyhO2Iv6_TAhUK4CYKHRCGDtMQjRwIBw&url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150602-how-will-the-universe-end&psig=AFQjCNGjnXdWXGpSms2OnDMPvdxXw9vYuQ&ust=1492655827726541

• Cosmology is the study of the origin and general structure of the universe as a whole. It endeavors to use the scientific method to understand the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the Universe.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi3kb3Bv6_TAhVCQCYKHXowAu8QjRwIBw&url=http://www.playbuzz.com/pringlepeaches10/this-quiz-will-determine-how-connected-to-the-universe-you-are&psig=AFQjCNEzJsyIAi-Myy5qO4LIoXTKJVJHdg&ust=1492656103670305

• Most galaxies when viewed from Earth are moving away. Astronomers know this by observing a red shift in their spectrums when annualizing galaxy light.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi_3YT-wK_TAhWC2SYKHcUqAOMQjRwIBw&url=http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/E12B5.htm&psig=AFQjCNELMjEd4p9ISscBOF_MWLbbJNTaTA&ust=1492656510112484

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiUwNawwa_TAhWILSYKHVCXC_cQjRwIBw&url=http://astro.wku.edu/astr106/Hubble_intro.html&psig=AFQjCNELMjEd4p9ISscBOF_MWLbbJNTaTA&ust=1492656510112484

• One of the 1st to study this effect was

Edwin Hubble

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjsi6Tzwa_TAhWHdSYKHUaRCMUQjRwIBw&url=http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/&psig=AFQjCNGII9MFzkBZZ7D6gy2wR--wiGkkZw&ust=1492656736486488

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi83-H8wa_TAhWGKyYKHX4xBRkQjRwIBw&url=http://history.aip.org/history/exhibits/cosmology/ideas/hubble.htm&psig=AFQjCNGII9MFzkBZZ7D6gy2wR--wiGkkZw&ust=1492656736486488

• Hubble graphed his data from galaxies and found out that galaxies father away had a greater red shift of light waves which meant they were traveling faster.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjDnrG0wq_TAhWFTCYKHbw4DRgQjRwIBw&url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/ast25may99_2&psig=AFQjCNHR-e5r8UxCnzGmstakhwymf_lrOA&ust=1492656892920355

• This data showed the universe is expanding

• If we run the expansion backwards it would lead to a common origin point (Big Bang)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwixgZPZwq_TAhUF7CYKHZUADg8QjRwIBw&url=http://www.physicsibook.com/2012/08/03/hubbles-law/&psig=AFQjCNHR-e5r8UxCnzGmstakhwymf_lrOA&ust=1492656892920355

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiVrfeFw6_TAhXHWSYKHVBsAhwQjRwIBw&url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~atpcs/atpcs/Univ10e/chapter23-05.html&psig=AFQjCNHR-e5r8UxCnzGmstakhwymf_lrOA&ust=1492656892920355

• 1. Big Bang Theory – the universe started with an explosion matter expanded out cooled to form galaxies, stars, planets.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiP0arSw6_TAhXF6yYKHdkBDqwQjRwIBw&url=https://steemit.com/history/@scorpio99/the-big-bang-theory-project&psig=AFQjCNH86GLkr1HpNlFRShlLnEpSAexM_Q&ust=1492657214027585

• - most accepted theory

• - Universe continues to expand

• - Astronomers discovered expansion rate is faster than 1st theorized

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiojPSOxK_TAhVM4CYKHQ0MCG0QjRwIBw&url=http://www.earlyearthcentral.com/big_bang_page.html&psig=AFQjCNH86GLkr1HpNlFRShlLnEpSAexM_Q&ust=1492657214027585

• this increase rate of expansion perhaps is due to new data on dark matter and dark energy

• From Hubble graph data we can estimate age of Universe present data: age = 13.8 billion years

https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/ask-ethan-72-the-timeline-of-the-universe-9870d1b8f52

Dark matter/energy

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjaq673xK_TAhWI0iYKHdfVBM4QjRwIBw&url=http://hetdex.org/dark_energy/dark_matter.html&psig=AFQjCNHId4Oi_Rq8U7pW4q5vajhnvOqoXA&ust=1492657562520147

• 2. Oscillation Theory (big crunch) – states the universe started with a big bang explosion and will expand outward to a point until gravity of the matter in the universe stops and pulls everything back together. And will repeat the process over and over …. (also called the rubber band theory)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjKtaO3xa_TAhXIdSYKHfPlDWgQjRwIBw&url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-crunch6.htm&psig=AFQjCNGnQ73LiDOT4JzXxHz370TUZF3yQg&ust=1492657696975450

http://www.laidback.org/~daveg/academic/expandinguniverse/index2.html

• - not excepted due to lack of matter (critical density) – but the search continues ???

http://www.bigbangcentral.com/end_page.html

• 3. Steady State theory – universe is stable: density of the universe stays the same

• - not accepted because as the universe expands new matter must form to maintain the density (or fill voids)

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=imgres&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi6q4-iua_TAhXCyyYKHXd1CGcQjRwIBw&url=https://www.slideshare.net/SiirTecirlioglu/steady-state-theory&psig=AFQjCNEiKq7TNxTWW--pNJtPjUBy82TwdQ&ust=1492654438521560

• We have no data to suggest this matter created out of nothing …

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwic8-O3ya_TAhWHZCYKHS-OCyIQjRwIBw&url=http://www.scienceforums.net/topic/67869-steady-state-theory/page-4&psig=AFQjCNF1elycLGmkep_7UbJACMk3mMKrag&ust=1492658712636570

What will occur ?? Future universe?

http://souljournaler.blogspot.com/2011/05/five-weird-theories-of-what-lies.html

Lab time … • http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/graphics/anim