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Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
1
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTFall 2008
Reading Assignment
Chapter Nine
Unit Ten
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
2
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Individual Differences in Motivation
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
3
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Definition
• Motivation = a force which impels one to put forth effort
• Managers must assure that the force directs subordinate’s efforts toward organizational purposes
- Internally derived? - simply hire motivated people
- Externally imposed? - becomes a process of one person influencing another
• Manipulation = external force which directs behavior toward manager’s goals against individual’s will
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
4
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
The Nature of Motivation
Motivation– The psychological forces that determine
the direction of a person’s behavior in an organization, a person’s level of effort, and a person’s level of persistence
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
5
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
The Nature of Motivation
• Direction—possible behaviors the individual could engage in
• Effort—how hard the individual will work
• Persistence—whether the individual will keep trying or give up
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
6
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Motivation
EffortEffort PersistencePersistence
DirectionDirection
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
7
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Motivation Concerns
• What prompts people to initiate action
• What influences their choice of action
• Why they persist in doing it over time.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
8
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Basics of Motivation
1
Extrinsicand Intrinsic
Rewards
Extrinsicand Intrinsic
Rewards
MotivatingPeople
MotivatingPeople
Effortand
Performance
NeedSatisfaction
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
9
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Effort and Performance
Performance
Effort
• Initiation• Direction• Persistence
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
10
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Effort and Performance
• Job performance– how well someone performs the job
• Motivation– effort put forth on the job
• Ability– capability to do the job
• Situational Constraints– external factors affecting performance
Job Performance = Motivation X Ability X Situational Constraints
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
11
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
The Motivation Equation
Figure 9.1
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
12
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Contemporary Approaches
• Content theories stress the analysis of human needs
• Process theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior
• Reinforcement theories focus on employee learning desired work behaviors.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
13
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Content Theories
Emphasize the needs that motivate people.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
14
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Need Theories
• Need – A requirement for survival and well-
being.
• Need Theories– Theories of motivation that focus on
what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what outcomes will satisfy those needs.
– Basic premise is that people are motivated to obtain outcomes at work to satisfy their needs.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
15
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Need Satisfaction
• Needs– physical or psychological requirements
– must be met to ensure survival and well being
• Unmet needs motivate people
• Three approaches:– Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
– McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
16
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Table 9.1
Self-actualization
Self-actualization
Realize one’s full potential
Realize one’s full potential
Use abilities to the fullest
Use abilities to the fullest
EsteemEsteem Feel good about oneself
Feel good about oneself
Promotions and recognition
Promotions and recognition
BelongingnessBelongingness Social interaction, love
Social interaction, love
Interpersonal relations, parties
Interpersonal relations, parties
SafetySafety Security, stabilitySecurity, stability Job security, health insurance
Job security, health insurance
PhysiologicalPhysiological Food, water, shelter
Food, water, shelter
Basic pay level to buy items
Basic pay level to buy items
Needs Description
Examples
Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs
are addressed.
Highest-level needs
Lowest-level needs
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
17
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
EsteemEsteem
BelongingnessBelongingness
Safety Safety
PhysiologicalPhysiological
Self-ActualizationSelf-Actualization
1.2
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
18
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
McClelland’s Needs for Achievement,Affiliation, and Power
Need for Achievement– A strong desire to perform challenging
tasks well and meet personal standards for excellence
Need for Affiliation– Extent to which an individual is concerned about
establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having the people around him get along with each other
Need for Power– Extent to which an individual desires to control or
influence others
McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
19
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
McClelland’s Learned Needs Theory
AchievementAchievement
AffiliationAffiliation
PowerPower
1.2
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
20
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Needs Classification
McClelland’sLearned Needs
Maslow’sHierarchy
Higher-Order Needs
Lower-Order Needs
Self-ActualizationEsteemBelongingness
SafetyPhysiological
PowerAchievementAffiliation
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
21
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Adding Need Satisfaction to the Model
PerformancePerformance
EffortEffort
• Initiation• Direction• Persistence
UnsatisfiedUnsatisfiedneedneed TensionTension Energized toEnergized to
take actiontake action
SatisfactionSatisfaction
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
22
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Answer These Questions:
Describe a time when you were extremely dissatisfied or turned off by your job
Describe a time when you were extremely satisfied or turned on by your job.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
23
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
The Nature of Motivation
• Extrinsically Motivated Behavior– Behavior that is performed to acquire
material or social rewards or to avoid punishment.
• Intrinsically Motivated Behavior– Behavior that is performed for its own
sake.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
24
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Rewards
• Extrinsic Rewards are given by another person, often a manager. – tangible and visible to others– given contingent on performance
• Intrinsic Rewards are received as a direct consequence of a person's actions– natural rewards– associated with performing the task
for its own sake
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
25
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
Focuses on outcomes that lead to higher motivation and job satisfaction, and those outcomes that can prevent dissatisfaction.– Motivator needs relate to the nature of the
work itself and how challenging it is– Hygiene needs are related to the physical
and psychological context in which the work is performed
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
26
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Herzberg’s Two Factors
Hygiene FactorsCompany policy and
administrationSupervision Interpersonal
relationshipsWorking conditionsSalaryJob status and
security.
Motivating Factors Achievement Recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
27
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Herzberg’s Findings
010 1020 20 30304050 40 50
Achievement
Recognition
Work itself
Responsibility
AdvancementGrowth
Company Policy & Administration
Supervision
Relationship with supervisor
Work conditionsSalary
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
28
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Adding Rewards to the Model
EffortEffort
• Initiation• Direction• Persistence
UnsatisfiedUnsatisfiedneedneed TensionTension Energized toEnergized to
take actiontake action
PerformancePerformanceSatisfactionSatisfaction
ExtrinsicExtrinsicRewardsRewards
IntrinsicIntrinsicRewardsRewards
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
29
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Motivating with the Basics
Ask people what their needs are
Satisfy lower-order needs first
Expect people’s needs to change
Satisfy higher order needs by looking for ways to allow employees to experience intrinsic rewards
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
30
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Process Theories
Explain the steps and procedures employees use to select behaviors with which to meet their needs and determine if their choices were successful.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
31
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Equity Theory
Componentsof
Equity Theory
Reaction toPerceivedInequity
MotivatingPeople UsingEquity Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
32
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Equity Theory
• Focuses on people’s perceptions of the fairness (or lack of fairness) of their work outcomes in proportion to their work inputs.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
33
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Equity Theory
• Equity– Justice, impartiality, and fairness to
which all organizational members are entitled
• Inequity– Lack of fairness
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
34
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Equity Theory• Inputs
– employee contributions to the organization
• Outcomes– rewards employees receive from the
organization
• Referents– comparison others
• Outcome/input (O/I) ratio
Outcomesself
Inputsself
Outcomesother
Inputsother
=
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
35
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Inequity• When a person’s O/I ratio differs
from their referent’s O/I ratio• Underreward
– referent’s O/I ratio is greater than yours
– experience anger or frustration
• Overreward– referent’s O/I ratio is less than yours– experience guilt
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
36
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
How People React to Perceived Inequity
• Reduce inputs
• Increase outcomes
• Rationalize inputs or outcomes
• Change the referent
• Leave
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
37
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Adding Equity Theory to the Model EffortEffort• Initiation• Direction• Persistence
UnsatisfiedUnsatisfiedneedneed TensionTension Energized toEnergized to
take actiontake action
PerformancePerformanceSatisfactionSatisfaction
ExtrinsicExtrinsicRewardsRewards
IntrinsicIntrinsicRewardsRewards
Perceived Equity/Inequity
Perceived Equity/Inequity
Restoring Equity• Decrease inputs• Increase outcomes• Rationalize inputs or
outcomes• Change the referent• Leave
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
38
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Motivating with Equity Theory
Look for and correct major inequities Reduce employees’ inputs Make sure decision-making processes
are fair– distributive justice– procedural justice
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
39
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Motivating withExpectancy
Theory
Motivating withExpectancy
Theory
Components ofExpectancy
Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
40
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Components of Expectancy Theory
ValenceValence
ExpectancyExpectancy
InstrumentalityInstrumentality
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
41
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
42
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
43
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
44
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
M = (E P) x (P O) x V
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
45
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
M = (E P) x (P O) x V
M = Motivation (force to put forth effort)
Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
46
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
M = (E P) x (P O) x V
M = Motivation (force to put forth effort)
E P means effort leads to performance (Expectancy)
Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
47
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
M = (E P) x (P O) x V
M = Motivation (force to put forth effort)
E P means effort leads to performance (Expectancy)
P O means performance leads to outcomes (Instrumentality)
Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
48
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
M = (E P) x (P O) x V
M = Motivation (force to put forth effort)
E P means effort leads to performance (Expectancy)
P O means performance leads to outcomes (Instrumentality)
V = Valence - the value placed on the outcome.
Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
49
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Adding Expectancy Theory to the Model
Restoring Equity• Decrease inputs• Increase outcomes• Rationalize inputs or
outcomes• Change the referent• Leave
Effort• Initiation• Direction• Persistence
Unsatisfiedneed
TensionEnergized totake action
Performance
Perceived Equity/Inequity
Perceived Equity/Inequity
Satisfaction
ExtrinsicRewards
IntrinsicRewards
Instrumentality
Valence
Expectancy
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
50
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Motivation will be high when workers believe:– High levels of effort will lead to high
performance.
– High performance will lead to the attainment of desired outcomes.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
51
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
• Systematically gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs
• Clearly link rewards to individual performance
• Empower employees to make decisions which enhance expectancy perceptions
Expectancy Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
52
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Goal Setting Theory
• Focuses on identifying the types of goals that are effective in producing high levels of motivation and explaining why goals have these effects.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
53
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Goal-Setting Theory
Motivating withGoal-Setting
Theory
Motivating withGoal-Setting
Theory
Components ofGoal-Setting
Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
54
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Goal-Setting Theory• Goal Specificity
– the clarity of goals
• Goal Difficulty– how challenging goals are
• Goal Acceptance– how well goals are agreed to or
understood
• Performance Feedback– information on goal progress
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
55
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Adding GOAL Theory to the Model
Restoring Equity• Decrease inputs• Increase
outcomes• Rationalize inputs
or outcomes• Change the
referent• Leave
Effort
• Initiation• Direction• Persistence
Unsatisfiedneed
TensionEnergized totake action
Performance
Perceived Equity/Inequity
Perceived Equity/Inequity
Satisfaction
ExtrinsicRewards
IntrinsicRewards
Instrumentality Valence
Expectancy
Goals
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
56
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Motivating with Goal-Setting Theory
Assign specific, challenging goalsMake sure workers truly accept
organizational goalsProvide frequent, specific
performance-related feedback
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
57
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Learning Theory
Operant Conditioning
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
58
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Learning Theories
Theories that focus on increasing employee motivation and performance by linking outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviors and the attainment of goals
Based on Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated; Behavior that is ignored or punished tends not to be repeated
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
59
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Learning Theories
Learning– A relatively permanent change in
person’s knowledge or behavior that results from practice or experience.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
60
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Operant Conditioning Theory
Operant Conditioning– People learn to perform behaviors
that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
61
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
LEARNING Theory
Componentsof
LearningTheory
Componentsof
LearningTheory
Schedules forDelivering
Reinforcement
Schedules forDelivering
Reinforcement
Motivating withLearningTheory
Motivating withLearningTheory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
62
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
S - R - O RelationshipS = StimulusR = ResponseO = Outcome
S OR
Learned Future Behavior
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
63
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Reinforcement Relationship between behavior and its
consequences Reinforcement = anything that increases
the relationship between a given stimulus and a particular response
Leads to the modification of employees' on-the-job behaviors through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishments.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
64
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Reinforcement Tools
Behavior modification = reinforcement techniques to modify behavior
Positive reinforcement = pleasant consequence following a desired behavior
Negative reinforcement = withholding unpleasant consequence strengthens behavior
Avoidance learning = removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior (also called a negative reward).
Punishment = unpleasant outcomes Extinction = withdrawal of positive reward.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
65
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement - Schedule
reinforces every occurrence of the desired behavior.
Fixed-Interval Schedule - Rewards employees at specified time intervals. (regular paycheck).
Fixed-Ratio Schedule - Reinforcement occurs after a specified number of desired responses, such as after every fifth event. (piece-rate pay systems)
Variable-Interval Schedule - Reinforcement is administered at random times that cannot be predicted by the employee. (Random inspection followed by praise)
Variable-Ratio Schedule - Random number of desired behaviors rather than on variable time periods. (Slot machine)
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
66
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Adding Reinforcement Theory to the Model
Restoring Equity• Decrease inputs• Increase
outcomes• Rationalize
inputs or outcomes
• Change the referent
• Leave
Effort
• Initiation• Direction• Persistence
Unsatisfiedneed
TensionEnergized totake action
Performance
Perceived Equity/Inequity
Perceived Equity/Inequity
Satisfaction
ExtrinsicRewards
IntrinsicRewards
Instrumentality Valence
Expectancy
Reinforcement ContingenciesSchedules of
Reinforcement
Goals
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
67
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Motivating with Reinforcement Theory Identify, measure, analyze,
intervene, and evaluateDon’t reinforce the wrong behaviorCorrectly administer punishment at
the appropriate timeChoose the simplest and most
effective schedule of reinforcement
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
68
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Pay and Motivation
Pay as a Motivator– Expectancy: Instrumentality, the association
between performance and outcomes, must be high for motivation to be high.
– Need Theory: pay is used to satisfy many needs.
– Equity Theory: pay is given in relation to inputs.
– Goal Setting Theory: pay is linked to attainment of goals.
– Learning Theory: outcomes (pay), is distributed upon performance of functional behaviors.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
69
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Social Learning Theory
A theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people’s thoughts and beliefs and their observations of other people’s behavior.
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
70
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Social Learning Theory
Vicarious Learning (Observational Learning)– Learning that occurs when a learner
is motivated to perform a behavior by watching another person perform and be reinforced for doing so
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
71
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Motivating with the Integrated Model
Motivating with the Basics
Motivating with the Basics
Motivating with Equity Theory
Motivating with Equity Theory
Motivating with Expectancy Theory
Motivating with Expectancy Theory
Motivating with Reinforcement
Theory
Motivating with Reinforcement
Theory
Motivating with Goal-Setting Theory
Motivating with Goal-Setting Theory
Copyright © 2008 by Dr. Eliot S. Elfner, St. Norbert College
72
UNIT I – Introduction to Management
UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTFall 2008 - The End
Dr. Eliot S. Elfner
Professor of Business Administration
St. Norbert College
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