unit 8: living with great turmoil chapter: 20- the new frontier and the great society

Unit 8: Living With Great Turmoil

Unit 8: Living With Great Turmoil

Chapter: 20- The New Frontier and the Great Society

Chapter: 20- The New Frontier and the Great Society

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The first televised presidential debates in US History took place

between John Kennedy and Richard Nixon

The first televised presidential debates in US History took place

between John Kennedy and Richard Nixon

These debates impacted how the presidency would be perceived by Americans.

These debates impacted how the presidency would be perceived by Americans.

John Kennedy

Won a close and disputed election.

Youngest president to be elected.

42 years of age.

The Election of 1960The Election of 1960A New Type of Candidate Democratic Senator John F.

Kennedy had served in the House and Senate for 14 years when he ran for President in 1960.

Still, some questioned his candidacy because of his young age, 43, and his Roman Catholic religious beliefs.

Kennedy proved to be an engaging television personality during the 1960 presidential debates, the first such debates to be televised.

A New Type of Candidate Democratic Senator John F.

Kennedy had served in the House and Senate for 14 years when he ran for President in 1960.

Still, some questioned his candidacy because of his young age, 43, and his Roman Catholic religious beliefs.

Kennedy proved to be an engaging television personality during the 1960 presidential debates, the first such debates to be televised.

A Narrow Kennedy Victory Kennedy won the 1960

election by an extremely close margin.

Kennedy was separated from his opponent, Republican Richard Nixon, by fewer than 119,000 popular votes out of nearly 69 million cast.

Because of the close election, Kennedy entered office without a mandate, or public endorsement of his proposals.

A Narrow Kennedy Victory Kennedy won the 1960

election by an extremely close margin.

Kennedy was separated from his opponent, Republican Richard Nixon, by fewer than 119,000 popular votes out of nearly 69 million cast.

Because of the close election, Kennedy entered office without a mandate, or public endorsement of his proposals.

The Kennedy Mystique• Kennedy wins presidency in close election• Critics argue his smooth style lacks substance• Kennedy White House known as Camelot for its glamour,

culture, wit• First Lady admired for her elegance; constant articles

about family

NEXT

The Camelot Years

The Best and the Brightest• JFK’s advisers called “the best and the brightest”• Brother Robert Kennedy named attorney general

KENNEDY PRESIDENCYKENNEDY PRESIDENCY

Kennedy's New Frontier Domestic Program

•Federal funding for education•Medical care for the elderly•Government intervention to halt the recession with tax cuts. •End to racial discrimination.

•Established•Alliance for Peace and Peace Corps to help Third World countries•President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to end racial discrimination in hiring of govt employees.

New Frontier impossible to complete•Due to conservative Congress. •Disappointed many civil rights activists = feared splitting Democratic Party.•New Frontier ideas led to President Johnson's "Great Society"

Kennedy's New Frontier Domestic Program

•Federal funding for education•Medical care for the elderly•Government intervention to halt the recession with tax cuts. •End to racial discrimination.

•Established•Alliance for Peace and Peace Corps to help Third World countries•President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to end racial discrimination in hiring of govt employees.

New Frontier impossible to complete•Due to conservative Congress. •Disappointed many civil rights activists = feared splitting Democratic Party.•New Frontier ideas led to President Johnson's "Great Society"

Alliance for Peace statistics

in Latin America.

Alliance for Peace statistics

in Latin America.

A New Military PolicyDefining a Military Strategy• Flexible response—fight conventional wars, keep

nuclear arms balanced• JFK increases defense spending in three areas:

- strengthens conventional forces- creates army Special Forces (Green Berets)- triples nuclear capabilities

NEXT

KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICYKENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY

Crises over Cuba

The Cuban Dilemma• Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro declares

himself communist- seizes U.S. properties; Eisenhower cuts off diplomatic relations

• 10% of Cuban population goes into exile; mostly to U.S.

NEXT

Continued . . .

KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICYKENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY

The Bay of Pigs• Cuban exiles, CIA plan invasion to topple Castro• Plans go wrong; exile forces killed, taken prisoner• JFK pays ransom in food, medicine; mission is

public embarrassment

•CIA operative to overthrow Fidel Castro’s dictatorship

•U.S. feared Castro was becoming an ally with the

Soviet Union.

•Failed invasion of Cuba in April of 1961.

•Embarrassment for President Kennedy because

the U.S. tried to cover up their involvement.

NEXT

Crises over Cuba

The Cuban Missile Crisis• Nikita Khrushchev sends weapons to Cuba,

including nuclear missiles • JFK warns Soviets that missile attack will trigger war

on U.S.S.R.• Soviets avoid confrontation at sea; reach agreement

with U.S.

Kennedy and Khrushchev Take the Heat• Khrushchev’s prestige severely damaged in U.S.S.R.• JFK criticized for brinkmanship, also for not ousting

Castro• Cuban exiles switch to GOP; Castro bans flights to

and from Miami

Interactive

KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICYKENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY

Major countries and leaders involved

US President Kennedy

Cuba Fidel Castro

Soviet Union Nikta Khrushchev

•This U-2 reconnaissance photo showed concrete evidence of missile This U-2 reconnaissance photo showed concrete evidence of missile assembly in Cuba. Shown here are missile transporters and missile-assembly in Cuba. Shown here are missile transporters and missile-ready tents where fueling and maintenance took place.ready tents where fueling and maintenance took place.Courtesy of Courtesy of

CIACIA

cuban missile2cuban missile2

•Low altitude view of missile preparation area. The pilot taking this shot flew at an altitude of about 250 feet, and at the speed of sound.

cuban missile2cuban missile2

cuban missile2cuban missile2

Photographed from an RF-101 Voodoo, this view of a Soviet SA-2 (surface-to-air) missile pattern provided additional evidence of the Russian arming of

Cuba.

cuban missile2cuban missile2Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to

the United Nations in November 1962.

cuban missile2cuban missile2

President Kennedy in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and reconnaissance pilots who flew the Cuban

missions. Third from the left is Major Richard Heyser who took the first photos of Cuban missiles.

•U.S. and Soviets prepared for war…..U.S. placed a U.S. and Soviets prepared for war…..U.S. placed a blockade around Cuba and warned Soviets not to blockade around Cuba and warned Soviets not to

break through the blockade. The Soviets sent their break through the blockade. The Soviets sent their Naval fleet to protect Cuba.Naval fleet to protect Cuba.

cuban missile2cuban missile2

•Last minute decision made: Soviets would Last minute decision made: Soviets would dismantle missile sites in Cuba in return for U.S.not dismantle missile sites in Cuba in return for U.S.not

invading Cuba.invading Cuba.

•U.S. would later dismantle missile sites in U.S. would later dismantle missile sites in Turkey…..Not part of original deal.Turkey…..Not part of original deal.

cuban missile2cuban missile2

I. Kennedy and the Cold WarI. Kennedy and the Cold War

A. The Election of 1960 1. Closest since 1888; 119,000 votes

out of 68 million 2. Candidates: a. Dems- John F. Kennedy and 2

factors aided his run: 1. Television 2. Civil Rights

A. The Election of 1960 1. Closest since 1888; 119,000 votes

out of 68 million 2. Candidates: a. Dems- John F. Kennedy and 2

factors aided his run: 1. Television 2. Civil Rights

John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy

Richard M. NixonRichard M. Nixon

b. Reps.- Richard M. Nixon 3. Kennedy the Candidate: a. only 43 years old b. question of his faith- Roman

Catholic 4. The Power of TV and debate a. the image battle b. radio v. TV

b. Reps.- Richard M. Nixon 3. Kennedy the Candidate: a. only 43 years old b. question of his faith- Roman

Catholic 4. The Power of TV and debate a. the image battle b. radio v. TV

5. Kennedy and King a. arrest of MLK, Jr. and response of

candidates 6. Kennedy takes command a. talking and acting tough on the cold

war b. Flexible response-

5. Kennedy and King a. arrest of MLK, Jr. and response of

candidates 6. Kennedy takes command a. talking and acting tough on the cold

war b. Flexible response-

Flexible ResponseFlexible Response

B. Crisis over Cuba 1. The Dilemma- Revolutionary or

Communist a. seized control of oil and land b. relied heavily on Soviet aid

B. Crisis over Cuba 1. The Dilemma- Revolutionary or

Communist a. seized control of oil and land b. relied heavily on Soviet aid

Fidel CastroFidel Castro

2. The Bay of Pigs a. 1400 Cuban exiles trained by CIA

for invasion of Cuba b. Nothing went as planned- failure of

air strikes, late arrivals c. Kennedy agreed to pay $53 million

ransom for release of prisoners d. media disaster for the U.S.

2. The Bay of Pigs a. 1400 Cuban exiles trained by CIA

for invasion of Cuba b. Nothing went as planned- failure of

air strikes, late arrivals c. Kennedy agreed to pay $53 million

ransom for release of prisoners d. media disaster for the U.S.

3. The Cuban Missile Crisis: a. Oct. 14- evidence Soviets building

missile bases on Cuba b. Oct. 22- an attack from Cuba = all-

out attack on Soviet Union c. 6 day showdown d. end of crisis- Soviets agreed to

remove missiles; U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba

3. The Cuban Missile Crisis: a. Oct. 14- evidence Soviets building

missile bases on Cuba b. Oct. 22- an attack from Cuba = all-

out attack on Soviet Union c. 6 day showdown d. end of crisis- Soviets agreed to

remove missiles; U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba

•The crisis developed as the U.S. demanded the Soviets to dismantle missiles in Cuba or the U.S. would

invade Cuba.

•Soviets refused to dismantle

missile sites unless

U.S. dismantled

missile sites in Turkey.

e. effects on Kennedy: 1. Practicing brinkmanship 2. Too soft and passed on chance to

invade CubaC. The Continuing Cold War 1. The Berlin Crisis: a. prosperity of West Berlin v.

struggles of East Berlin

e. effects on Kennedy: 1. Practicing brinkmanship 2. Too soft and passed on chance to

invade CubaC. The Continuing Cold War 1. The Berlin Crisis: a. prosperity of West Berlin v.

struggles of East Berlin

b. threat of closing access roads to West Berlin

c. August 13, 1961- began construction of concrete wall separating city- Berlin Wall

1. Reduced flow of refugees

b. threat of closing access roads to West Berlin

c. August 13, 1961- began construction of concrete wall separating city- Berlin Wall

1. Reduced flow of refugees

Taking advantage of a demoralized

US after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the

U-2 spy plane incident,

Khruschev orders Allies out of West

Berlin….

Taking advantage of a demoralized

US after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the

U-2 spy plane incident,

Khruschev orders Allies out of West

Berlin….

•1961, Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall to force Allies out of West Berlin. Became a symbol of the Cold War.

Berlin would by be a divided city.

BERLIN WALLBERLIN WALL

A young woman and her boyfriend talking to the woman’s mother, who is on the east side of the Berlin Wall (1962).

Kennedy/wallKennedy/wall

President Kennedy speaking to West Berliners urging the Soviets to tear down the Berlin Wall.

2. Kennedy speech at Berlin Wall in 1963

2. Kennedy speech at Berlin Wall in 1963

2. Searching for ways to ease tensions

a. April, 1963- Hotline b. Limited Test Ban Treaty- no

nuclear testing in the atmosphere

2. Searching for ways to ease tensions

a. April, 1963- Hotline b. Limited Test Ban Treaty- no

nuclear testing in the atmosphere

II. The New FrontierII. The New Frontier

A. The Camelot Years 1. Public fascination with 1st family a. speed reading courses b. influence on fashion and culture 2. Kennedy and talented advisors =

modern day Camelot a. “the best and the brightest”

A. The Camelot Years 1. Public fascination with 1st family a. speed reading courses b. influence on fashion and culture 2. Kennedy and talented advisors =

modern day Camelot a. “the best and the brightest”

B. The Promise of Progress 1. “We stand on the edge of a New

Frontier” 2. Lack of a ‘popular mandate“ a. playing it safe

B. The Promise of Progress 1. “We stand on the edge of a New

Frontier” 2. Lack of a ‘popular mandate“ a. playing it safe

3. Stimulating the economy a. advocated use of deficit spending b. biggest beneficiary- Dept. of Defense c. increased minimum wage to $1.25,

extended unemployment benefits

3. Stimulating the economy a. advocated use of deficit spending b. biggest beneficiary- Dept. of Defense c. increased minimum wage to $1.25,

extended unemployment benefits

4. Addressing Poverty Abroad a. Peace Corps- 1. 1968- 35,000 volunteers had

served in 60 nations b. Alliance for Progress:

4. Addressing Poverty Abroad a. Peace Corps- 1. 1968- 35,000 volunteers had

served in 60 nations b. Alliance for Progress:

1. Created to counter influence of Castro

5. Race to the Moona. April 12, 1961 Soviets launched 1st man in space- Yuri Gagarin

b. Feb. 20, 1962 John Glenn

1. Created to counter influence of Castro

5. Race to the Moona. April 12, 1961 Soviets launched 1st man in space- Yuri Gagarin

b. Feb. 20, 1962 John Glenn

c. July 20, 1969- Neil Armstrong 1st to walk on the moon

d. better education, scientific/technical developments, and new industries

c. July 20, 1969- Neil Armstrong 1st to walk on the moon

d. better education, scientific/technical developments, and new industries

lbj sworn inlbj sworn in

lbj sworn inlbj sworn in

lbj sworn inlbj sworn in

C. Tragedy in Dallas 1. 4 days in November a. In Dallas to mend ways with

Democratic party b. JFK, Jackie Kennedy, and Gov.

Connally and his wife. c. Nov. 22, 1963- President Kennedy

shot and killed

C. Tragedy in Dallas 1. 4 days in November a. In Dallas to mend ways with

Democratic party b. JFK, Jackie Kennedy, and Gov.

Connally and his wife. c. Nov. 22, 1963- President Kennedy

shot and killed

2. Lyndon B. Johnson sworn in hours later

3. Lee Harvey Oswald charged with assassination of JFK

4. Nov. 24, 1963 Oswald shot by Jack Ruby on national TV.

5. Nov. 25- National day of mourning as JFK laid to rest in Arlington Nat. Cemetery

2. Lyndon B. Johnson sworn in hours later

3. Lee Harvey Oswald charged with assassination of JFK

4. Nov. 24, 1963 Oswald shot by Jack Ruby on national TV.

5. Nov. 25- National day of mourning as JFK laid to rest in Arlington Nat. Cemetery

Lee Harvey Oswald, “the lone gunman”, killed JFK……..Oswald murdered by Jack Ruby two days after

JFK’s murder…..

Lee Harvey Oswald, “the lone gunman”, killed JFK……..Oswald murdered by Jack Ruby two days after

JFK’s murder…..

lbj sworn inlbj sworn in

assassination3assassination3

assassination1

assassination1

assassination3assassination3

6. Unanswered questions: a. a possible conspiracy? b. Warren Commission: ten month

investigation concluding Oswald acted alone.

1. 1979- Congressional investigation concluded Oswald probably involved in conspiracy w/ unknown people and possible that 2 people fired on Pres.

6. Unanswered questions: a. a possible conspiracy? b. Warren Commission: ten month

investigation concluding Oswald acted alone.

1. 1979- Congressional investigation concluded Oswald probably involved in conspiracy w/ unknown people and possible that 2 people fired on Pres.

III. The Great SocietyIII. The Great Society

A. LBJ’s Path to Power 1. From Texas Hills to Capital Hill a. 1937- House of Reps b. 1948- U.S. Senate 2. The Great Society- higher living standard;

equal opportunity; richer quality of lifeB. Johnson’s Domestic Agenda 1. July, 1964 passage of the Civil Rights Act of

1964- prohibited discrimination on basis of race, religion, origin, etc.

A. LBJ’s Path to Power 1. From Texas Hills to Capital Hill a. 1937- House of Reps b. 1948- U.S. Senate 2. The Great Society- higher living standard;

equal opportunity; richer quality of lifeB. Johnson’s Domestic Agenda 1. July, 1964 passage of the Civil Rights Act of

1964- prohibited discrimination on basis of race, religion, origin, etc.

2. The War on Poverty a. Economic Opportunity Act: $1B for

youth programs, antipoverty measures, job training, etc.

1. Job Corp 2. VISTA 3. Project Head Start

2. The War on Poverty a. Economic Opportunity Act: $1B for

youth programs, antipoverty measures, job training, etc.

1. Job Corp 2. VISTA 3. Project Head Start

C. Building the Great Society 1. Landmark legislation: a. Elementary and Secondary

Education Act of 1965- aid to public and parochial schools.

b. Medicare: hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for those 65 and up

C. Building the Great Society 1. Landmark legislation: a. Elementary and Secondary

Education Act of 1965- aid to public and parochial schools.

b. Medicare: hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for those 65 and up

Medicaid: extended health insurance to welfare recipients.

c. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

d. Immigration Act of 1965- 170,000 from Eastern Hemisphere; 120,000 from Western

1. No more than 20,000/country

Medicaid: extended health insurance to welfare recipients.

c. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

d. Immigration Act of 1965- 170,000 from Eastern Hemisphere; 120,000 from Western

1. No more than 20,000/country

e. Water Quality Act of 1965 and Silent Spring

- Rachel Carson and dangers of pesticides

f. Consumer Protection - Ralph Nader and “Unsafe At

Any Speed”

e. Water Quality Act of 1965 and Silent Spring

- Rachel Carson and dangers of pesticides

f. Consumer Protection - Ralph Nader and “Unsafe At

Any Speed”

E. Impact of the Great Society 1. No President in post WWII era

extended power/reach of federal gov’t. more than LBJ

a. new awareness of social problems b. poverty- 1962- 25%/ 1973- 11% 2. Growing deficit- tax cuts + Great

Society

E. Impact of the Great Society 1. No President in post WWII era

extended power/reach of federal gov’t. more than LBJ

a. new awareness of social problems b. poverty- 1962- 25%/ 1973- 11% 2. Growing deficit- tax cuts + Great

Society

3. Democratic backlash a. 1966-California 3. Democratic backlash a. 1966-California

Miranda v. Arizona Miranda v. Arizona

Gideon v. Wainwright

Mapp v. Ohio

Gideon v. Wainwright

Mapp v. Ohio