unit 8: impact of technology in information organizations 1

Unit 8: Impact of Technology in Information Organizations

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Agenda

• Information technology: systems, ILS, databases, etc.

• Digital libraries and digitization projects; Virtual spaces

• Emerging technologies and the impact of social media

• Open access movement

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IT foundations: Computers

• Computers everywhere – in library

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Computer Systems

• Hardware• Software

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5http://www.upgradenrepair.com/computerparts/computerparts.htm

Computer Architecture

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Operating System

• A program that controls the execution of application programs

• An interface between applications and hardware– E.g. Windows 8, Mac OS X, Linux 3.2

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Computer Software

• A collection of programs, instructions and data that tell a computer what to do and how to do it.

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There are different programming languages

• C• C++• Java• Python• etc.

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IT foundations: Computer Networks

http://www.functionx.com/networking/Lesson01.htm

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IT foundations: Client/Server Architecture

http://infomotions.com/musings/waves/media/client-server-illustration.gif

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Library Automation• A library automation system is a product that computerizes a

variety of library functions including the public catalog, circulation, cataloging, acquisitions, and serials. (Burke, 2001)

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Library Automation Vendors

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Discovery Layer Systems

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ILS Customers & Market Share(Andrews, 2007)

ILS Name Customers in 2005

2005 Market Share

Ex Libris Group Voyager & Aleph500 2248 33%

Innovative Interfaces Innopac & Millennium 1225 18%

SirsiDynix Horizon & Unicorn 3015 45%

VTLS Virtua 223 15%

OpenURL Link Resolver

Ex Libris Group Link Resolver plus & SFX 980 66%

Serials Solutions Article Linker 427 29%

SirsiDynix Horizon Link Resolver & Sirsi Resolver

83 6%

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ILS Customers & Market Share (cont.)(Andrews, 2007)

MetaSearch Products

Name Customers in 2005

2005 Market Share

Ex Libris Group MetaLib 583 16%

SirsiDynix Muse Global 106 3%

WebFeat WebFeat 2903 81%

Electronic Resource Management Products

Ex Libris Group Meridian & Verde 76 29%

Innovative Interfaces

ERM 180 68%

VTLS Verify 7 3%

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Web-Scale as a Term• Lorcan Dempsey (2007)

– Web-scale refers to how major web presences architect systems and services to scale as use grows. But it also seems evocative in a broader way of the general attributes of the large gravitational hubs which are such a feature of the current web

(http://orweblog.oclc.org/archives/001238.html)• Chris Anderson:

– The Web is all about scale, finding ways to attract the most users for centralized resources, spreading those costs over larger and larger audiences as the technology gets more and more capable.

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Design for Web Scale(Murray, 2011)

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Electronic Resources(Conger, 2004)

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• Electronic resources are

– electronic products

– technological tools

– freely available online resources

– that together contribute the delivery of information

• Narrowly defined, E-Resources are

– Packages of electronic content that libraries purchase from vendors, such as

• electronic journals

• online article databases

• electronic reference works

ERMs

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• A software module that

– assists the library in managing all the details related to its subscriptions to electronic content.

– focuses primarily on article content delivered in electronic journals and databases

– Enables librarians to be in the control of licensed third-party resources published electronically

• ERM Examples: Innovative Interfaces, Inc: ERM; Ex Libris: Verde; TDNet: Open ERAM; VTLS: VERIFY; EBSCO: EBSCONET

Content Management Systems

– software package – build a website– quickly and easily updated – non-technical staff members.

• The system can automatically pull the content out and show it on the appropriate pages based on rules you set up in advance.

idealware (December 2010) Comparing Open Source Content Management Systems: Wordpress, Joomla, Drupal and Plone, idealware Report, http://www.idealware.org/reports/2010-os-cms

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Examples of open source CMSs

• Wordpress 3.4.2 (www.wordpress.org)• Drupal 7.17 (www.drupal.org)• Plone 4.2.1 (www.plone.org)• Joomla 3.0 (www.joomla.org)

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Library websites built using

• Drupal– http://drupalib.interoperating.info/library_sites

• Plone– http://www.plone4lib.org/resources/libraries-usin

g-plone• Wordpress

– http://wp4lib.bluwiki.com/

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Open Source Software• The software’s source code is freely available for everyone to see and

change (as opposed the source code for MS Word, for example)• Created, distributed and maintained by a community of developers and

users.• The effectiveness of such a community must be an important

consideration for libraries and archives before they adopt an open source software

• Open Source = free?– As in free speech– As in free food– As in free pets

• An open source system certainly isn’t a cure-all; it may not even be the best option. But for many information centers, it can offer useful savings in time, money and resources.

idealware (December 2010) Comparing Open Source Content Management Systems: Wordpress, Joomla, Drupal and Plone, idealware Report, http://www.idealware.org/reports/2010-os-cms

- Idealware (2010, pp.8-9)

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Important Open Source links

• Open Source Initiative http://opensource.org/

• Open Source Software http://sourceforge.net/

• Open Source Alternatives to well-known software http://www.osalt.com/

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Agenda

• Information technology: systems, ILS, databases, etc.

• Digital libraries and digitization projects; Virtual spaces

• Emerging technologies and the impact of social media

• Open access movement

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What Are Digital Libraries?“… organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities …” –Digital Library Federation.

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DLs?Not

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DLs?Not

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DL?Yes

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Institutional DL directory

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Why DLs?

information items

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/legacy/

information item

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Who makes DLs?

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Related to DLs

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Collaborative digital spaces

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Agenda

• Information technology: systems, ILS, databases, etc.

• Digital libraries and digitization projects; Virtual spaces

• Emerging technologies and the impact of social media

• Open access movement

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Emerging Technologies• Definition: Technical innovations which

represent progressive developments within a field (wikipedia)

• Emerging technologies 2012 (Gartner, 2012)– Big data– 3D printing– activity streams– Internet TV– Near Field Communication (NFC) payment– cloud computing – media tablets

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Emergent Technologies Hyper Cycle (Gartner, 2012)

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Technology Horizon(New Media Consortium, 2012, NMC Horizon Report for Higher

Education)

Emergent Technologies in Libraries

• Discovery Layer Tools• Web scale library management system• Web 2.0 Tools• Screencasting & Web Conferencing Tools• Mobile Technology• Cloud Computing & Software as a Service

(SAAS)• Social Media & Libraries Using It Well

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Current Generation Expectations(source: http://libraries.idaho.gov/blogs/shirley-biladeau/next-generation-ils-monday-afternoon )

• Simplicity• Self-service• Immediate gratification• Single source for one category• Rich interactivity• User participation,

contribution, collaboration

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Key Context: Technologies in transition (Breeding, 2012, Presentation to Library Automation Systems class)

– XML / Web services / Service-oriented Architecture– Beyond Web 2.0

• Integration of social computing into core infrastructure

– Local computing shifting to cloud platforms• Application Service Provider offerings standard• New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-service

– Full spectrum of devices • full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile• Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of

device and interface cycles

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Impact of The Web

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Web 2.0 Tools: Twitter

• Twitter– Communicating with patrons– Posting library events– Communication with other libraries, local and

around the world– Gaining suggestions from community to improve

services and offerings

– Libraries on Twitter:• http://bit.ly/tweetinglibraries

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Web 2.0 Tools: Facebook• Fan page with latest library news• Contact info and hours• Publicize workshop and events• Have a presence where your patrons are spending

time online.David Lee King on Facebook:

“It’s easy to use social media’s most popular tool to connect with your community.”http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/features/05272011/facebook-libraries

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Libraries on Facebook

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Web 2.0 Tools: Flickr• Smithsonian Libraries

– http://www.flickr.com/photos/smithsonian • Library of Congress

– http://www.flickr.com/photos library_of_congress/ • Lansing Public Library

– http://www.flickr.com/photos/lansinglibrary/ • Library at Metropolitan Museum of Art

– http://www.flickr.com/photos/watsonlibrary

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Libraries on Flickr

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Screencasting Tools

• Use free tools to create instructional videos for patrons

• Post on library web site• Examples:

– Jing– VoiceThread– ScreenCastle– CamStudio– Many more!

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Pinterest

• Use this online, social media bulletin board to:– Announce library programming and services & connect

to related resources– Provide boards for library groups, including reading clubs

and advisory boards– Offer reading recommendation boards by genre,

audience, new materials, formats, and popular authors or themes

– Follow and share information with other libraries– Highlight staff and patron boards

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Web Tools: QR Codes• What is a QR code?

– Short for quick response code– 2-dimensional codes readable by a camera phone

with a QR reader app (most are free)– When scanned, sent to a URL, contact info, text,

video….the possibilities are endless!

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QR Resources• QR Code Generators:

– Kaywa - http://qrcode.kaywa.com/ – XZing - http://zxing.appspot.com/generator/ – BeeTagg - http://generator.beetagg.com/

• QR Reader Apps:– Kaywa - http://reader.kaywa.com/– BeeTagg - http://www.beetagg.com/ – QuickMark - http://www.quickmark.com.tw/

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Cloud Computing

• Free storage– DropBox– SkyDrive– Cubby

• TechSoup analyzes how libraries are affected:– http://www.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/what-is-

cloud-computing-and-how-will-it-affect-libraries

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21 Useful Cloud Computing Resources For Librarians:

http://oedb.org/blogs/ilibrarian/2011/21-useful-cloud-computing-resources-for-librarians/ 57

Software as a Service (SaaS)

• Software as a Service (SaaS) is a software distribution model in which applications are hosted by a vendor or service provider and made available to customers over a network, typically the Internet.

• Benefits include:– easier administration– automatic updates and patch management– compatibility: All users will have the same version of

software.– easier collaboration, for the same reason– global accessibility.

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Mobile Technology

Library Mobile Web Sites

Resources to Help Stay Current

• Horizon Report– http://www.nmc.org/horizon-project

• Educause– http://www.educause.edu/library/networking-and-

emerging-technologies• LITA Top Tech Trends

– http://www.ala.org/lita/professional/trends

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Agenda

• Information technology: systems, ILS, databases, etc.

• Digital libraries and digitization projects; Virtual spaces

• Emerging technologies and the impact of social media

• Open access movement

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What is Open Access?

http://vimeo.com/oavideoshttp://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/node/6595

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Open Access Movement overview and historyOpen Access Directory http://oad.simmons.eduTimeline http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Timeline

NIH Mandate (early 2008)

The Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) shall require that all investigators funded by the NIH submit or have submitted for them to the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed Central an electronic version of their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication, to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after the official date of publication: Provided, That the NIH shall implement the public access policy in a manner consistent with copyright law.

http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-08-033.html65

The Problem

CONSUMERSOF

RESEARCH

PUBLISHERS&

SCHOLARLYSOCIETIES

PRODUCERS OF RESEARCH

LIBRARIES

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The Consumers and Producers of Research

• Consumers: – Only a small portion of

all the research published each year can be read without either having a subscription or paying to view an individual article. (Willinsky, 2006)

– Developed versus Developing countries

Willinsky, J. (2006). "Why Open Access to Research and scholarship?" Commentary, The Journal of Neuroscience, Sep 6, 2006.67

• Producers: • Authors losing

copyright to publishers• No direct financial

benefit (of course, indirectly, through the promotion and tenure process)

• Reluctance to publish in Open Access journals for fear of quality

Libraries

• Goals of the library (role of the Internet) in tune with Open Access– “It wasn't until waves of immigration and the

philosophy of free public education for children that public libraries spread in the US.” (Krasner-Khait, 2001)

• Depleting Library Budgets

Krasner-Khait, B. (2001, Oct/Nov) Surviror: The History of the Library. History Magazine. http://www.history-magazine.com/libraries.html68

Journal cuts threaten research

• Rising journal prices (and increase in content)

+• Decreasing materials budget

• Status quo is unsustainable

Library cuts threaten research http://classic.the-scientist.com/news/print/57728/ 69

Publishers & Scholarly Societies

• Even if no one disputes the public good represented by the greater circulation of this knowledge:

– How can a journal be expected to offer free access to its content and remain financially viable?

– More than that, why would a scholarly society put subscription revenues at risk to further increase free access to its content? (Willinsky, 2006)

Willinsky, J. (2006). "Why Open Access to Research and scholarship?" Commentary, The Journal of Neuroscience, Sep 6, 2006.

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Tangible benefits of Open Access

• Open Access leads to a work being cited more often and more quickly (Hitchcock, 2006) – makes a greater contribution to research literature

• Improved levels of citation raise the impact factor of a journal (limited term benefit for publishers until OA becomes more prevalent)

• Open access opens doors to greater scrutiny, and thus strengthens the scientific claims of articles and overall quality of research literature (Willinsky, 2006)

Hitchcock S (2006) The effect of open access and downloads ("hits") on citation impact: a bibliography of studies. The Open Citation Project, University of Southampton http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html/.

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The Economics of Open Access• Nonetheless, open access is as much an

epistemological and ethical question, as it is an economic one. – The Society for Neuroscience has made back issues of The

Journal of Neuroscience , once they are 6 months old, freely accessible to on-line readers. (Heineman, 2006)

– Author payment model - used where substantial research funding is common (Morrison, 2004)

– Publishers and Scholarly societies need to experiment with different economic models

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Library as Publisher

• Libraries need to take the lead in

– Advocating open access (providing users with information they need at the core of library values) (Morrison, 2004)

• Open Access Directory at Simmons http://oad.simmons.edu/

– Helping set up and maintain institutional repositories

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Institutional Repositories & Resources • E-LIS (E-prints in Library and Information Science):

http://eprints.rclis.org/ • Digital Library of Information Science & Technology (DLIST)

http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/handle/10150/105067

• OpenDepot.org http://opendepot.org/• OpenAire http://www.openaire.eu/• Academia http://academia.edu/• Mendeley http://www.mendeley.com• Worldwide directory of open access repositories

http://www.opendoar.org/

• Directory of Open Access Journals http://www.doaj.org

• Publisher’s copyright and archiving policies (useful for authors to check before making individual publications available for open access) http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/

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