unit 5 stowage

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UNIT 5

STOWAGE

Stowage is the properdistribution and securing of cargoin a vessel so as to avoiddamage to either cargo or vessel

by the shifting of cargo.

The holds of modern vessels areconstructed of steel and have

slippery surfaces on which thecargo can slide.

Pitching, yawing and rolling may

cause cargo shifting in the holdsor containers.

Cargo shift

SECURING CARGO

Cargo should be secured by

lashing

cushioning

dunnage.

Securing of cargo is done bymeans of chains, webbingstraps, steel wire rope and

some other devices

Lashing is used for securingthe solid items.

Lashing depends on weight

and type of cargo.

Lashed pipes

Dunnage and timber prevent the

cargo from moving.

Timber is usually placed underand between the cargo to

prevent this.

Cargo can be unitized, palletizedor packaged in various types forefficient stowing.

Secured steel coils

Heavy items, machinery and

cargo not uniform in shape ordimension should be crated,boxed to permit ease of handling and stowage.

Crates of uniform size and weightshould be stacked directly one atopanother.

Groups of crates are separated withdifferent weights or dimensions byuse of partitions and dividers.

Bags, sacks, bales and drums areseparated from other cargo by usingpartitions

UNITIZING

One of the most commonmethods of stowing cargo is

stacking crates, boxes, andbales on wood or metalplatforms known as pallets

Palletized drums

pallet

Pallets are moved onto or off by

forklift trucks, cranes, or variouskinds of conveyors designed totransport pallets.

Cargo can also be stuffed into

large, uniform-size metalcontainers.

Containers can easily be loaded

aboard a ship either by largecranes or ramps.

STOWING GRAIN

Stowing grain needs a great carebecause of swelling and free surfaceeffect.

Grain is secured by shiftingboards, feeders, trunks ortopping off with bagged

grain tightly stowed.

Grain emits odour ormoisture; therefore it is not

stowed with odorous or wetcargo.

Cargo subject to leakage orspillage should not be stowedon top of other cargo.

DANGEROUS CARGO

Dangerous cargoes are

combustibles,

explosives,

flammable liquids and solids,

gaseous materials,

radioactive materials,

magnetized materials,

corrosives, poisonous goods,

oxidizers,

infectious substances.

Dangerous goods should be

stowed safely andappropriately in accordancewith the nature of goods.

The necessary precautionsshould be taken against potentialrisks such as fire or explosion

Packages containing dangerousgoods should be marked or

provided with distinctive labels orplacards.

PACKAGES

The following are the more commonpackages for goods:

Bag :Made of paper, linen, canvas orrubber.

Bale :Package of soft goods like cotton,wool.

Barrel :Cask of medium size (36 gallons)

Can :Small metal container

Carboy :Large glass container forchemicals

Carton :Cardboard box.

carboy

Boxes in warehouse

Drum :Cylindrical metal container forcarrying liquid,chemicals

Hogshead:Large cask(63-140 gallons) Keg :Small cask(10 gallons) Sack :Bag made of plastic or jute

hogshead

MARKING

There are three principal types of marking packages:

The consignee’s own distinctive mark.

An official mark required byauthorities.

Warnings.

1-What may cause cargo shifting?

2-How can heavy items andmachinery be stowed?

3-How is cargo secured?

4-Can you give some examples of dangerous cargo?

5-What are the common packagesfor liquid cargo?

SOME WORDS

Consign (v) - To send to anaddress, to hand overConsignee (n) - The person to

whom the cargo is consigned

Goods (n) - Movable properties of commerce, commodities

Moisture (n) - Humidity, wetness

Secure (v) - To make certain of

Stack (v) - To place one thing

on top of another in a pile Swell (v) - To increase in size,

volume or intensity, expand

1- Cargo shifting is not causedby:

a. pitching

b. swelling c. rolling

d. cushioning e. yawing

1- Cargo shifting is not causedby:

d. cushioning

2-‘strap,dunnage, chain, rope,wire’ are materials for:

a. refrigeration

b. securing cargo c. cushioning

d. chocking e. shifting

2-‘strap,dunnage, chain, rope,wire’ are materials for:

b. securing cargo

3-Which can be done forefficient stowing?

a. unitizing cargo by pallets

b. lashing

c. cushioning

d. chocking with dunnage

e. all

3-Which can be done forefficient stowing?

e. all

4- What needs lashing duringtransportation?

a. cement

b. ore c. machinery equipment

d. asphalte. fertilizer

4- What needs lashing duringtransportation?

c. machinery equipment

5-Which is a cylindricalcontainer made of metal?

a. cask

b. drum

c. hogshead

d. keg

e. case

5-Which is a cylindricalcontainer made of metal?

b. drum

6-Which statement is not trueregarding grain?

a. Grain isn’t stowed near wet cargo.

b. Grain can swell in hold.

c. Grain can be secured by shiftingboards.

d. Grain needs lashing while stowing.

e. Grain can emit odour

6-Which statement is not trueregarding grain?

d. Grain needs lashing while stowing.

hi h b d d

7-Which cannot be regarded ashazardous cargo?

a. poisonous goods

b. explosives c. combustible materials

d. infectious substances e. fluid cargo

7 Whi h b d d

7-Which cannot be regarded ashazardous cargo?

e. fluid cargo

8 Whi h i th bi t ?

8-Which is the biggest one?

a. keg

b. cask

c. hogshead

d. barrel

e. can

8 Whi h i th bi t ?

8-Which is the biggest one?

c. hogshead

9-Which is used to carry liquid?

a. crate

b. case

c. sack

d. carboy

e. bale

9-Which is used to carry liquid?

d. carboy

unit 5 stowage

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