unit 2 energy transformation shani hall energy in an ecosystem primary energy source is the sun
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Unit 2 Energy TransformationUnit 2 Energy Transformation
Shani Hall Shani Hall
Energy in an Ecosystem
• Primary energy source is the sun
Energy in an Ecosystem
• Producers-organism that use sun’s energy to make their own food (plants)
Energy in an ecosystem
• Consumers-organisms that eat other organisms
Types of Consumers
• Herbivores: consumers that eat only plants
Types of Consumers
• Carnivores: eat only animals (meat-eaters)
Types of Consumers
• Omnivore: organisms that eat both plants and animals
Types of Consumers
• Scavengers-animals that feed on dead animals
Types of Consumers
• Decomposer-break down waste and return nutrients back to the earth
Food Chain
• Is a way of showing how the energy from food moves through populations of organisms.
Food chains
• Arrows show -– Show direction
that food and energy move along the chain.
• Start with producers (plants)-
Food Chain • Producers(plant)primary
consumers(grasshopper)secondary consumer (mouse)-tertiary consumer (cat)
• Organisms do not survive without the survival of other species
• Build the food chain!
Food Web
• Show how several food chains are related
Energy Loss
• During energy transfer energy is lost in the environment as heat.– All life processes require energy
(grow, search for food, and reproduce)-energy is being used by organisms
– can not be replaced once it is lost
Energy Pyramid (Draw)
1. 10% of the energy is transferred to the next level.2. Loss of energy limits the number of consumers. a. there are less consumers than producers
Food Chain Bubble Map• LC-1. five words that relate to food
chains and two pictures• JR-three words, three pictures and one
phrase• MC-two words, four pictures and one
phrase• All Groups: Explain the key
components of a food chain (3-5 sentences)
Relationship between Organisms
• Resources are limited in an ecosystem– Animals sharing a habitat struggle for
resources: food, shelter, water and territory
Competition
• Struggle among organisms for resources in an ecosystem.– Animals that are better adapted to
conditions in the habitat are more likely to survive and reproduce
Predation
• A relationship in which an organisms kills and eats another organisms.– Predator-organisms that is doing the
eating– Prey-organisms that is being eaten
Predation
Predation
Symbiosis
• Is a close relationship between two organisms from different species that may help or harm the organisms.
• Example:Dodo Bird gets food and protection by riding on the rhino’s back
Learning Assignment
• LC-Divide paper into three and define: predator, prey, and competition (definition, drawing and sentence)
• JR-Divide paper into four and define the following terms: predator, prey, competition, and symbiosis (definition, drawing and sentence)
• MC-Double Bubble-Predator vs. Prey• A. draw your similarities• B. Write your differencesAll groups: How do predators depend up prey?
(2-3 sentences)
Photosynthesis
• Green plants are autotrophs (make their own food in their leaves)
• Leaves are known as “ food factories” – Site of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
• Food making process in plants that uses sunlight. – Food that plants make is sucrose
(sugar)
Photosynthesis Equation
ProductsReactants
Takes place in the chloroplast that contains the pigment (chlorophyll) that reflects green.
Absorbed from atmosphere
Given off into atmosphere
Importance of Photosynthesis
• Two Reasons:– 1. The oxygen in the air comes
from photosynthesis. •plants continue to replenish the
oxygen in the air.
– 2. All of our food comes directly or indirectly from photosynthesis.
Heterotrophs
• Heterotrophs– Get energy from food instead of
directly from sunlight
Energy and Living Things• Energy is the ability to do work or cause
change. • Examples of Work
– Growing– Sleeping– Running – Healing
• Source of energy for all organisms is food. • Without energy life can not exist
Cellular Respiration• Cellular respiration-similar to burning fuel
– Breaking down food to produce energy (ATP)– Takes place in the mitochondria– Opposite of photosynthesis
• Equation:– Oxygen + food-water + energy + carbon
dioxide– Occurs in both plants and animals
Absorbed by plants
Importance of Cellular Respiration
• Removes the energy from food so that it can be used to do work.
Learning Experience• LC-Divide paper into four and define:
photosynthesis, cellular respiration, autotrophs, and heterotrophs.
• JR-Two paragraph letter from the leaf to the sun explaining why the sun is important to you.
• MC-Divide paper into four and draw a photosynthesis cartoon. Each part of cartoon should have a caption. You must include: a plant, sunlight, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and food (sugar) as a part of your cartoon.
Properties of Water
• Water is important in an ecosystem and to the life.– 70% of the body is
made up of water– 70% of the world is
covered with water
• Therefore life can not exist without water.
Properties of Water
• 1. Water Stores Heat Efficiently– Making it a good source of energy
Properties of Water
• 2. Water Bonds to itself and other substances
Properties of Water
• 3. Cohesion-sticking to other surfaces
Properties of Water
• 4.Capillary Action-pressure that pulls water upward
Properties of Water• 5. Turgor Pressure: pressure exerted on the
cell wall of a plant when the vacuole is filled with water.– Causes the plant to stand upright or wilt
with there is a lack of turgor pressure.
Water Properties
• 6. Water Dissolves other substances (universal solvent)
Learning Experience• Imagine that one day you woke up
and all of the water in the world is gone. Write a four paragraph story on the right side of the notebook that describes what happened the morning that you woke up and there was no water. Give your story a title:
Water CycleWater Cycle• Water never leaves the Earth. Water never leaves the Earth.
– It is constantly being cycled through It is constantly being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and land the atmosphere, ocean, and land (water cycle). (water cycle).
– driven by energy from the sun. driven by energy from the sun. • The water cycle is important to life on The water cycle is important to life on
earth. earth.
Carbon Cycle
• Living things are made up of organic compounds– Contain Carbon
• Carbon that is found in atmosphere is CO2(carbon dioxide)
Carbon Cycle
• Process by which carbon is recycled– Repeated movement of carbon
between Earth’s atmosphere and living things.
Carbon Cycle• Photosynthesis and cellular
respiration are the main parts of the carbon cycle.
• Producers use carbon dioxide to make food in photosynthesis.
Carbon Cycle
• Carbon dioxide is returned back to the atmosphere when food is used to make energy in cellular respiration.
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Cycle
• Carbon dioxide is transferred through the food chain as consumers eat other organisms.
Carbon Cycle
• Decomposers break down dead material to return carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
Nitrogen in the Air
• Organisms need nitrogen to build proteins-(needed to build and repair cells)
• Atmosphere is 78% nitrogen gas– Most organisms unable to use form
found in atmosphere
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
• Transform nitrogen into a usable compound.– Live in the roots of legume plants
Nitrogen Cycle
• Using and reusing nitrogen in an ecosystem
Read the Passage: Activating Learning
• When you lie down for the night, you probably think that your body is completely at rest. In fact, you will still be digesting food you ate that day, the scrape on your elbow will be healing, and your muscles and bones will be growing and developing. All of the things that are happening inside your body are the result of chemical reactions.
• Why is the body like a 24-hour reaction factory?
Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Reactions allow living things to grow, develop, reproduce and adapt.
Enzymes: Chemical Reactions
• Biochemical reactions must occur at a certain rate in order to sustain life. (growth, repair and reproduction)
Enzymes• Function: To speed up slow
reactions that take place in the body.
Enzymes• Enzymes: organic catalyst that control
the rate of chemical reactions within cells by speeding them up.– Reduce activation energy-energy
needed to start reaction– Proteins– Without chemical reactions would occur to
slowly to sustain life.
– Important to life
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• Enzymes work by providing a site for reactants (substrate) to come together to react.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• Active site: substrate and enzyme bind together and products are released.– Shape of substrate and enzyme or
complementary in shape (lock and key)
– Enzyme is unchanged and can be used over and over again.
Enzymes Animation
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html
Learning Experience1. LC-Define: enzyme, activation energy, catalyst and
active site.1. Definition, drawing, and sentence using the key
term.2. Answer Question: Why are enzymes important?
2. JR-Bubble Map-four pictures and three words. Explain in three sentences why enzymes are important.
3. MC-Come up with two objects. One will represent the substrate and the other will represent the enzyme.
1. Illustrate what happens when both the enzyme and substrate come into contact with each other.
2. Label which object is the substrate and which is the enzyme.
3. Explain why enzymes are important (3 sentences)
RAFT
• Role: Chemical Reaction• Audience: Enzyme• Format: Invitation• Topic: You are inviting the enzyme to the
chemical reaction party. Please explain the following in two-three paragraphs: the location, time, the event and why the enzyme has been invited to the party.
• Draw picture of the party on left side page.
What do these words mean?
MacromoleculeLarge Molecule that is formed by Large Molecule that is formed by joining together smaller organic joining together smaller organic molecules.molecules.
CARBOHYDRATES
Main source of energy in the body.
They are our fuel!
Provide structural support in the cell wall in plants. (Keep the cell from being a mushy mess)
Broken down into simple sugar known as glucose.
EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES
•Fruits, vegetables, cookies, Fruits, vegetables, cookies, breads, pasta and cakesbreads, pasta and cakes
Lipids (Fats)
• Not soluble in water (WILL NOT DISSOLVE)– store energy (Insulation for animals)– Important part of the structure and
function of cell membrane (controls what moves in and out of cell)
LIPIDS
Proteins
• Amino acids (building blocks) joined together to make proteins– Promote chemical reactions-enzyme
(remember function speed up chemical reaction)
Proteins
• HELP CELL TO BUILD NEW CELL PARTS
• Antibodies-help fight off infections
• Help muscle to contract (Make body movement possible)
Sources of Protein
• eggs, milk, fish, poultry, and meat
Nucleic Acid
• Nucleotides (building blocks) join together to create nucleic acids– 2 Types: DNA and RNA
• Stores and transmits hereditary information
• DNA-MAP OF INDIVIDUAL
• Play a role in the manufacture of proteins that express our traits (eye color, hair color and height)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Importance of Macromolecules
• Cells could not function without macromolecules
• Life would not exist without macromolecules
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4
macromolecules can be found in foods.
The 3 biochemical molecules
found on a nutrition label are:1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
(13 grams in this product)
(9 grams in this product)
Left-side Assignment
• Brace Map• Draw a picture and write a
description of each macromolecule• Explain why macromolecules are
important?
Catalog the Macromolecules
• Use 8 ½ by 11 sheets of paper to complete the following assignment that is due on Thursday.
• Remember you are advertising the macromolecules so be creative and use lots of color.
Cataloging Macromolecules (pp.34-41)
• Title Page ( Title (Be creative), name, date, period, and picture)
• Each Macromolecule page should have the following information– Name (Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic
Acid)– Picture that reflects the macromolecules (creative)– Price– Reason why the cell should purchase these items
(Function: what does the molecule do for the cell)
• Staple all together at the end.
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