unit 10- the cold war and the 1950’s. cold war learning targets one minute cold war write 1. get...
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Cold War Learning Targets
One minute Cold War Write
1. Get smarter about the Cold War2. How does it shape our modern world?*
Guided Questions for the Cold War
1. Why do the USSR and the U.S. become enemies? (Causes)
2. Why the name?3. How is the war fought?4. What are Americas’ policies and tactics to
fighting the Cold War?5. How does the Cold War impact the U.S.?6. What key events happened during the Cold War?7. How long does the Cold War last? Why does it
end?8. How does it shape our modern world?*
Cold War Basics
The Cold War is a international conflict between the USSR and USA (and their allies) over world domination. The Cold War lasts from 1945 to 1991. The Cold War gets it’s name from their never being a direct conflict between the USSR and the USA (WWIII)
Turning Point at Yalta
Big 3:◦ Churchill◦ FDR◦ Stalin
Post WWII worldChurchill- British
EmpireStalin- Protect their
boarders, RebuildFDR- Spread
democracy and Free Trade
The Big 3 Agreement
Stalin would join in the war in the Pacific= territories in Asia
Stalin support UNEach nation would
control parts of Germany
Why do the USSR and the U.S. become enemies? (Causes)
U.S. and Soviet left WWII as superpowersDeep mistrustSoviet Union:
◦ Mad about G.B. and U.S. support during Russian revolution ◦ Mad about Allies support in WWII◦ Thought the U.S. wanted a weaker Russia-Refused to loan
recognize until early 1930s, no post war $U.S.:
◦ Feared communism(worldwide revolution)◦ Soviet Union had many treaties w/ Germany(WWI,Poland)◦ Soviet’s want control over Eastern Europe and more◦ Distrust of Stalin
Two Views of the world
Soviet America
Communism-State owned industry
DictatorshipNo Freedom of the
PressAtheist
Capitalism- Free market
Democratic RepublicLeaders wanted
Democratic future open to business expansion & free trade
Largely religious
An Iron Curtain Falls- Controlling Eastern Europe
Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary, and Czech.
Stalin control as long as they held free elections = Democracy
Stalin set up communist government
Truman Comes to power
April 13, 1945 Truman got little
information from FDR about the Yalta Conference
Big Three met to set up the International peacekeeping organization(UN)
Meeting at Potsdam July1945
Truman demanded to know why Soviet had did not have free elections in Poland
Truman and Stalin met for the 1st timeTruman learned about the Atomic BombCalled the Russians out Leave with mutual distrust
U.S. Strategy: The Idea of Containment
Containment- Restrictions of communism to its current borders
George Kennan Truman’s Foreign
Policy and goal throughout Cold War
Domino Theory
Cold War is Declared
Cold War- U.S. vs. Soviet conflict in which the two powers would avoid fighting each other directly but would block each other’s goals around the world
The Truman Doctrine 1947
Truman Doctrine- U.S. must help all free people
Gave $400 million in military and economic aid to support Greek and Turkey
National Security Act 1947
Create the Department of DefenseCIA is createdNational Security Council is createdClassified documents in the interest of
national securityNational Security Agency is created in
1952
Marshall Plan 1948
Secretary of State- George MarshallA plan for help Europe rebuildSpending 12 billion of $ to help put
Europe, To qualify, nations must spend money on
American GoodsWestern Europe increased their output by
64%Tensions between U.S. and Soviet grow
Berlin Crisis 1948
U.S. = Strong Germany to promote recovery in Western Europe
Soviet = Weak Germany to protect borders
U.S., France, & GB laid out a plan for Germany, it did not include a Soviet currency
Soviet set up their currency in Berlin
Berlin Crisis 1948-1949
Soviet’s Blocked highways and railroads crossing into West Berlin
2 million West Berliners found themselves sealed off from the outside world
Stalin thought Allies would give them Berlin
To avoid WWIII Truman orders an Airlift
Berlin Backfire
11 months American and Britain pilots flew supplies to West Berlin around the clock
World opinion Turned on StalinStalin lifted the Blockade
NATO and Warsaw Pact
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)1949- U.S., Canada, 10 European nations formed NATO to give economic and military support to remain free, attack on one, an attack on all(WWI lessons?)
Warsaw Pact -1954- A Soviet-Eastern Europe alliance planted across the Iron Curtain(similar to NATO)
Civil War in China
Nationalist Communist
Jiang JieshU.S. Supported
Mao Zedong Soviet supported
• Fighting since WWI • Nationalists had control of China• Did not really take care of the Peasants•WWII•Mao’s Forces took care of peasants by the end of WWII•China falls in 1949-America panics
The Soviets get the bomb
In August 1949, much to the American’s surprise the Soviets detonate their first atom bomb
The Soviets are aided by spies, such as Klaus Fuchs within the Manhattan Project.
NSC-68-The Arms Race Begins
Arms Race- Subsequent competition between the U.S. and the Soviet for greater military strength.
$13 billion in defense budget
M.A.D.-Mutual Assured Destruction
Raise taxes to pay for it- public opinion…..
Then Korea happened
Hot War Flares in Korea
Korea owned by Japan since 1910Divided at the 38th Parallel lineCommunist North and Pro-western Gov.
South= each wanted to unite each otherJune 25, 1950 90,000 N Korean Troops
overran S. Korea
Korean War 1950-1953-Truman Responds
Saw it as a test of containment Sought U.N. to help, bypassed
Congress North Korea surprise attack!
June 1950 Scorched Earth Policy-
Campaign that destroyed thousands of villages and a huge # of civilian deaths
General MacArthur lands at Inchon, pinned N. Korea @ China’s borders, goes too far
Chinese joined forces for N. Korea, and drives U.N. back South to the 38th
War is in a Stalemate late 1951-1953
Truman Fires MacArthur
Attack China using Nuclear Force
Truman, “we are trying to prevent war, not start one.”
MacArthur publicly criticized Truman Policy of ‘limited war’
Truman Fired HimSouth and North
made peace 2 years later
The Korean War’s Impact
Fighting ended in 1953-38th parallelNorth still communist/ South still pro-westClamed 2 million civilian livesAmericans support of huge military build up-
Congress spent 22.3 billion in 1951- 50.4 billion in 1954
American Army of 3.5 million people1954-SEATO- Similar NATO agreement with
South Korea, Japan, Australia, Philippines, TaiwanPeace? 74 years later
Red Scare- A Nation Gripped by Fear
Two major threats during this time period:◦Nuclear Attack◦Communist take over of the U.S.
Truman passes the Federal Employee loyalty program
Era is marked by accusations of suspected Communists everywhere
House Un-American Activities Committee(HUAC) investigates supposed Communists
Many are fired and blacklisted, oaths of loyalty-’Hollywood Ten”
Joseph McCarthy- McCarthyism
Said communists were taking over gov’t
Said he had a list of 205 known communists working in the State Department= Fear!!!!
No evidence but people listened to him
After accusing Army he was humiliated
McCarthyism- intimidation and often unfounded accusations in the name of fighting communism.
Catching Spies
1. Klaus Fuchs- Helped on Manhattan Project then sold information to Soviets, 15 yrs. deported
2. Alger Hiss- Accused of spying for Soviets by Whittaker Chambers; claimed innocence, convicted
3. Joel and Ethel Rosenberg's- Executed for spying for Soviets
Project Verona-An American/ British spy operation cracked the Soviet code, not declassified until 1990’s-proves guilt of Rosenberg’s
Living with Fear
Federal Civilian Defense Administration (FCDA)- Flooded the country side with info. on how to survive a nuclear war if they were prepared
Duck and CoverFallout shelters
Assignment
Read 17.3.-17.4 pages 576-583 and 587-593 for the tomorrow
Case Study: ‘The Hollywood Ten’ 1-3, pages 648-651
Eisenhower 1953-61
RepublicanSigned a peace
treaty between North and South Korea
Used threat of Nuclear attack
‘More bang for your buck’ Nuke attitude
1,000-53’ to 18,000 in 61’
Eisenhower 1953-61
Eisenhower’s New Policy- Mutual Assured Destruction or M.A.D.
Believed this would force communist to think twice before attacking
Brinkmanship- the art of never backing down from a crisis, even if it meant pushing the nation to the brink of war
Favored covert action (CIA), U2 Spy PlaneEisenhower expands aid to Middle Eastern
countries resisting Communism
CIA Joins the Fight
Central Intelligence Agency- Spied and conducted covert operations, undercover missions of all kinds
OSS of WWII, National Security Act of 1947
Operates free of Congressional oversight, budget less
CIA and Iran
Iran= oil=$$$$$Gov’t = Monarch (Shah) and 2 house
parliamentIran hated Britain owned Anglo-Persian Oil
Company- Controlled Iran's OilWanted to take control of their own oil, but
needed a leaderDr. Mohammad Mossadeg- created a bill
authorizing nationalization of oil fields- Declaring them property of Iran
British refused and shut down refineriesIran’s economy was on the brink of bankruptcy
CIA and IRAN
1954-CIA Organized a military and public support group for Shah
Shah’s supporter fought w/ Mossadeg’s Shah wonA group of Western oil companies was able to
sign an agreement to buy and sell Iranian oil and share the profit with Shah
Planted the seed of Iranian hatred of the U.S.Led to eventual Iranian Revolution in 1979CIA TODAY- $50+ billion dollar budget
War in Egypt- Eisenhower loses the Canal
1953 Egypt declared itself independent Leaders demanded the Suez Cannel- British75% of Western European oil imports were
shipped through the cannelEgypt made Arms deal with SovietBritain, France, and Israel invadedU.S. did not support them
Eisenhower Doctrine
Opened the Middle East to the Soviets
Eisenhower Doctrine promised aid and military to Pro-Western governments in the region
Eisenhower 1953-61: Key Events
1953- Stalin dies, Korean War ends1954- McCarthy witch-hunts end1955- CIA develops the U2 Spy Plane at
Area 511957- Sputnik is launched, “missile-gap”
reportNASA and NDEA are launched1960- U2 pilot Gary Powers is shot down
over the Soviet Union-crisis, more distrust
Sputnik Fires the Space Race
USSR were the 1st to successfully create an intercontinental missile
Sputnik- Satellite in to orbit around the world
U.S. feared they were behind Russia(missile-gap)
Gov’t spending increased◦ Education◦ Science programs◦ Nation Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
Kennedy- 1961-1963
Height of the Cold WarAlliance for Progress-Aid to Latin AmericaPeace Corps to promote American valuesBerlin Wall is built in 1961Failed Bay of Pigs invasion 1961Challenges America to go to the moonOct-1962-Cuban Missile Crisis-Near Nuclea
r WarIncreases the number of military advisors
to South Vietnam
Latin America
U.S. Companies controlled $7 billion in oil, mineral, and agriculture
Big profit for U.S. = little money for locals
Cuba
1950’s U.S. companies had control of Cuba90% of Cuba’s mines, ranches, oil, half of its
sugar crops, and 3 million acres of its land belonged to Americans
Most Cuban’s lived in Poverty
Castro to Power
1952 Batista became dictator◦ Friendly to U.S.◦ Did nothing for his people
1959 Fidel Castro led a group that overthrew Batista
Demanded control of American properties
U.S. refused to discuss the matter
Castro went to Soviet for economic help
He then seized all American Businesses
CIA and CUBA
Plan developed to use Cuban exiles to secretly invade Cuba and overthrow Castro
JFK became President and approved the plan
Bay of Pigs
April 1961, 1500 Cuban exiles landed at Bay of Pigs
Air Strike wasn’t launched
Landed in wrong spot
All were capturedHuge Humiliation for
JFK
Brink of War
Operating Mongoose- Interrupted Cuban trade, ordered more raids by exiles, and even plotted Castro’s assassination
Castro was not happy about this
Soviet installed nuclear missiles and bombers near capital city of Cuba
U.S. Responds
U.S. Blocks Cuba’s shipping lanes and talked to Soviet
Russia agreed to remove missile if U.S. did not attack Cuba
They also wanted U.S. to remove missiles from Turkey
That did not happenJFK “Get those missiles out of Cuba or we will do it for you!”
After the Crisis
Both accepted each others power and admitted importance of negotiation(direct line put in for communication)
Did not stop the Arms RaceU.S. continued to stock pile weapons1963-Agree to test nuclear weapons
underground over concerns of fallout
CIA Secret Experiments
Project MKUltra- behavioral engineering or mind control program 1953-1973
Many illegal and immoral practicesHeaded by Sidney GottliebVideo QuestionsDescribe some the of ways the CIA attempts to
develop ‘mind control’.What is a ‘Manchurian Candidate”? Who do some
conspiracy theorist believe was one?What happened to Frank Olson?Summarize what you learned from the video?
LBJ and The Cold War
Continues containment and belief in Domino Theory
Vietnam Anti-war movement“Hey, hey, LBJ, how
many kids did you kill today?”
Turns many Americans against the gov’t, war, Cold War, our system
Nixon and The Cold War
Anti-CommunistVietnam –illegal
bombing of Cambodia
Détente- Thawing of relationship
Visits China-opens trade
SALT I with Soviets- first attempt to limit nuclear arsenals
1969-1974
Ford and The Cold War
Replaces Nixon after Watergate Scandal
Saigon falls to the Communist
Cambodia is taken over by the Khmer Rouge( brutal communist regime)
Carter and the Cold War
Against covert government overthrow
Begins funding the “Freedom fighters” in Afghanistan “Mujaheddin” after Soviet invasion
Iran Hostage Crisis- overthrow American Embassy, hold hostages(90) for 444 days
Communist take over of Nicaragua
Boycotts 1980 Olympics 1977-1981
Reagan and The Cold War
Views Soviets as an Evil Empire
Funds anti-communist in Nicaragua (Iran Contra Scandal)
Supports Saddam in Iraq, Freedom fighters in Afghanistan
Invades Grenada SDI-”Star Wars”, Stealth
tech. Greatly increases
defense budget
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