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Personality
Unit 10
Chapter 13
AP Psychology ~ Ms. Justice
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The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud
The Humanistic Perspective
Maslow & Rogers
The Trait Perspective
The Social Cognitive Perspective
Exploring the Self
BIG IDEAS
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Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Each dwarf has a distinct personality.
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1: What was Freud’s view of personality and
its development?
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
= ?Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
Is he Psychology’s Elvis?
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud developed the first comprehensive theory of
personality, which included the unconscious
mind, psychosexual stages, and defense
mechanisms.
In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from nervous disorders.
Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes.
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Exploring the Unconscious
Freud said the unconscious mind is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and
memories.
He asked patients to engage in free association – to say whatever came to their minds in order to tap the
unconscious.
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Dream Analysis
Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest (the remembered storyline) and latent (hidden)
contents of dreams.
The Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791)
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Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is the retrieval and release of painful, embarrassing unconscious memories
through free association and dream analysis.
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Model of Mind
The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious stores temporary
memories.
Figure 13.1
p. 555
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Personality Structure
Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses
and social restraints.
Figure 13.1
p. 555
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Id, Ego and Superego
The id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the
pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
The ego functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego.
The superego provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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Personality Development
Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life is divided into psychosexual stages. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous zones.
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Psychosexual Stages
Freud divided the development of personality into five psychosexual stages.
Table 13.1, p. 556
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Oedipus Complex
A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred
for the rival father.
A girl’s desire for her father is called the Electra complex.
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Identification
According to Freud, children cope with
threatening feelings by repressing them and by
identifying with the rival parent.
Through this process of identification, their
superego gains strength that incorporates their
parents’ values.
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2: How did Freud think people defended
themselves against anxiety?
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Defense Mechanisms
The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
1. Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
2. Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage.
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Defense Mechanisms
3. Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex.
4. Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
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Defense Mechanisms
5. Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
6. Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
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The Only Known
Recording of Freud’s
Voice“I started my professional activity
as a neurologist trying to bring
relief to my neurotic patients.
Under the influence of an older friend and by my own efforts, I
discovered some important and new facts about the unconscious in
psychic life, the role of instinctual urges and so on. Out of these
findings grew a new science, Psycho-Analysis, a part of psychology
and a new method of treatment of the neuroses. I had to pay heavily
for this bit of good luck. People did not believe in my facts and
thought my theories unsavory. Resistance was strong and
unrelenting. In the end I succeeded in acquiring pupils and building
up an International Psycho-Analytic Association. But this struggle is
not yet over. Sigmund Freud.”
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3: Which of Freud’s ideas did his followers
accept or reject?
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The Neo-Freudians
Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood
tensions. However, these tensions were social in
nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an
inferiority complex during growth and
strives for superiority and power. Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Natio
nal L
ibrary
of M
edicin
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The Neo-Freudians
Like Adler, Karen Horney believed in the social aspects of childhood
growth and development.
She countered Freud’s assumption that women
have weak superegos and suffer from “penis envy.”
Karen Horney (1885-1952)[HORN-eye]
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The Neo-Freudians
Jung believed in the collective unconscious,
which contained a common reservoir of
images derived from our species’ past.
This is why many cultures share certain
myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance.
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
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4: What are projective tests, and how are they
used?
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Assessing Unconscious Processes
A projective test is a psychological instrumentintended to reveal the hidden unconscious mind.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the
stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
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Thematic Apperception Test Video
Thematic Apperception Test Slideshow.flv
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test; uses a set of 10 inkblots and was designed by Hermann Rorschach.
It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
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Rorschach Inkblot Test Video
Rorschach Inkblot Test (Project for Forensic Psychology).flv
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Projective Tests: Criticisms
1. When evaluating the same patient, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (lack of reliability -consistency of results).
2. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (lack of validity -predicting what it is supposed to).
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5: How do contemporary psychologists view Freud and
the unconscious?
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Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
1. Personality develops throughout life and is not
fixed in childhood.
2. Peer influence on the individual may be as
powerful as parental influence.
3. Gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of
age.
Modern Research tell us…
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Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
4. There may be other reasons for dreams besides
wish fulfillment.
5. Sexual inhibition has decreased, but psychological
disorders have not.
Modern Research tells us…
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Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
6. The majority of children who experience trauma,
death camp survivors, and battle-scarred veterans
are unable to repress painful experiences
into their unconscious mind.
Modern Research tells us…
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The Modern Unconscious Mind (p. 562)
Modern research shows the existence of non-
conscious information processing. This involves:
1. schemas that automatically control perceptions and
interpretations
2. the right-hemisphere activity that enables the split-
brain patient’s left hand to carry out an instruction the
patient cannot verbalize
3. parallel processing during vision and thinking
4. implicit memories
5. emotions that activate instantly without consciousness
6. self-concept and stereotypes that unconsciously
influence us
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6: How did humanist psychologists view
personality, and what was their goal in studying
personality?
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Humanistic Perspective
By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with Freud’s negativity and the mechanistic
psychology of the behaviorists.
Abraham Maslow(1908-1970)
Carl Rogers(1902-1987)
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Self-Actualizing Person
Maslow proposed that we as individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the
state of self-actualization—fulfilling our potential.
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Person-Centered Perspective
Carl Rogers also believed in an individual's
self-actualization tendencies.
He said that unconditional positive regard
is an attitude of acceptance of
others despite their failings.
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7: How did humanist psychologists assess a person’s sense of self?
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Assessing the Self
In an effort to assess personality, Rogers asked
people to describe themselves as they would like
to be (ideal) and as they actually are (real).
If the two descriptions were close the individual
had a positive self-concept.
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8: How has the humanist perspective influenced
psychology? What criticisms has it faced?
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Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
Positive self-concept,
empathy, and the thought
that people are basically
good has had a pervasive
impact on counseling,
education, child-rearing,
and management.
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Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
1. Concepts are vague and subjective and lack scientific
basis.
2. Encouraging individualism can lead to
self-indulgence, selfishness, and an erosion
of moral restraints.
3. Lacks adequate balance between realistic optimism and
despair.
Criticisms
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9: How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?
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The Trait Perspective
An individual’s characteristic behaviors and conscious motives constitutes his or her
personality.
Examples of Traits:
Honest
Dependable
Moody
Impulsive
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Exploring Traits
One way to condense the immense list of personality traits is through factor analysis, a
statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits.
Each personality is uniquely made up of multiple traits.
Allport & Odbert (1936), identified almost 18,000 words representing traits.
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Factor Analysis
Developed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck
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10: What are personality inventories, and what are
their strengths and weaknesses as trait-
assessment tools?
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Assessing Traits
Personality inventories are questionnaires designed to gauge a
wide range of feelings and behaviors, assessing several traits at once.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely researched and
clinically used of all
personality tests.
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MMPI
Mental health professionals use the MMPI to:
– develop treatment plans
– assist with differential diagnosis
– help answer legal questions
– screen job candidates during the personnel selection process
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MMPI Test Profile
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11: Which traits seem to provide the most useful
information about personality variation?
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The Big Five FactorsToday’s trait researchers believe that earlier trait
dimensions, such as Eysencks’ personality dimensions, fail to tell the whole story.
So, an expanded range (five factors) of traits does a better job of assessment.
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion
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EndpointsTable 13.2, p. 571
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12: Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across
situations?
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Evaluating the Trait Perspective: The Person-Situation Controversy
Walter Mischel (1968, 1984, 2004) points
out that traits may be enduring, but the
resulting behavior in various situations is
different. Therefore, traits are not good
predictors of behavior.
However, trait theorists argue that behaviors from
a situation may be different, but average behavior
remains the same. Therefore, traits matter.
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Consistency of Expressive Style
Expressive styles in speaking and gestures
demonstrate trait consistency.
Observers are able to judge people’s behavior and
feelings in as little as 30 seconds and in one particular
case as little as 2 seconds.
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13: In the view of social-cognitive psychologists, what mutual influences shape an
individual’s personality?
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
Bandura (1986, 2001, 2005) believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a
person and their social context.
For example, The school you attend and the music
you listen to are partly based on your dispositions.
Albert Bandura
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Individuals & Environments
How we view and treat people influences how they treat us.
Our personalities shape situations.
Anxious people react to situations differently than relaxed people.
Our personalities shape how we react to events.
The school you attend and the music you listen to are partly based on your dispositions.
Different people choose different environments.
Examples of specific ways in which individuals
and environments interact:
page 577
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14: What are the causes and consequences of personal
control?
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Personal Control
External locus of control refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
Internal locus of control refers to the perception that we can control our own fate.
Social-cognitive psychologists emphasize our sense of personal control, whether we control the environment
or the environment controls us.
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Internal Locus of Control
Study after study has shown that people with an internal locus of control:
• Achieve more in school and work
• Act more independently
• Enjoy better health
• Feel less depressed
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Learned Helplessness
When unable to avoid repeated adverse events, an animal or human learns helplessness.
Figure 13.8, page 579
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Optimism vs. Pessimism
An optimistic or pessimistic attributional style is your way of explaining positive or negative events.
Success requires enough optimism to provide hope and enough pessimism to
prevent complacency.
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Positive Psychology
Martin Seligman
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Positive psychology, such as humanistic psychology, aims to discover and promote
conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
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15: What underlying principle guides social-cognitive psychologists in their
assessment of people’s behavior and beliefs?
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Assessing Behavior in Situations
Social-cognitive psychologists observe people in realistic and simulated situations because they
find that it is the best way to predict the behavior of others in similar situations.
As long as the person and the situation remain the same, the best predictor of future job performance,
grades, etc. is past behavior.
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16: What has the social-cognitive perspective
contributed to the study of personality, and what criticisms has it faced?
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Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective
Pros:
• sensitizes researchers to the effects of situations
on and by individuals
• builds on learning and cognition research
Cons:
• pays too much attention to the situation and not
enough to the individual
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17: Are we helped or hindered by high self-esteem?
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Exploring the Self
Research on the self has revealed the spotlight effect -overestimating our concern that others evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders.
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Benefits of Self-Esteem
Maslow and Rogers argued that a successful life results from a healthy self-image (self-esteem).
When self-esteem is deflated, we view ourselves and others critically.
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Self-Serving Bias
•Our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably.
•We accept responsibility for good deeds andsuccesses more than for bad deeds and failures.
•Most people see themselves as better than average.
•We see ourselves as more immune than others toself-serving bias.
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