understanding activities that compete with hunting and target shooting
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7/31/2019 Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting
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WWW.NSSF.ORG
National Shooting
Sports Foundation
NSSF® Report
Understanding Activities that
Compete with Hunting and
Target Shooting
2011 Comprehensive Consumer Study
Fun
Social
Outdoors
Responsive Management
Full Report
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UNDERSTANDING ACTIVITIESTHAT COMPETE WITH
HUNTING AND TARGET SHOOTING
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CONDUCTED BY
NATIONAL SHOOTING SPORTS FOUNDATION® (NSSF)
SOUTHWICK ASSOCIATES
RESPONSIVE MANAGEMENT
2011
© 2012 National Shooting Sports Foundation, Inc. (NSSF®). All Rights Reserved. No part of thispublication may be republished, reproduced or redistributed in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, except in the case of brief quotations in articles. NSSF members in good standing may share
this publication with their employees, including making it available for internal viewing or download via
their company intranet sites, provided 1.) the publication is offered in its entirety, including this
paragraph, and 2) is accompanied by the following notice: “This publication is made available to
employees for job reference purposes only, not for redistribution outside the company.” Organizations
wishing to share this publication with other parties must contact NSSF for prior written permission.
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Acknowledgments
Southwick Associates and Responsive Management would like to thank Jim Curcuruto and
Melissa Schilling of the National Shooting Sports Foundation for their input, support, andguidance on this project.
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGYThis study was sponsored by the National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF) to examine the
activities that compete with hunting and target shooting—in other words, to examine the things
that people do when they do not go hunting or target shooting. This survey asked hunters and
target shooters to name the activities that are drawing them away from hunting and target
shooting, and it asked them about what attracts them to these alternatives. In short, this study
will help the NSSF know its competition.
Specifically, this research identified the activities that are competing with hunting and targetshooting, the types of satisfactions hunters and target shooters are deriving from these activities,
the benefits that encourage lapsed hunters and target shooters to return to hunting and target
shooting, and how future marketing efforts can help overcome the factors driving hunters andtarget shooters to other activities. The study entailed two telephone surveys: one of hunters and
one of target shooters. Each sample was stratified into active participants, intermittent
participants, and ex-participants.
Use of Telephones for the SurveysFor the surveys, telephones were selected as the preferred sampling medium because of the
almost universal ownership of telephones (both landlines and cell phones were called).
Additionally, telephone surveys, relative to mail or Internet surveys, allow for more scientificsampling and data collection, provide higher quality data, obtain higher response rates, are more
timely, and are more cost-effective. Telephone surveys also have fewer negative effects on the
environment than do mail surveys because of reduced use of paper and reduced energyconsumption for delivering and returning the questionnaires.
Questionnaire DesignThe telephone survey questionnaires were developed cooperatively by Responsive Management,
Southwick Associates, and the NSSF, based on the research team’s familiarity with hunting and
target shooting issues. Southwick Associates conducted an internal review of the questionnaires
for their wording, and Responsive Management conducted pre-tests of the questionnaires toensure proper wording, flow, and logic in the surveys.
Survey SampleThe study focused on six states representing a broad geographic spread, with a range of states
from those with increasing trends of hunting license holders to those with decreasing trends of
hunting license holders since 1990: Alabama, Colorado, Kentucky, Minnesota, New Hampshire,and Washington. The sample of target shooters was taken from identified target shooters in a
database of outdoor recreationists maintained by Responsive Management.
Telephone Interviewing FacilitiesA central polling site at the Responsive Management office allowed for rigorous quality control
over the interviews and data collection. Responsive Management maintains its own in-house
telephone interviewing facilities. These facilities are staffed by interviewers with experienceconducting computer-assisted telephone interviews on the subjects of outdoor recreation and
natural resources.
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Interviewing Dates and TimesTelephone surveying times are Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m., Saturday
from noon to 5:00 p.m., and Sunday from 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m., local time. The survey was
conducted in January through April 2011.
Telephone Survey Data CollectionThe software used for data collection was Questionnaire Programming Language. ResponsiveManagement obtained a total of 2,228 completed interviews with hunters and 1,541 completed
interviews with target shooters.
Data AnalysisThe analysis of data was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences as well as
proprietary software developed by Responsive Management and Southwick Associates. In the
survey itself and in the data analysis, each respondent was categorized as being an activeparticipant, an intermittent (or occasional) participant, or an ex-participant. The definitions were
as follows:
o A hunter who hunted 2 of the past 2 years was considered an active hunter, regardless of
whether he/she had hunted any of the 3 years previous to that. Also, a hunter who hunted
only 1 of the past 2 years but hunted 4 of the past 5 years was considered an activehunter.
o A hunter who hunted only 1 of the past 2 years was considered an intermittent hunter,
with the exception of the above (hunted 1 of past 2, but also hunted 4 of the past 5 years).
A hunter who did not hunt at all in the past 2 years was also considered an intermittenthunter if he/she had hunted all 3 of the years previous to that (i.e., 3 of the past 5 years).
o Finally, a hunter who did not hunt at all in the past 2 years and hunted no more than 2 of the past 5 years was considered an ex-hunter.
o A target shooter who went target shooting all 5 of the past 5 years was considered an
active target shooter.
o A target shooter who went target shooting 2 of the past 2 years but not all 5 of the past 5
years was considered an intermittent target shooter. Additionally, a target shooter whowent target shooting 1 of the past 2 years, regardless of whether he/she went target
shooting in the 3 years previous to that, was also considered an intermittent shooter.
Finally, a target shooter who did not go target shooting at all in the past 2 years but wenttarget shooting 3 of the past 5 years was considered an intermittent target shooter.
o Finally, a target shooter who did not target shoot at all in the past 2 years and went target
shooting no more than 2 of the past 5 years was considered an ex-target shooter.
During the analysis, two approaches were used to assign hunters into the categories above. First
was to assign them based on their reported rates of participation. The second approach assigned
them based on the years that they purchased hunting licenses in a particular state, according tothe data in the database. While both approaches have plusses and minuses, after all analyses
were complete, the findings and data interpretations were congruent in both approaches, lending
additional credence to all results.
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting iii
Types of Questions in the SurveyIn examining the results, it is important to be aware that the questionnaire included several types
of questions:
Open-ended questions are those in which no answer set is read to the respondents; rather,they can respond with anything that comes to mind from the question.
Close-ended questions have a response set from which to choose. Some questions allow only a single response, while other questions allow respondents to
give more than one response or choose all that apply. Those that allow more than a
single response are indicated on the graphs with the label, “Multiple Responses
Allowed.”
IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGSThe findings point to many strategies that can be undertaken in the overall effort to recruit and
retain hunters and target shooters in those sports. Many of the strategies aim at very specificmarkets, while other strategies are more broad. Note that, because there are many different
target markets within the overall population, no one single strategy will suffice for all people,
issues, or needs.
The implications will be examined within the five major topic areas defined by the chapter titles.
These include the following:
o Participation in Outdoor Activities, Including Hunting and Target Shooting
o Specific Aspects of Participation in Hunting and Target Shooting
o Motivations for Participating in Activities, Satisfactions Derived From Them, andReasons for Increased Avidity
o Constraints to Participating in Activities, Dissatisfactions With Activities, and Reasonsfor Decreased Avidity
o Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting
While this implications section examines many of the major issues, it is important that all
professionals involved in recruitment and retention should consult all the data contained herein.
There are many nuances of the data that may not be mentioned in this section.
Participation in Outdoor Activities, Including Hunting and Target Shooting The surveys asked all respondents to name their top three outdoor activities, and the
questions were open-ended, meaning that no response set was read to respondents.
In each survey, this question preceded any questions about hunting or target shooting so
as to not bias the results, allowing an accurate look at the activities in which sportsmenand sportswomen participate.
What is immediately clear is that nature-based outdoor recreation is of great importance tothese respondents. For both groups, hunters and target shooters, the top four activities are
nature-based: fishing, hunting, hiking, and camping.
For both the hunters and the target shooters who were surveyed, their top activities are
fishing and hunting. Fishing was named by a majority of hunters and target shooters, andhunting was named by a near-majority of hunters and a majority of target shooters.
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A second tier of activities consists of hiking and camping. In both the hunter and shootersurvey results, hiking and camping were named by substantially more respondents than
the next activity in the ranking.
Furthermore, many of the lesser activities are nature based:
o Activities named by respondents include gardening/landscaping, visiting a state or
national park, wildlife viewing/wildlife photography, cutting/splitting firewood andforestry work, SCUBA diving, rock/mountain climbing, trapping, crabbing/clamdigging, and wild harvesting (e.g., mushrooms)
While certainly some amount of hunting and target shooting participation is lost to hikingand camping, it may be that many of these intermittent and ex-hunters and target shooters
were hiking and camping all along. Nonetheless, the data suggest that other outdoorrecreationists, particularly anglers, constitute a quite important target market.
The findings described above suggest that the act of hunting or target shooting itself may notbe the primary goal for many participants. Hunting and target shooting may be a means to
enjoy and experience nature. If true, then hunting and target shooting could be easily
substitutable with other activities that also provide benefits associated with being outdoorsand close to nature. Factors that detract from hunting and target shooting or make it more
costly or complicated are likely to encourage some hunters and target shooters to increase
time spent in other outdoor pursuits.
One marketing strategy is to market hunting and target shooting as part of a total outdoor
experience. The “total outdoor experience” is a potential campaign theme, or part of one.
Identify and stress the unique selling points of hunting and target shooting. While part of a
total outdoor experience, there are unique aspects of and satisfactions derived from hunting
and target shooting that differentiate them from the other outdoor activities. The lack of
hunting and target shooting, with their unique selling points, would leave out a couple of thepieces of the “total outdoor experience.”
Also of moderate importance as a competing activity is boating, as well as snow sports and
golfing. Note that participation levels in these activities, however, is not high. The data does
not support the contention that hunters and target shooters are leaving hunting and target
shooting in droves in favor of these other activities.
The surveys explored another aspect of participation in outdoor recreation, askingrespondents about the types of hunting and target shooting that they would like to try.
Of foremost interest is that a majority of hunters and target shooters indicate no interest
in trying hunting/target shooting outside of their regular hunting and target shootingactivities. This leaves no more than about 2 in 5 participants indicating interest in other
types of activities within their sport.
In general, many of the hunters who wanted to try a different type of hunting named adifferent species from their typical game.
o For instance, elk is a top interest, which is certainly out of the realm of most hunters’
typical experience. Other types of hunting named included hunting for such things asmoose, boar, bighorn sheep, antelope, caribou, cougar, alligator, and wolf.
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting v
In general, target shooters named various other types of shooting that they would like totry rather than naming different types of firearms. In a finding that may be counter to the
prevailing perception of target shooters among some non-shooters, the survey did not
find that shooters simply wished to shoot bigger and more powerful firearms; rather, they
showed interest in different types of target shooting.
Note that changes in participation tend to be subtle. One does not go from being an active
hunter to an ex-hunter in a single day—one doesn’t simply wake up and declare that he/she isquitting hunting. Rather, the changes in participation level are gradual, not typically
triggered by a single event or by the sudden discovery of another type of outdoor recreation.
Specific Aspects of Participation in Hunting and Target Shooting This section explores some aspects of hunting and target shooting trips, including likely
companions. These questions pertain to the decision-making process when hunters and
target shooters decide whether to go hunting or target shooting.
The first aspect explored in this section is hunting and target shooting companions. Bothsurveys asked respondents about the amount of time that they hunt and target shoot with
others and the amount of time that they hunt and target shoot alone. Clearly, these activities
are predominantly done in groups rather than alone.
Very low percentages always hunt/target shoot alone.
A majority of each group always go hunting/target shooting with a companion.
Overall, hunting and target shooting are, for most participants, social activities,suggesting that other outdoor activities that can be shared with others could likely drawhunters and target shooters away from those sports. Efforts to encourage hunters and
target shooters to invite friends along, such as Step Outside, are important.
The next question concerns with whom these people engage in these activities. For both activities, family plays an important role (more so with hunting than target
shooting): a large majority of hunters who hunt at least some of the time with somebody
else typically hunt with a family member (not exclusive of also having a friend along),
and a slightly smaller majority of target shooters who shoot at least some of the time withsomebody else typically target shoot with a family member.
This is not to say that friends are not important, as a near-majority of hunters who huntwith others and a solid majority of target shooters who shoot with others named friends
as typical companions.
Another aspect related to planning of hunting and target shooting trips is how far ahead
people plan trips. Spontaneity is important to target shooting and, to a lesser extent, hunting. Less than a third of hunters plan their hunting trips more than a month ahead of time.
Additionally, about a third say that all of their trips are planned with less than 2 weeksnotice.
Among target shooters, less than 1 in 10 plan their target shooting excursions more than amonth ahead of time. Also, a majority of target shooters say that all of their trips are
planned with less than 2 weeks notice.
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Motivations for Participating in Activities, Satisfactions Derived From Them, andReasons for Increased Avidity It is important to not forget the “fun” part of hunting and target shooting. This is the top
motivation for hunting and target shooting.
For hunters, being close to nature is an important motivation, as is getting meat. When asked about why they hunt, more than a quarter of hunters gave an answer related
to being outdoors or being close to nature.
Although other studies have found that hunting for the meat is not a primary reason for
hunting among many hunters when they are asked to choose their single primary reasonfor hunting, the motivation of hunting for meat is, nonetheless, important. In an open-
ended question asking about motivations for hunting that allowed for more than oneresponse, hunting for meat was named by nearly a quarter of hunters.
For target shooters, increasing skills is an important motivation for going target shooting.
This includes increasing skills related to hunting. A substantial percentage of target
shooters mentioned hunting in their answer regarding reasons that they go target shooting(in an open-ended question in which respondents can say anything that comes to mind).
Finally, for both hunters and target shooters, camaraderie is an important motivation for
participating in hunting and target shooting. Related to this is the fact that being asked to gohunting or target shooting can increase one’s interest in the activities, as well as increase the
likelihood that he/she will go.
Marketing and advertising should stress the social aspects of hunting and target shooting.
Efforts to encourage hunters and target shooters to invite friends and family are asimportant as ever. Programs such as Step Outside that focus on this very theme are
important.
Compared to rural and urban hunters, suburban hunters appear to be more influenced byfriends and family members: of the three groups, suburban hunters were more likely to
say that being with friends and family is a motivation for hunting. Marketing the friendsand family aspects of hunting should be effective among suburban hunters.
There is some evidence that multiple satisfactions promote avidity. In other words, a personwho tries only one type of hunting and does not like that one type will desert the sport.
Another person who tries multiple types of hunting will be less likely to desert the sport
simply because one type was not well liked. The satisfactions that the latter person seeksmay be provided by some other type of hunting, if the first did not do so. Therefore, it is
important to address many motivations in overall recruitment and retention efforts rather than
focusing too much on one motivation at the expense of other motivations. In short,encourage hunters and target shooters to diversify when at all possible.
While specialization has its place in hunting and target shooting, particularly foradvanced hunters and shooters, too much early specialization to the exclusion of other
types hunting and shooting in recruitment efforts may not be effective and risks losing the
person if that one specialized type of hunting or target shooting is not to his/her liking.
There are obviously cross-marketing (between hunting and target shooting) opportunities,particularly to get hunters to go shooting outside of hunting. In particular, for hunters
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting vii
who are leaving the sport because of age, target shooting activities may be the nextnatural activity to engage their interest. Efforts to guide older hunters to target shooting
activities that are less physically demanding than hunting may increase target shooting
participation.
Recruitment of young hunters and target shooters is important, as evidence suggests thatmore avid hunters and target shooters are those who started at a younger age than did the less
avid (the mean starting age is higher for ex-participants than for intermittent or active
participants). It appears that hunters and target shooters who started at a young age derive
more satisfactions from hunting and target shooting, compared to those who started later in
life—in other words, some satisfactions become ingrained. Many hunters, for instance,responded that a motivation for hunting is tradition—that their father and their grandfather
did it. Some responded with, “I’ve always done it,” as the reason that they go hunting or
target shooting.
Apprentice licenses are important to allow young people to try hunting at an early age,perhaps even before requiring them to take hunter safety courses. (Those courses would
still be required to get a regular license; such an exception would apply only to apprenticelicenses.)
Constraints to Participating in Activities, Dissatisfactions With Activities, andReasons for Decreased Avidity Social constraints are of the most importance, rather than losing interest in hunting or target
shooting as well as rather than because other activities seem more interesting. Those who did
not participate in all of the past 5 years were asked about constraints.
More than a third of hunters who do not hunt every year cite time constraints/otherobligations as a reason for not hunting in some years. More than a quarter of target
shooters who do not target shoot every year cite time constraints/other obligations as a
reason for not target shooting in some years. One strategy aimed at the time issue is toencourage hunters and target shooters to put their plans to hunt or target shoot on the
calendar. In other words, encourage them to make hunting and target shooting a
structured activity—particularly before another activity claims their attention and time.
In a busy person’s life, things that are on the calendar are more likely to be done; thingsnot on a calendar easily fall by the wayside.
For both groups, age/health reasons cut into potential participation—the second-rankeditem in both surveys on this question. Consider alternative forms of participation for
hunters and target shooters who are older or not in optimum health, such as mentoring, tokeep them involved.
In short, because hunting and target shooting are often social activities—most hunting andtarget shooting is done in groups—they are also prone to social constraints.
One of the top non-social constraints, and a constraint over which agencies and industry mayhave more control than those cited above, is access. This is a constraint in both hunting and
target shooting.
The non-social constraint of access is of much less importance than the social constraint
of time (in both cases, “time constraints” was named over “access” by about 5 to 1);
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however, keep in mind that there is some amount of correlation between access and time.The research suggested that ex-target shooters typically had to travel farther to go target
shooting (when they went target shooting in the past) than do active target shooters (when
they go shooting now). In answer to how long it takes them to get to where they typicallyshoot, the mean amount of time was higher among ex-target shooters than among active
target shooters. This suggests that more distant access (measured in minutes) iscorrelated to a higher drop-out rate in target shooting. (An analogous question was notasked in the hunter survey because of concerns over survey length, but one would
intuitively conjecture that time to get to a hunting area may also be correlated to
participation in hunting.)
o Although access was not one of the top constraints, as noted, it is a constraint overwhich agencies and industry have considerable influence. It is important to provide
potential hunters nearby places to hunt and target shooters nearby places to target
shoot. If time is a constraint, then a shorter time to get to a place to hunt or targetshoot will help boost participation. (Assuming those nearby places are publicized.)
o Promote under-utilized hunting and target shooting areas. One way to do this is to
connect private landowners with interested hunters through lease arrangements,walk-in access, and so forth.
o Promote types of hunting with seasons that are relatively long, particularly relative to
deer season, which is the season with which most hunters are most familiar.
o The findings of a previous NSSF-sponsored study, Issues Related to Hunting Access
in the United States: National Results, have important findings to help address access.
Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting The greatest competition to hunting and target shooting are other outdoor activities,
particularly nature-based activities, such as fishing, camping, and hiking.
Fishing in particular is an activity that competes with hunting and target shooting. When
asked to name the three outdoor activities in which they participate the most, respondentsnamed fishing quite often. Clearly, anglers are very important in marketing hunting and
target shooting. However, that seeming competition can be used in the “total outdoor
experience,” with those activities complementing each other instead of competing.
Crossover participation between hunting and target shooting remains important. An
important market segment for hunting consists of target shooters. Likewise, an importantmarket segment for target shooting consists of hunters. This latter market segment is
particularly important, as it seems likely that many hunters could be encouraged to go
shooting outside of hunting on a regular basis, especially older hunters for whom hunting
may be too strenuous.
Events that combine these activities should do well, encouraging more crossoverparticipation.
While golfing had some participation that may have taken away from hunting and target
shooting, golfing was not taking vast numbers of hunters and target shooters away from
hunting and target shooting.
Furthermore, the data suggested that some of those who now prefer golf over hunting andtarget shooting are doing so because of age/health reasons: in short, golfing may be less
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting ix
strenuous for many people. As stated previously, these people are a good marketsegment for target shooting, an activity that may be less strenuous for some people.
Hunting and target shooting compete with more than just other activities. Hunting and targetshooting also compete against the benefits that those other activities provide relative to
hunting and target shooting, particularly if those benefits address social constraints.Therefore, other activities that are less constraining in certain areas will compete well againsthunting and target shooting. For instance, because time constraints are a problem to hunters
and target shooters, other activities that take less time will have an advantage over hunting
and target shooting. The biggest constraints and the activities that would take advantage of
them are listed below:
Time constraints. Fortunately for hunting and target shooting, many of the otheractivities in which respondents participate take much time: camping, hiking, boating,
golfing, and snow sports all are time-consuming. Nonetheless, activities that are
generally less time-consuming offer some competition to hunting and target shooting,such as fitness exercises, gardening, swimming, and fields sports, for instance.
Family-related constraints. Activities that involve the whole family may offer somecompetition to hunting and target shooting: camping, hiking, boating, snow sports, andswimming, for instance.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction and Methodology......................................................................................1Use of Telephones for the Surveys..........................................................................................1
Questionnaire Design ..............................................................................................................1
Survey Sample.........................................................................................................................2Telephone Interviewing Facilities...........................................................................................2
Interviewing Dates and Times.................................................................................................3
Telephone Survey Data Collection and Quality Control.........................................................3Data Analysis...........................................................................................................................3
Notes on Reading the Report...................................................................................................6Chapter 2: Participation in Outdoor Activities, Including Hunting and Target Shooting ..............8
Chapter 3: Specific Aspects of Participation in Hunting and Target Shooting ............................28
Chapter 4: Motivations for Participating in Activities, Satisfactions Derived FromThem, and Reasons for Increased Avidity...............................................................................38
Chapter 5: Constraints to Participating in Activities, Dissatisfactions With Activities,
and Reasons for Decreased Avidity.........................................................................................82
Chapter 6: Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting...................................107Chapter 7: Implications of the Findings......................................................................................131
Participation in Outdoor Activities, Including Hunting and Target Shooting.....................131
Specific Aspects of Participation in Hunting and Target Shooting.....................................133Motivations for Participating in Activities, Satisfactions Derived From Them, and
Reasons for Increased Avidity.......................................................................................133
Constraints to Participating in Activities, Dissatisfactions With Activities, andReasons for Decreased Avidity .....................................................................................135
Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting.............................................136
Appendix A: Survey Questionnaires ..........................................................................................138NSSF Shooting/Hunting Competition Survey: Hunter Survey..........................................139
NSSF Shooting/Hunting Competition Survey: Shooter Survey.........................................144Analogous Questions in Hunter and Shooter Survey..........................................................150
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1. Responses to Questions and Resulting Categories ........................................................4
Table 4.1. Things to Encourage Hunting Among All Hunters .....................................................52
Table 4.2. Things to Encourage Hunting Among Active Hunters................................................53
Table 4.3. Things to Encourage Hunting Among Intermittent Hunters .......................................54
Table 4.4. Things to Encourage Hunting Among Ex-Hunters......................................................55Table 4.5. Things to Encourage Target Shooting Among All Target Shooters............................59
Table 4.6. Things to Encourage Target Shooting Among Active Target Shooters......................60Table 4.7. Things to Encourage Target Shooting Among Intermittent Target Shooters..............61
Table 4.8. Things to Encourage Target Shooting Among Ex-Target Shooters ............................62
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. States Included in Study...............................................................................................2
Figure 2.1. Top Activities of Hunters.............................................................................................9Figure 2.2. Top Activities of Target Shooters ..............................................................................11Figure 2.3. Primary Activities of Hunters Crosstabulated by Participation Status.......................13
Figure 2.4. Primary Activities of Target Shooters Crosstabulated by Participation Status..........14
Figure 2.5. Other Hunting Activities of Interest to Hunters .........................................................16Figure 2.6. Other Target Shooting Activities of Interest to Target Shooters................................18
Figure 2.7. Interest in Other Types of Hunting Crosstabulated by Participation Status...............20Figure 2.8. Other Hunting Activities of Interest to Hunters Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................21
Figure 2.9. Other Target Shooting Activities of Interest to Target ShootersCrosstabulated by Participation Status.....................................................................................22
Figure 2.10. Target Shooters’ Favorite Types of Target Shooting ...............................................23Figure 2.11. Types of Target Shooting in Which Target Shooters Most Often Engage...............24Figure 2.12. Crossover Participation in Target Shooting and Hunting Among Hunters and
Target Shooters........................................................................................................................25
Figure 2.13. Crossover Participation in Target Shooting and Hunting Among Hunters and
Target Shooters, Crosstabulated by Participation Status.........................................................26Figure 2.14. Self-Identification as Hunters or Target Shooters Among Those Who Do Both.....27
Figure 2.15. Self-Identification as Hunters/Target Shooters Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................27
Figure 3.1. Percentage of Time That Respondents Hunt or Target Shoot Alone .........................28
Figure 3.2. Percentage of Time That Respondents Hunt or Target Shoot AloneCrosstabulated by Participation Status.....................................................................................29
Figure 3.3. Typical Hunting Companions.....................................................................................30
Figure 3.4. Typical Target Shooting Companions........................................................................31Figure 3.5. Planning Time for Hunting and Target Shooting Trips..............................................32
Figure 3.6. Planning Time for Hunting Trips, Crosstabulated by Participation Status ................33
Figure 3.7. Planning Time for Target Shooting Trips, Crosstabulated by Participation Status ...34
Figure 3.8. Percentage of Trips Planned Less Than 2 Weeks Ahead of Time .............................35Figure 3.9. Percentage of Hunting Trips Planned Less Than 2 Weeks Ahead of
Time, Crosstabulated by Participation Status..........................................................................36
Figure 3.10. Percentage of Target Shooting Trips Planned Less Than 2 Weeks Ahead of
Time, Crosstabulated by Participation Status..........................................................................37
Figure 4.1. Most Important Reasons for Hunting.........................................................................38Figure 4.2. Most Important Reasons for Target Shooting ............................................................39
Figure 4.3. Most Important Reasons for Hunting Crosstabulated by Participation Status...........40
Figure 4.4. Most Important Reasons for Target Shooting Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................41Figure 4.5. Reasons That Hunting Participation Increased...........................................................42
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xii Responsive Management
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Figure 4.6. Reasons That Target Shooting Participation Increased..............................................43
Figure 4.7. Reasons That Hunting Participation Increased Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................44Figure 4.8. Reasons That Target Shooting Participation Increased Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................45
Figure 4.9. Advantages of Hunting and Target Shooting With Others ........................................46
Figure 4.10. Advantages of Hunting With Others, Crosstabulated by Participation Status .........47Figure 4.11. Advantages of Hunting With Others, Crosstabulated by Participation Status .........48
Figure 4.12. How Often Respondents Are Invited to Go Hunting or Target Shooting,Crosstabulated by Participation Status.....................................................................................49
Figure 4.13. Percentage of Invitations to Go Hunting That Are Accepted,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status.....................................................................................50Figure 4.14. Percentage of Invitations to Go Target Shooting That Are Accepted,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status.....................................................................................51Figure 4.15. Items That Would Encourage Hunting Crosstabulated by Participation
Status, Entire Series at a Glance ..............................................................................................56
Figure 4.16. Items That Would Encourage Target Shooting Crosstabulated by Participation
Status, Entire Series at a Glance ..............................................................................................63
Figure 4.17. Advantages Other Activities Have Over Hunting....................................................66Figure 4.18. Advantages Other Activities Have Over Hunting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................67
Figure 4.19. Advantages Other Activities Have Over Target Shooting .......................................68Figure 4.20. Advantages Other Activities Have Over Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................69
Figure 4.21. Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Hunting ...................................................70Figure 4.22. Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Hunting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................72
Figure 4.23. Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Target Shooting ......................................74Figure 4.24. Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................75
Figure 4.25. Reasons Other Activities May Be Preferred Over Hunting .....................................78
Figure 4.26. Reasons Other Activities May Be Preferred Over Hunting,Crosstabulated by Participation Status.....................................................................................79
Figure 4.27. Reasons Other Activities May Be Preferred Over Target Shooting.........................80
Figure 4.28. Reasons Other Activities May Be Preferred Over Target Shooting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status.....................................................................................81
Figure 5.1. Perceived Hassles Associated With Hunting .............................................................83Figure 5.2. Perceived Hassles Associated With Hunting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................84
Figure 5.3. Perceived Hassles Associated With Target Shooting.................................................86
Figure 5.4. Perceived Hassles Associated With Target Shooting, Crosstabulated byParticipation Status ..................................................................................................................87
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Figure 5.5. Reasons for Not Hunting All 5 of the Past 5 Years....................................................88
Figure 5.6. Reasons for Not Hunting All 5 of the Past 5 Years, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................89Figure 5.7. Reasons for Not Target Shooting All 5 of the Past 5 Years.......................................90Figure 5.8. Reasons for Not Target Shooting All 5 of the Past 5 Years, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................91
Figure 5.9. Reasons for Participation Decreases in Hunting ........................................................92Figure 5.10. Reasons for Participation Decreases in Hunting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................93Figure 5.11. Reasons for Participation Decreases in Target Shooting .........................................94
Figure 5.12. Reasons for Participation Decreases in Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................95Figure 5.13. Reasons That Hunting Is Not a Top Activity...........................................................96
Figure 5.14. Reasons That Hunting Is Not a Top Activity, Crosstabulated byParticipation Status ..................................................................................................................97
Figure 5.15. Reasons That Target Shooting Is Not a Top Activity ..............................................98
Figure 5.16. Reasons That Target Shooting Is Not a Top Activity, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status ..................................................................................................................99
Figure 5.17. Possible Reasons Why Hunters Might Participate in Other Activities ..................101Figure 5.18. Possible Reasons Why Hunters Might Participate in Other Activities,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status...................................................................................102
Figure 5.19. Possible Reasons Why Target Shooters Might Participate in Other Activities......103Figure 5.20. Possible Reasons Why Target Shooters Might Participate in Other Activities,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status...................................................................................104
Figure 5.21. Non-Recreational Activities Taking Time Away From Hunting andTarget Shooting......................................................................................................................105
Figure 5.22. Non-Recreational Activities Taking Time Away From Hunting and
Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status.......................................................106
Figure 6.1. Recreational Activities Taking Time Away From Hunting and Target Shooting....107
Figure 6.2. Recreational Activities Taking Time Away From Hunting and Target Shooting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status...................................................................................108Figure 6.3. The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Hunting.........................109
Figure 6.4. The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Hunting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status...................................................................................111
Figure 6.5. The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Target Shooting............113Figure 6.6. The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Target Shooting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status...................................................................................115Figure 6.7. Whether Another Activity Became More Interesting to Respondent Than
Hunting or Target Shooting...................................................................................................117
Figure 6.8. Whether Another Activity Became More Interesting to Respondent Than
Hunting or Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status ....................................118Figure 6.9. The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than Hunting.............119
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xiv Responsive Management
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
Figure 6.10. The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than Hunting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status...................................................................................121
Figure 6.11. The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting ThanTarget Shooting......................................................................................................................123
Figure 6.12. The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than
Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status.......................................................125
Figure 6.13. The Non-Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Hunting ..............127Figure 6.14. The Non-Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Hunting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status...................................................................................128Figure 6.15. The Non-Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From
Target Shooting......................................................................................................................129
Figure 6.16. The Non-Recreational Activities That Took Time Away FromTarget Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status.......................................................130
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGYThis study was sponsored by the National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF) to examine the
activities that compete with hunting and target shooting—in other words, to examine the things
that people do when they do not go hunting or target shooting. This survey asked hunters and
target shooters to name the activities that are drawing them away from hunting and target
shooting, and it asked them about what attracts them to these alternatives. In short, this studywill help the NSSF know its competition.
Specifically, this research identified the activities that are competing with hunting and targetshooting, the types of satisfactions hunters and target shooters are deriving from these activities,
the benefits that encourage lapsed hunters and target shooters to return to hunting and target
shooting, and how future marketing efforts can help overcome the factors driving hunters and
target shooters to other activities.
The study entailed two telephone surveys: one of hunters and one of target shooters. Each
sample was stratified into active participants, intermittent participants, and ex-participants.
Specific aspects of the research methodology are discussed below.
USE OF TELEPHONES FOR THE SURVEYSFor the surveys, telephones were selected as the preferred sampling medium because of thealmost universal ownership of telephones (both landlines and cell phones were called).
Additionally, telephone surveys, relative to mail or Internet surveys, allow for more scientific
sampling and data collection, provide higher quality data, obtain higher response rates, are moretimely, and are more cost-effective. Telephone surveys also have fewer negative effects on the
environment than do mail surveys because of reduced use of paper and reduced energy
consumption for delivering and returning the questionnaires.
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGNThe telephone survey questionnaires were developed cooperatively by Responsive Management,
Southwick Associates, and the NSSF, based on the research team’s familiarity with hunting andshooting issues. Southwick Associates conducted an internal review of the questionnaires for
their wording, and Responsive Management conducted pre-tests of the questionnaires to ensure
proper wording, flow, and logic in the surveys. The questionnaires are shown in Appendix A.
The survey automatically moved respondents to the correct questions based on the respondent’s
answers to several questions. For instance, only those who indicated that their level of
participation increased were asked why it had increased. In addition, some questions had slightlydifferent wording among respondents, based on their level of participation in hunting and target
shooting. For instance, the wording is slightly different on some questions for those whoparticipated in the past 5 years versus those who participated “ever” but not in the past 5 years.An example of this is the question regarding species hunted. The question is coded as “Which
species did you hunt in the past {5 years / when you’ve gone hunting}?” The particular wording
the respondent got depended on whether he had participated in the past 5 years or not. Thesewording differences were automatically coded into the survey and were triggered by the
respondent’s answers to specific questions.
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2 Responsive Management
SURVEY SAMPLEThe study focused on six states, chosen to include a broad geographic spread, as shown in
Figure 1.1, as well as to include a range of states from those with increasing trends of hunting
license holders to those with decreasing trends of hunting license holders since 1990. The statesincluded in the study are Alabama, Colorado, Kentucky, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and
Washington. The sample of target shooters was taken from identified target shooters in adatabase of outdoor recreationists maintained by Responsive Management.
Figure 1.1. States Included in Study
As previously mentioned, both samples had three categories of respondents: active, intermittent,
and ex-participants. These categories were defined based on the respondents’ participation in theactivities in the past 5 years, as stated in the survey in answer to a series of questions. The
survey attempted to get a sufficient size sample in each of these categories rather than to obtain a
sample in the actual proportions of those categories. The specific parameters used to definethese categories is discussed in detail in a section later in this chapter, “Data Analysis.”
TELEPHONE INTERVIEWING FACILITIESA central polling site at the Responsive Management office allowed for rigorous quality control
over the interviews and data collection. Responsive Management maintains its own in-house
telephone interviewing facilities. These facilities are staffed by interviewers with experience
conducting computer-assisted telephone interviews on the subjects of outdoor recreation andnatural resources.
To ensure the integrity of the telephone survey data, Responsive Management has interviewerswho have been trained according to the standards established by the Council of American Survey
Research Organizations. Methods of instruction included lecture and role-playing. The Survey
Center Managers and other professional staff conducted a project briefing with the interviewersprior to the administration of these surveys. Interviewers were instructed on type of study, study
goals and objectives, handling of survey questions, interview length, termination points andqualifiers for participation, interviewer instructions within the survey questionnaires, reading of
the survey questions, skip patterns, and probing and clarifying techniques necessary for specific
questions on the survey questionnaires.
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 3
INTERVIEWING DATES AND TIMESTelephone surveying times are Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m., Saturday
from noon to 5:00 p.m., and Sunday from 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m., local time. A five-callback
design was used to maintain the representativeness of the sample, to avoid bias toward peopleeasy to reach by telephone, and to provide an equal opportunity for all to participate. When a
respondent could not be reached on the first call, subsequent calls were placed on different daysof the week and at different times of the day. The surveys were conducted in January throughApril 2011.
TELEPHONE SURVEY DATA COLLECTION AND QUALITY CONTROLThe software used for data collection was Questionnaire Programming Language (QPL). Thesurvey data were entered into the computer as each interview was being conducted, eliminating
manual data entry after the completion of the survey and the concomitant data entry errors that
may occur with manual data entry. The survey questionnaire was programmed so that QPLbranched, coded, and substituted phrases in the survey based on previous responses to ensure the
integrity and consistency of the data collection.
The Survey Center Managers and statisticians monitored the data collection, including
monitoring of the actual telephone interviews without the interviewers’ knowledge, to evaluate
the performance of each interviewer and ensure the integrity of the data. The surveyquestionnaire itself contains error checkers and computation statements to ensure quality and
consistent data. After the surveys were obtained by the interviewers, the Survey Center
Managers and/or statisticians checked each completed survey to ensure clarity and completeness.
Responsive Management obtained a total of 2,228 completed interviews with hunters and 1,541
completed interviews with target shooters.
DATA ANALYSISThe analysis of data was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences as well asproprietary software developed by Responsive Management and Southwick Associates. In the
survey itself and in the data analysis, each respondent was categorized as being an active
participant, an intermittent participant, or an ex-participant. The categorization depended onrespondents’ answers to several questions (or to their license buying data in the database from
which the sample was pulled—as noted by the asterisk in Table 1.1): whether they had
participated in the sport in the past 2 years, in the past 5 years, or ever, as well as the number of years of the past 2 that they had participated and the number of years of the past 5 that they had
participated. The possible combinations of responses and the resulting categories are shown in
Table 1.1 on the following page.
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4 Responsive Management
Table 1.1. Responses to Questions and Resulting Categories1st Question 2nd Question 3rd Question Results Categories
Have you doneany (hunting/
shooting) in thepast 2 years? If
not, in the past 5years? If not,
ever?
How many of thepast 2 years
have you(hunted/gone
targetshooting)?
How many of thepast 5 years
have you(hunted/gone
targetshooting)?
Possible responses: Possible responses: Possible responses:
Number ofyears in thepast 2 andthe past 5
thatrespondent
hunted /went targetshooting.
Categories*
(for huntingsurvey)
Categories
(for shootingsurvey)
5 years2 of past 2;
5 of the past 5Active Active
4 years2 of past 2;
4 of the past 5Active Intermittent
3 years2 of past 2;
3 of the past 5Active Intermittent
2 years
2 years2 of past 2;
2 of the past 5Active Intermittent
4 years 1 of past 2;4 of the past 5
Active Intermittent
3 years1 of past 2;
3 of the past 5Intermittent Intermittent
2 years1 of past 2;
2 of the past 5Intermittent Intermittent
In past 2 years
1 year
1 year1 of past 2;
1 of the past 5Intermittent Intermittent
3 years0 of the past 2;3 of the past 5
Intermittent Ex
2 years0 of the past 2;2 of the past 5
Ex ExIn past 5 years,but not past 2
(Theserespondents skip
this question.)
1 year0 of the past 2;
1 of the past 5
Ex Ex
Ever, but not inpast 5 years
(These respondents skip thesequestions.)
0 of the past 2;0 of the past 5
Ex Ex
*Another analysis used these same criteria regarding years of participation, but based the categorization on the
license database rather than responses to the survey.
The parameters for categorization differ slightly for hunters and target shooters because initialsurveying of the shooter sample found that the parameters that had been used for intermittent and
ex-hunters were too restrictive when applied to shooters—so few shooters would have qualified
for either of those categories that the final data samples would have been too small. After initialsurveying, the parameters were changed, and the respondents and their accompanying data that
had already been gathered for the shooter survey were re-categorized into the proper categories.
This meant that a few respondents had to be dropped from at most two questions in the datasetbecause they should not have gotten the questions based on their categorization. Specifically,ex-target shooters were not intended to be asked, “Has your amount of sport shooting increased,
decreased, or stayed the same over the past 5 years?” Therefore, the initially identified
intermittent shooters who dropped down to the “ex“ category when the new parameters wereadopted were removed from the data for this question, as well as either of the two follow-up
questions that they might have been asked (“Why has it increased?” or “Why has it decreased?”).
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 5
In summary, the definitions were as follows:
o A hunter who hunted 2 of the past 2 years was considered an active hunter, regardless of
whether he/she had hunted any of the 3 years previous to that. Also, a hunter who huntedonly 1 of the past 2 years but hunted 4 of the past 5 years was considered an active
hunter.o A hunter who hunted only 1 of the past 2 years was considered an intermittent hunter,
with the exception of the above (hunted 1 of past 2, but also hunted 4 of the past 5 years).
A hunter who did not hunt at all in the past 2 years was also considered an intermittent
hunter if he/she had hunted all 3 of the years previous to that (i.e., 3 of the past 5 years).
o Finally, a hunter who did not hunt at all in the past 2 years and hunted no more than 2 of the past 5 years was considered an ex-hunter.
o A target shooter who went target shooting all 5 of the past 5 years was considered an
active target shooter.
o A target shooter who went target shooting 2 of the past 2 years but not all 5 of the past 5
years was considered an intermittent target shooter. Additionally, a target shooter whowent target shooting 1 of the past 2 years, regardless of whether he/she went target
shooting in the 3 years previous to that, was also considered an intermittent target
shooter. Also, a target shooter who did not go target shooting at all in the past 2 years butwent shooting 3 of the past 5 years was considered an intermittent target shooter.
o Finally, a target shooter who did not target shoot at all in the past 2 years and went target
shooting no more than 2 of the past 5 years was considered an ex-target shooter.
As discussed previously, during the analysis, a second approach was used to assign hunters into
the categories above. The second approach assigned them based on the years that they purchasedhunting licenses in a particular state, according to the data in the license database from which the
sample was pulled, but kept the same criteria for assigning them into categories. While both
approaches have plusses and minuses, after all analyses were complete, the findings and datainterpretations were congruent in both approaches, lending additional credence to all results.
For any of the results that are shown among all hunters of any participation strata (active,intermittent, or ex), the data were weighted so that the states were in their proper proportions,
based on the number of hunting license holders in that state, according to Federal Aid in Wildlife
Restoration data. While this weighting plan applies well for active hunters, the plan was alsoused for intermittent and ex-hunters as a proxy, as there is no hard data on the actual number of
intermittent and ex-hunters in the various states.
For any results shown among all target shooters of any participation strata, the data wereweighted so that the states were in their proper proportions, based on the estimated number of
active target shooters in that state, according to the results of a target shooting participation study
previously conducted for the NSSF by Responsive Management (the analogous commentsregarding the use of the weighting plan as a proxy for intermittent and ex-target shooters applies
here, too). That study is Sport Shooting Participation in the United States In 2009 and can be
found on Responsive Management’s website at the following address:
http://www.responsivemanagement.com/download/reports/NSSF_Shooting_Participation_Report.pdf
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6 Responsive Management
NOTES ON READING THE REPORTTypes of QuestionsIn examining the results, keep in mind that the questionnaire included several types of questions:
Open-ended questions are those in which no answer set is read to the respondents; rather,they can respond with anything that comes to mind from the question.
Closed-ended questions have an answer set from which to choose. Some questions allow only a single response, while other questions allow respondents to
give more than one response or choose all that apply. Those that allow more than a
single response are indicated on the graphs with the label, “Multiple Responses
Allowed.”
Many closed-ended questions (but not all) are in a scale, such as excellent-good-fair-poor.
Many questions are part of a series, and the results are primarily intended to be examined
relative to the other questions in that series (although results of the questions individuallycan also be valuable). Typically, results of questions in a series are shown on a single
graph.
Responses That Involve NumbersOn questions that asked respondents to provide a number (e.g., respondent’s age), most graphs
show ranges of numbers rather than the precise numbers. Nonetheless, on most questions in thesurvey that asked for a number, each respondent provided a precise number, and the data set
includes this precise number, even if the graph only shows ranges of numbers. Note that the
calculation of means and medians used the precise numbers that the respondents provided.
Means and MediansAs indicated above, some graphs show an average, either the mean or median (or both). Themean is simply the sum of all numbers divided by the number of respondents. Because outliers
(extremely high or low numbers relative to most of the other responses) may skew the mean, the
median may be shown. The median is the number at which half the sample is above and theother half is below. In other words, a median of 150 means that half the sample gave an answer
of more than 150 and the other half gave an answer of less than 150.
Rounding on GraphsMost graphs show results rounded to the nearest integer; however, all data are stored in decimal
format, and all calculations are performed on unrounded numbers. For this reason, some resultsmay not sum to exactly 100% because of this rounding on the graphs. Additionally, rounding
may cause apparent discrepancies of 1 percentage point between the graphs and the reported
results of combined responses (e.g., when “strongly encourage” and “moderately encourage” are
summed to determine the total percentage who were encouraged to participate by a given factor).Questions that allow multiple responses may sum to more than 100% because respondents can
give more than one answer.
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 7
Decimals Shown on GraphsAs indicated above, most of the results are shown as integers. However, many of the open-ended
questions in this survey obtained detailed data. So as to not lose this detail, percentages below
2% are shown in decimal (as otherwise some would reduce to 0% if rounded to the nearestinteger). This is not to imply that the survey is accurate to the decimal place shown; it is simply
to show that a few people gave the responses shown. A duplicate study may not find those sameresults at those low percentages (e.g., that less than 1% of hunters participate in harvesting wildmushrooms) unlike it would the percentage of hunters who hunt for deer, the latter which would
be replicated in another study because the percentage who hunt for deer is high enough to move
out of the insignificant realm. Nonetheless, it is worth showing the small percentages as
decimals to see how many different activities are listed when one asks hundreds of people thetypes of activities in which they participate.
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8 Responsive Management
CHAPTER 2: PARTICIPATION IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES,INCLUDING HUNTING AND TARGET SHOOTING
One of the primary tasks of this study was to determine activities that are competing with and
replacing hunting and target shooting. An initial question regarding this simply asked
respondents to name their three top activities, regardless of whether these replaced hunting andtarget shooting or not (a later question specifically asked about activities that have replaced
hunting and target shooting). For both the hunters and the target shooters who were surveyed,their top activities are fishing and hunting (Figures 2.1 and 2.2). Fishing was named by a
majority of hunters (62%) and target shooters (70%), and hunting was named by a near-majority
of hunters (45% of them) and a majority of target shooters (71% of them).
A second tier of activities consists of hiking and camping. In both the hunter and shooter survey
results shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2, hiking and camping were named by substantially morerespondents than the next activity in the ranking. Among hunters, 17% named camping and 16%
named hiking (with the next activity having 9%), and among target shooters, 16% named hiking
and 15% named camping (with the next activity having 10%). Clearly, hiking and campingoccupy a second tier—not nearly as important as fishing and hunting, but nonetheless withsubstantial participation.
Also of moderate importance as a competing activity is boating (and boating-related activities):8% of hunters and 10% of target shooters named this. Certainly, some of the boating activities
are done in conjunction with fishing and, to a lesser extent, hunting.
Snow sports and golfing were the remaining activities of some importance as a competing
activity, with 7% of hunters and 5% of target shooters naming snow sports, and 9% of both
groups naming golfing. Below these, the activities listed are numerous, but done by relatively
small percentages—no more than 5% of respondents.
What is immediately clear is that nature-based outdoor recreation is of great importance to these
respondents. For both groups, hunters and target shooters, the top four activities are nature-based: fishing, hunting, hiking, and camping. Furthermore, many of the lesser activities
(hunters named 42 activities in the hunter survey, and target shooters named 35 activities in the
shooting survey) are nature based: gardening/landscaping, visiting a state or national park,wildlife viewing/wildlife photography, cutting/splitting firewood and forestry work, SCUBA
diving, rock/mountain climbing, trapping, crabbing/clam digging, and wild harvesting (e.g.,
mushrooms).
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 9
Q13. Can you please tell me the three outdoor
activities you have participated in most often for
fun, relaxation, or health during your non-work timein the past 2 years?
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
5
5
7
62
45
17
16
9
8
4
4
4
3
2
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Hunting
Camping
Hiking
Golfing
Boating or water skiing or water tubing
Snow sports
Fitness exercises, such as jogging or trail walking
Off-highway driving / using an ATV
Shooting or target shooting
Bicycling or mountain biking
Gardening / landscaping
Swimming outdoors in pool or natural water body
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt biking
Field sports, such as football, soccer, or lacrosse
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=2,228)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 2.1 (Part 1). Top Activities of Hunters
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10 Responsive Management
Q13. Can you please tell me the three outdoor
activities you have participated in most often for
fun, relaxation, or health during your non-work timein the past 2 years?
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.18
0.18
0.48
0.50
0.56
1.57
1.55
1.51
1.09
0.74
0.62
0.43
0.39
0.27
0.26
0.20
0.19
0 20 40 60 80 100
Baseball or softball
Horseback riding / horse-related activities
Visiting a state or national park
Walking
Wildlife viewing / birdwatching / photography
Farming / ranching
Cutting / splitting firewood / timbering / forestry work
Tennis
Auto racing / auto repair / auto restoration
Traveling / site-seeing / driving around (not off-road)
Basketball
Flying planes
Coaching
Church activities
Using an RV
Rock hunting / prospecting
Archery sports (outside of bow hunting)
SCUBA
Mountain climbing / rock climbing
Trapping
Crabbing / clam digging
Amateur archeology (e.g., hunting for arrowheads,
metal detecting)
Frisbee golf / disc golf
Skating / rollerblading / skate boarding
Flying model airplanes / radio controlled models
Cookouts / picnics
Mushrooming
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=2,228)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 2.1 (Part 2). Top Activities of Hunters
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 11
Q10. Can you please tell me the three outdoor
activities you have participated in most often for
fun, relaxation, or health during yournon-work time in the past 2 years?
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
3
4
4
9
10
15
16
70
71
9
5
4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Hunting
Fishing
Hiking
Camping
Boating or water skiing or water
tubing
Golfing
Shooting or target shooting
Snow sports
Bicycling or mountain biking
Fitness exercises, such as jogging,
trail walking, etc.
Gardening / landscaping
Off-highway driving / riding an ATV
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 2.2 (Part 1). Top Activities of Target Shooters
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12 Responsive Management
Q10. Can you please tell me the three outdoor
activities you have participated in most often for
fun, relaxation, or health during yournon-work time in the past 2 years?
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.04
0.17
0.18
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.25
0.63
0.70
0.76
1.89
1.39
1.32
1.25
0.88
0.77
0.59
0.42
0.29
0.29
0.27
0.26
0 20 40 60 80 100
Swimming outdoors in pool or natural water body
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt biking
Horseback riding / horse-related activities
Baseball or softball
Field sports, such as football, soccer, or lacrosse
Walking
Taking scenic automobile trips
Training dogs
Visiting a state or national park
Basketball
Farming / ranching
Tennis
Auto racing / repair / restoration
Rock climbing / mountain climbing
Archery
Photography
Clamming / crabbing
Watching wildlife / birding
Cooking out / grilling / BBQ / picnics
Cutting / splitting firewood / forestry-related activities
Hockey
Mushrooming / harvesting berries or other natural
foods
Volleyball
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 2.2 (Part 2). Top Activities of Target Shooters
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 13
Another part of the analysis crosstabulates the above questions regarding primary outdooractivities by the participation status (i.e., active, intermittent, or ex-hunter/target shooter) to
determine if any important differences exist in primary activities according to status.
Specifically, in what activities are ex-hunters and ex-target shooters engaging at greater ratesthan their more avid counterparts. Figure 2.3 shows all the activities named by at least 2% of
respondents overall crosstabulated by participation status.
5
6
7
68
90
16
13
9
6
4
2
2
2
2
23
2
3
5
5
5
6
5
7
8
10
15
64
44
18
1
3
3
6
6
6
3
3
6
11
7
18
0
55
19
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Hunting
Camping
Hiking
Boating or water skiing or water tubing
Golfing
Snow sports
Off-highway driving / using an ATV
Shooting or target shooting
Fitness exercises, such as jogging, trail
walking, etc.
Bicycling or mountain biking
Gardening / landscaping
Swimming outdoors in a pool or natural
body of water
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt
biking
Field sports, such as football, soccer, or
lacrosse
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q13. Can you please tell me the three outdoor activities you
have participated in most often for fun, relaxation, or health
during your non-work time in the past 2 years?
(Open-ended.) (Shows only the activities named by at least
2% of hunters overall.)
Figure 2.3. Primary Activities of Hunters Crosstabulated by Participation Status
Other than hunting and, to a lesser extent, fishing, the differences between participation statusgroups is not markedly different. While active hunters are also more active anglers, compared to
intermittent and ex-hunters, they are slightly less active in hiking and camping. This suggests a
scenario whereby some hunters drop out of hunting but remain outdoorsmen by slightlyincreasing their hiking and camping participation. However, these differences are quite small, so
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14 Responsive Management
the number of hunters who are leaving hunting in favor of hiking and camping is not substantial.It seems likely that they may have camped and hiked all along, regardless of their trends in
hunting participation. The crosstabulation by participation status shows that ex-hunters are the
most likely of the three groups to go golfing. Again, however, the differences are small, so thedata does not support the contention that hunters are leaving the sport in droves to go golfing.
The crosstabulation of target shooter data by participation status shows that active target shootersare more active in fishing and hunting than are intermittent and ex-target shooters (Figure 2.4).
Again, all differences between groups, outside of for fishing and hunting, are slight.
3
5
14
75
82
17
18
11
8
3
3
4
02
3
2
5
5
6
12
8
7
19
68
66
16
4
2
5
5
5
4
0
11
9
15
56
65
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Hunting
Hiking
Camping
Boating or water skiing or water
tubing
Golfing
Shooting or target shooting
Snow sports
Bicycling or mountain biking
Fitness exercises, such as jogging,
trail walking, etc.
Gardening / landscaping
Off-highway driving / riding an ATV
Swimming outdoors in a pool or
natural body of water
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s
A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=497)
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q10. Can you please tell me the three outdoor activities you
have participated in most often for fun, relaxation, or health
during your non-work time in the past 2 years?
(Open-ended.) (Shows only the activities named by at least
2% of shooters overall.)
Figure 2.4. Primary Activities of Target Shooters Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 15
The surveys explored another aspect of participation in outdoor recreation, asking respondentsabout the types of hunting and target shooting that they would like to try. Specifically, the
hunter survey asked hunters if there were other types of hunting that they do not currently do but
would be interesting in trying, and the shooter survey asked an analogous question of targetshooters (Figures 2.5 and 2.6). Of foremost interest is that 60% of hunters and 71% of target
shooters indicate no interest in trying hunting/target shooting outside of their regular hunting andtarget shooting activities. This leaves only 40% of hunters and 29% of target shooters indicatingany interest in other types of activities within their sport. For hunters, elk, wild turkey,
waterfowl, and bowhunting are of the most interest, while for target shooters, long-range, skeet,
competitive league, and target shooting at a formal range are of most interest. Note, however,
that none of the other interests were named by a high percentage of survey respondents, no morethan 3%. Because these graphs have rather long lists of responses, albeit named by low
percentages, the graphs are split into parts, with each part shown on a full page, starting on the
next page.
In general, many of the hunters wanting to try a different type of hunting named a more
seemingly exotic species (not to mean “exotic” as an introduced or invasive species, but exoticmeaning “strikingly different”). Elk is the top interest, which is certainly out of the realm of
most hunters’ experience and which has a limited geographic range—most hunters in the United
States do not even have elk in their local hunting areas. Granted, the next three species on thelist may be considered fairly ubiquitous—wild turkey, waterfowl, and deer—but these are
followed by such things as moose and boar, and the second part of this list includes bighorn
sheep, antelope, caribou, cougar, alligator, and wolf.
In general, target shooters named various other types of shooting that they would like to try
rather than naming different types of firearms. In a finding that may be counter to the prevailingperception of target shooters among some non-shooters, the survey did not find that target
shooters simply wished to shoot bigger and more powerful firearms; rather, they showed interest
in different types of shooting.
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16 Responsive Management
3
3
3
60
7
5
4
4
3
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
None / Not
interested in
others
Elk
Wild turkey
Waterfowl
Archery
Deer
Pheasant
Bear
Moose
Wild boar / feral
pigs
M u l t i p
l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=2,228)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q38/Q39. Are there types of hunting that you don't do now but
that you would be interested in trying? If yes, what species or
types of equipment are you interested in hunting or trying?
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
Figure 2.5 (Part 1). Other Hunting Activities of Interest to Hunters
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 17
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.14
0.18
0.25
0.33
0.630.63
0.81
1.75
1.53
1.30
1.20
1.11
1.11
0.53
0.48
0.45
0.41
0.34
0.33
0 20 40 60 80 100
Game birds in general
Other states / other locations / safari
Big game in general
Black powder / muzzleloaders
Any kind / anything different
Squirrel
Quail
Rabbit / hareSmall game in general
Dove
Coyote
Bighorn sheep
Different firearm
Antelope
Caribou
Grouse
Cougar / mountain lion
Mountain goat
Raccoon
Predators in general
Alligator
Game farm / hunting reserve
Prairie dog
Using dogs
Chukar
Partridge
Wolf
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=2,228)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q38/Q39. Are there types of hunting that you don't do now
but that you would be interested in trying? If yes, what
species or types of equipment are you interested in hunting or
trying? (Open-ended.) (Part 2)
Figure 2.5 (Part 2). Other Hunting Activities of Interest to Hunters
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18 Responsive Management
Q46. Are there types of shooting that you don't do
now but that you would be interested in trying?
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
2
71
4
3
3
3
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
None / Not
interested in others
Long Range
Skeet
Competitive league
Target shooting atrange
Black powder /
muzzleloader
Sporting Clays
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 2.6 (Part 1). Other Target Shooting Activities of Interest to Target Shooters
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 19
Q46. Are there types of shooting that you don't do
now but that you would be interested in trying?
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
8
0.43
0.31
0.42
0.45
0.65
0.78
1.26
1.41
1.91
1.95
0.52
0.49
0.48
0 20 40 60 80 100
Trap
Cowboy Action
Either plinking or target shooting, but named a
type of firearm would like to try rather than a type
of shooting (other than archery or black powder)
Silhouette
NRA High Power
Bullseye
Benchrest
Hunting-related
Tactical
Five-Stand
Archery
IPSC or Practical shooting
Other
Don't know / did not name an activity
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 2.6 (Part 2). Other Target Shooting Activities of Interest to Target Shooters
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20 Responsive Management
The questions about other hunting and other target shooting activities of interest werecrosstabulated by the participation status: active, intermittent, or ex. Figure 2.7 shows that
active hunters are more interested than are other hunters in trying other types of hunting.
Perhaps there were some thoughts that ex-hunters and intermittent hunters could be enticed tohunt by opportunities for other types of hunting; however, such opportunities appear to be more
likely to increase avidity among active hunters rather than among intermittent and ex-hunters.(Not to imply that encouraging greater avidity among active hunters is not a worthy goal.)
Q38. Are there types of hunting that you don't do
now but that you would be interested in trying?
46
53
1
38
59
2
2
65
33
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 2.7. Interest in Other Types of Hunting Crosstabulated by Participation Status
Figure 2.8 shows the types of other hunting that respondents would like to try (among those who
indicated that they wanted to try another type of hunting) crosstabulated by the participation
status. Active hunters had the highest percentage of the three groups who wanted to try hunting
the aforementioned out-of-the-ordinary game: elk, bear, and moose, for instance. On the otherhand, ex-hunters had the highest percentage wanting to try deer, suggesting that some of the ex-
hunters were simply not very avid hunters to begin with and who had perhaps not progressed out
of the beginning stage of hunting wherein small game is targeted—almost as if their initiationinto hunting never progressed to big game. Overall, the differences between groups are
insubstantial on most responses (e.g., wild turkey, archery).
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 21
2
4
9
9
24
13
11
9
7
5
5
4
2
4
3
1
2
3
3
2
5
2
3
7
4
2
6
11
12
17
14
15
2
5
3
2
4
5
6
5
5
8
14
9
8
15
12
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Elk
Wild turkey
Waterfowl
Archery
Pheasant
Deer
Bear
Moose
Game birds in general
Wild boar / feral pigs
Other states / other locations / safari
Black powder / muzzleloaders
Big game in general
Any kind / anything different
Squirrel
Quail
M u l t i p
l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=413)
Intermittent (n=270)
Ex (n=215)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q39. What species or types of equipment are you interested in
hunting or trying? (Asked of those who say that there are
types of hunting that they don't do now but that they would beinterested in trying.) (Open-ended.) (Shows only those with a
total of at least 2%.)
Figure 2.8. Other Hunting Activities of Interest to Hunters Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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22 Responsive Management
As was seen in the hunter survey, the shooter survey found that active target shooters are morelikely than are intermittent or ex-target shooters to say that there are other types of shooting that
they would like to try (Figure 2.9). For almost every type of shooting mentioned, active target
shooters had the highest percentage saying that they wanted to try that type of shooting, but thedifferences were quite small. Nonetheless, the differences, despite being small, offer some
insight in suggesting that active target shooters are showing more interest in other types of shooting relative to intermittent and ex-target shooters.
Q46. Are there types of shooting that you don't do
now but that you would be interested in trying?
(Open-ended.) (Shows all responses given by at
least 1% of total.)
3
2
3
64
5
4
3
4
3
1
21
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
68
4
5
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
81
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
None / Not interested in others
Long Range
Skeet
Target shooting at range
Competitive league
Black powder / muzzleloader
Sporting Clays
Trap
Cowboy Action
Either plinking or target shooting, but named a type of
firearm would like to try rather than a type of shooting
(other than archery or black powder)
Silhouette
M u l t i p l e R e s
p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=497)
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 2.9. Other Target Shooting Activities of Interest to Target Shooters Crosstabulated
by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 23
The shooter survey asked target shooters, after discussing the shooting activities in which theyengage, to indicate their single favorite type of target shooting. (Note that, because of
considerations of survey length, no analogous question was included in the hunter survey
regarding favorite type of hunting.) This is another measure of interest in other types of targetshooting, as it allowed for answers outside of the types of shooting that target shooters may
currently engage in most often. Figure 2.10 shows that target shooting at a range (24%) andsimple plinking (22%) top the list, with the next three items, sporting clays, trap, and skeet,combining for 29%. Note that each respondent could give only one answer to this question.
Q42. What is your favorite type of shooting?
(Open-ended.)
10
0.62
0.03
0.19
0.20
0.30
0.85
2
3
24
22
139
6
4
0.82
0.67
0.59
0.53
0.39
0.34
0 20 40 60 80 100
Target shooting at range
Plinking
Sporting ClaysTrap
Skeet
Hunting-related activities
Long Range
Bullseye
Competitive league
Benchrest
Archery
Black powder / muzzleloaders
Silhouette
Tactical
Sighting a gun
IPSC or Practical shooting
NRA High Power
Five-Stand
Cowboy Action
Other
Don't know / did not name an activity
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
*Rounding on graph
causes apparent
discrepancy in sum.
29% *
Figure 2.10. Target Shooters’ Favorite Types of Target Shooting
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24 Responsive Management
When comparing the graph in Figure 2.10 previously shown with the results regarding the typesof shooting that target shooters do the most in Figure 2.11 below, a measure of latent demand is
produced. Note that a greater percentage of target shooters target shoot at a range (34% do this
the most) than say that target shooting at a range is their favorite type of shooting (24%, adifference of 10 percentage points). Plinking is similar in having no latent demand, with 29%
doing it the most compared to 22% saying it is their favorite type of shooting. On the otherhand, the three clay sports have latent demand: 23% do it the most, but 29% name one of theseas their favorite type of target shooting.
Q40. What type of shooting do you do the most?
(Open-ended.)
0.15
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.43
0.52
1.51
5
8
9
29
34
1.20
0.84
0.57
0.03
0.53
0 20 40 60 80 100
Target shooting at range
Plinking
Sporting Clays
Trap
Skeet
Bullseye
Sighting in gun / patterning shotgun
Long Range
Benchrest
Archery
Silhouette
Five-Stand
Tactical
NRA High Power
Competitive league
Cowboy Action
Other
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
*Rounding on graph
causes apparent
discrepancy in sum.
23% *
Figure 2.11. Types of Target Shooting in Which Target Shooters Most Often Engage
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 25
The surveys also explored the amount of crossover between hunting and target shooting, asshown in Figure 2.12. Specifically, the hunter survey asked hunters about participation in target
shooting (outside of hunting), and the shooter survey asked target shooters about their
participation in hunting. A little more than half of hunters (55%) indicate that they went targetshooting (separate from hunting) within the 2 years previous to the survey. Crossover was even
more among target shooters: 74% of target shooters indicated that they went hunting within the2 years previous to the survey.
Q57. Have you done any target or sportshooting in the past 2 years, includingjust plinking or sighting firearms, but
excluding hunting? In the past 5 years?Ever? (Asked of hunters.)
55
14
18
13
0 20 40 60 80 100
In the past 2
years
In the past 5
years, butnot the past
2 years
Ever, but not
in past 5
years
No, never
Percent (n=2,228)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q65. Have you done any hunting in the
past 2 years? In the past 5 years?Ever? (Asked of target shooters.)
74
11
12
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
In the past 2
years
In the past 5years, but
not the past2 years
Ever, but not
in past 5
years
No, never
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 2.12. Crossover Participation in Target Shooting and Hunting Among Hunters and
Target Shooters
It is not surprising that active hunters and active target shooters, compared to less avid hunters
and target shooters, are the most likely to have done crossover participation (Figure 2.13). Forinstance, 72% of active hunters have gone target shooting in the past 2 years, compared to 59%
of intermittent hunters and 37% of ex-hunters. Likewise, 89% of active target shooters went
hunting in the past 2 years, compared to 71% of intermittent target shooters and 56% of ex-target
shooters.
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26 Responsive Management
Figure 2.13. Crossover Participation in Target Shooting and Hunting Among Hunters and
Target Shooters, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
Each survey included a follow-up question for those who participated in both hunting and target
shooting (Figure 2.14). The surveys asked respondents who participated in both activities to
identify themselves as either hunters or target shooters (but the survey allowed for those whosaid “both”). Those who did both activities more often identified themselves as hunters than
target shooters by a margin of about 3 to 1. In fact, both surveys had nearly identical results.
The crosstabulation of the question regarding self-identification as a hunter or target shooter
(crosstabulated by participation status) found some interesting differences between groups as
well as between surveys. As Figure 2.15 shows, the hunter survey found that active hunters,compared to intermittent and ex-hunters, are the most likely to consider themselves a hunter
(among those who did both hunting and target shooting). Meanwhile, ex-hunters are the most
likely to consider themselves a target shooter. It may be that there exists a group of not-avid
hunters who were mostly target shooters but tried hunting and then dropped hunting. Figure 2.15also shows the shooter survey results; there are only small differences between participation
groups on this question—a large majority of each shooter group answered that they consider
themselves to be hunters.
Q57. Have you done any target or sport
shooting in the past 2 years, includingjust plinking or sighting firearms, but
excluding hunting? In the past 5 years?
Ever? (Asked of hunters.)
72
8
9
10
12
59
16
13
29
18
37
16
0 20 40 60 80 100
In the past 2
years
In the past 5
years, but
not the past
2 years
Ever, but not
in past 5
years
No, never
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
HUNTERSURVEY
Q65. Have you done any hunting in the
past 2 years? In the past 5 years?Ever? (Asked of target shooters.)
89
5
5
1
2
71
15
11
21
19
56
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
In the past 2
years
In the past 5
years, but
not the past
2 years
Ever, but notin past 5
years
No, never
Percent
Active (n=497)
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
SHOOTERSURVEY
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 27
Figure 2.14. Self-Identification as Hunters or Target Shooters Among Those Who Do Both
Figure 2.15. Self-Identification as Hunters/Target Shooters Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
Q58. Do you consider yourself more of a
target shooter or more of a hunter?
(Asked of those who both hunted and
went shooting in the past.)
73
16
10
1
2
59
15
23
33
13
45
9
0 20 40 60 80 100
Hunter
Both
Target
shooter
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=839)
Intermittent (n=566)
Ex (n=566)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q66. Do you consider yourself more of a
target shooter or more of a hunter?
(Asked of those who both went shooting
and went hunting in the past.)
62
19
19
0
2
62
15
21
19
9
68
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Hunter
Both
Target
shooter
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=487)
Intermittent (n=475)
Ex (n=523)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q58. Do you consider yourself more of a
target shooter or more of a hunter?
(Asked of those who both hunted and
went shooting in the past.)
59
15
21
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Hunter
Both
Target
shooter
Don't know
Percent (n=1,971)
HUNTERSURVEY
Q66. Do you consider yourself more of a
target shooter or more of a hunter?
(Asked of those who both went shooting
and went hunting in the past.)
64
15
19
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Hunter
Both
Target
shooter
Don't know
Percent (n=1,485)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
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28 Responsive Management
CHAPTER 3: SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF PARTICIPATION INHUNTING AND TARGET SHOOTING
The previous chapter explored the outdoor activities engaged in, as well as those activities in
which respondents wish to engage—all topics that directly pertain to activities that may compete
with hunting and target shooting. Chapter 3 explores some aspects of and target shooting trips,including likely companions. These questions pertain to the decision-making process when
hunters and target shooters decide whether to go hunting or shooting.
The first aspect explored in this chapter is hunting and target shooting companions. To start
with, both surveys asked respondents about the amount of time that they hunt and target shootwith others and the amount of time that they hunt and target shoot alone. Figure 3.1 shows the
“alone” side of the set of questions (the “with others” graphs are almost perfect reverse images of
those shown below and so are not included in the report). As the reader can see, very lowpercentages always hunt/target shoot alone: only 5% of hunters and 4% of target shooters.
Furthermore, a majority of each group always go hunting/target shooting with a companion:
63% of hunters and 55% of target shooters. Clearly, these activities are predominantly done ingroups rather than alone.
Figure 3.1. Percentage of Time That Respondents Hunt or Target Shoot Alone
The questions shown above in Figure 3.1 were also crosstabulated by participation status, asshown in Figure 3.2. This crosstabulation found that active hunters, compared to intermittent or
ex-hunters, are more likely to sometimes (even if not often) go hunting alone, as evidenced by
Q53. What percentage of the time do you
go shooting alone?
55
17
4
4
6
2
1
10
2
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
100%
76%-99%
75%
51%-74%
50%
26%-49%
25%
1%-24%
0%
Don't know
Percent (n=1,541)
Mean = 19.18
Median = 0
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q43. What percentage of the time do you
go hunting alone?
63
12
3
5
4
1
1
8
2
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
100%
76%-99%
75%
51%-74%
50%
26%-49%
25%
1%-24%
0%
Don't know
Percent (n=2,228)
Mean = 16.70
Median = 0
HUNTER
SURVEY
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 29
the percent who answered “0%” (i.e., never). While only 57% of active hunters say that theynever go hunting alone, 64% of intermittent hunters and 70% of ex-hunters say that they never
go hunting alone. It appears that active hunters are more willing to go hunting, even if they have
nobody else to go with, than are intermittent and ex-hunters. The shooter survey found similarresults, with active target shooters more willing to target shoot alone: 46% of active target
shooters say that they never go target shooting alone, while 61% of intermittent target shootersand 64% of ex-target shooters say that they never go target shooting alone.
Figure 3.2. Percentage of Time That Respondents Hunt or Target Shoot Alone
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
The next question concerns with whom these people engage in these activities. For both
activities, family plays an important role (more so with hunting than target shooting): 71% of
hunters who hunt at least some of the time with somebody else typically hunt with a family
member (not exclusive of also having a friend along), and 64% of target shooters who targetshoot at least some of the time with somebody else typically target shoot with a family member
(Figures 3.3 and 3.4). But this is not to say that friends are not important, as a near-majority of
hunters who hunt with others (48%) and a solid majority of target shooters who target shoot withothers (57%) named friends as typical companions. For these questions, the crosstabulations by
participation status are not shown because there were no marked differences.
Q43. What percentage of the time do you
go hunting alone?
57
17
4
3
4
1
1
10
3
00
64
11
3
1
9
1
6
4
1
1
70
6
2
2
6
1
4
7
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
100%
76%-99%
75%
51%-74%
50%
26%-49%
25%
1%-24%
0%
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
Means
Active = 16.67
Intermittent = 18.02
Ex = 16.32
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q53. What percentage of the time do you
go shooting alone?
46
21
5
4
7
2
1
11
2
01
61
14
3
1
8
2
3
5
2
2
64
13
2
2
8
1
4
4
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
100%
76%-99%
75%
51%-74%
50%
26%-49%
25%
1%-24%
0%
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=497)
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
Means
Active = 22.45
Intermittent = 16.88
Ex = 15.66
SHOOTER
SURVEY
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30 Responsive Management
Q48. With whom do you typically hunt? (Asked of
those who go hunting with somebody else at least
part of the time.) (Open-ended.)
0.06
0.13
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.24
0.51
0.61
0.79
1.64
2
3
48
29
17
8
7
6
1.54
1.54
1.28
1.05
0.99
0.87
0 20 40 60 80 100
Friends
Family in general
Son
Father
Brother
Husband
Children (didn't specify son or daughter)
Grandchildren
Cousin
Brother-in-law
Wife
Son-in-law
Nephew
Daughter
Father-in-lawUncle
Spouse
Club
Mother
Grandfather
Sister
Aunt
Boyfriend
Daughter-in-law
M u l t i p
l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=2,078)
HUNTER
SURVEY
71% name a
family
member
Figure 3.3. Typical Hunting Companions
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 31
Q57. With whom do you typically shoot? (Asked of
those who go shooting with somebody else at least
part of the time.) (Open-ended.)
0.66
0.74
0.76
0.771.33
1.73
2
3
5
16
32
57
2
2
1.76
0.66
0.36
0.32
0.26
0.23
0.22
0.16
0.15
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.01
0 20 40 60 80 100
Friends
Family in general
Son
Brother
Father
Grandson
Wife
Children in general
Daughter
Husband
Brother-in-lawNephew
Son-in-law
Club members
Grandchildren in general
Cousin
Spouse or fiance (did not specify gender)
Granddaughter
Sister
In-laws in general
Father-in-law
Uncle
Niece
Mother
Boyfriend
Sister-in-law
Grandfather
Girlfriend
Daughter-in-law
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,465)
SHOOTERSURVEY
64% name a
family
member
Figure 3.4. Typical Target Shooting Companions
Another aspect related to hunting and target shooting trips is how far ahead people plan trips, and
for the survey a trip is loosely defined as to include just a part of a day as a “trip.” This topic
was examined in two ways: the amount of lead-time for a typical trip, and then the portion of alltrips that are planned more or less “spur of the moment” (i.e., less than 2 weeks ahead of time).
It is not surprising that the answers rum the gamut from completely spontaneous to plans for trips
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32 Responsive Management
more than a year in advance, reflecting the entire range of personality types. So the questionbecomes determining the percentage of people and trips that are spontaneous and the percentage
that are carefully planned. Figure 3.5 shows the first question of the pair in each survey: how
far in advance people’s typical hunting and target shooting trips are planned. Spontaneity ismore important among target shooters than among hunters: while 45% of hunters plan typical
hunting trips no more than a week ahead, 78% of target shooters plan typical target shooting tripsno more than a week ahead.
Figure 3.5. Planning Time for Hunting and Target Shooting Trips
As shown in Figures 3.6 and 3.7, the crosstabulation of these questions by participation statusfound little difference between active, intermittent, and ex-hunters (for instance, the percentages
planning trips a week or less in advance are 43% for active, 48% for intermittent, and 47% for
ex). Among target shooters, active target shooters are just slightly more spontaneous: the
percentages planning trips a week or less in advance are 81% for active target shooters, 78% forintermittent target shooters, and 74% for ex-target shooters—differences that are not large.
Q68. How far in advance do you start
planning a typical shooting trip?
16
9
3
0
3
0
1
0
2
1
5
20
37
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
More than a year
1 year
7-11 months
6 months
4-5 months
2-3 months
1 month
2-3 weeks
1 week
5-6 days
3-4 days
1-2 days
Do not plan trips / just go
shooting that day
Don't know
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
11% plan a
month or more
ahead
78% plan a
week or less
ahead
Q60. How far in advance do you start
planning a typical hunting trip?
13
12
10
1
8
2
6
2
11
1
4
11
16
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
More than a year
1 year
7-11 months
6 months
4-5 months
2-3 months
1 month
2-3 weeks
1 week
5-6 days
3-4 days
1-2 days
Do not plan trips / just go
hunting that day
Don't know
Percent (n=2,228)
HUNTER
SURVEY
39% plan a
month or more
ahead
45% plan a
week or less
ahead
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 33
Q60. How far in advance do you start planning a
typical hunting trip?
11
14
10
1
10
2
6
2
10
1
6
12
14
22
15
13
4
1
15
12
10
12
1
5
0
6
2
5
18
11
3
1
14
11
10
12
2
1
6
0
6
0 20 40 60 80 100
More than a year
1 year
7-11 months
6 months
4-5 months
2-3 months
1 month
2-3 weeks
1 week
5-6 days
3-4 days
1-2 days
Do not plan trips / just go hunting that
day
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 3.6. Planning Time for Hunting Trips, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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34 Responsive Management
Q68. How far in advance do you start planning a
typical shooting trip?
18
8
2
0
3
0
1
0
3
0
5
22
36
22
35
19
4
2
18
9
4
1
0
2
1
2
1
4
38
17
4
1
13
9
5
3
0
1
3
0
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
More than a year
1 year
7-11 months
6 months
4-5 months
2-3 months
1 month
2-3 weeks
1 week
5-6 days
3-4 days
1-2 days
Do not plan trips / just go shooting
that day
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=497)
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 3.7. Planning Time for Target Shooting Trips, Crosstabulated by Participation
Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 35
As indicated above, a second way to look at the lead-time for planning trips was included in thesurvey, which asked respondents to indicate the percentage of their trips that were planned less
than 2 weeks ahead of time (Figure 3.8). About a third of hunters are entirely spontaneous (31%
indicated that all of their trips are planned less than 2 weeks ahead of time). The hunter surveyhas an interesting finding in that almost as many who say that all their trips are planned within
that 2-week timeframe say that none of their trips are planned in that timeframe (30% indicatedthat none of their trips are planned less than 2 weeks ahead of time). In the shooter survey (alsoFigure 3.8), a majority of target shooters are entirely spontaneous (58% plan all of their trips less
than 2 weeks in advance).
Figure 3.8. Percentage of Trips Planned Less Than 2 Weeks Ahead of Time
The crosstabulation of these questions by participation status finds that ex-hunters and ex-target
shooters, relative to their intermittent and active counterparts, are the most likely to say that noneof their trips are planned less than 2 weeks in advance, suggesting that they are more deliberate
in their planning of trips (when they last went hunting or target shooting) (Figures 3.9 and 3.10).
Q61. What percentage of your hunting
trips are planned less than 2 weeks in
advance?
30
13
3
31
8
2
1
6
2
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
100%
76%-99%
75%
51%-74%
50%
26%-49%
25%
1%-24%
0%
Don't know
Percent (n=2,228)
Mean = 48.42
Median = 50
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q69. What percentage of your shooting
trips are planned less than 2 weeks in
advance?
10
7
2
58
10
2
1
5
2
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
100%
76%-99%
75%
51%-74%
50%
26%-49%
25%
1%-24%
0%
Don't know
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
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36 Responsive Management
Q61. What percentage of your hunting trips are
planned less than 2 weeks in advance?
24
16
5
28
10
2
1
7
4
23
28
12
2
2
8
1
34
8
2
5
35
10
2
1
3
2
6
34
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
100%
76%-99%
75%
51%-74%
50%
26%-49%
25%
1%-24%
0%
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
Means
Active = 48.16
Intermittent = 51.85
Ex = 47.58
MediansActive = 40
Intermittent = 50
Ex = 25
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 3.9. Percentage of Hunting Trips Planned Less Than 2 Weeks Ahead of Time,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 37
Q69. What percentage of your shooting trips are
planned less than 2 weeks in advance?
6
7
3
59
12
3
2
5
2
12
10
5
1
2
4
1
63
9
2
4
17
7
2
1
5
1
6
56
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
100%
76%-99%
75%
51%-74%
50%
26%-49%
25%
1%-24%
0%
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=497)Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 3.10. Percentage of Target Shooting Trips Planned Less Than 2 Weeks Ahead of
Time, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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38 Responsive Management
CHAPTER 4: MOTIVATIONS FOR PARTICIPATING INACTIVITIES, SATISFACTIONS DERIVED FROM THEM, ANDREASONS FOR INCREASED AVIDITY
A most basic question asked respondents to name the most important reasons that they go
hunting and target shooting. These were open-ended questions, and respondents answered withanything that came to mind, and they could give more than a single response. Figure 4.1 shows
that hunters’ most common motivations are for the simple fun provided by hunting (37%), to beclose to nature/in the outdoors (28%), for the meat (24%), to be with family (12%), and to be
with friends (8%). Note that multiple answers could be given, and many of those who gave the
nature-related answer also gave an answer pertaining to hunting being fun. Likewise, many of those who answered family did so in conjunction with friends, as well.
Q25. What would you say are your most important
reasons for participating in hunting? In other
words, what are your motivations?(Open-ended.)
0.99
1.21
1.43
37
28
24
12
8
4
0.87
0.86
0.22
1.46
1.98
0 20 40 60 80 100
For fun, relaxation, sport / enjoy it (without
giving nature or wildlife-related answer)
Gave an answer related to being close to
nature or being outdoors
For the meat
To be with family
To be with friends
Tradition
Conservation / help with game management
Exercise
Like to work dogs / other dog-related answer
Thrill / excitement of hunting / adventure
Challenge
Trophy / for antlers / to hang on wall / to get a
big buck
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o
w e d
Percent (n=2,228)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.1. Most Important Reasons for Hunting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 39
The shooter survey had a similar question regarding motivations for target shooting. In answerto this question, 56% of target shooters said they go target shooting for the simple fun of it
(Figure 4.2). This top answer was followed by to increase skill (24%), as an ancillary activity to
hunting (15%), and to be with family or friends (7%). Note that the hunting-related answer wascounted only if the respondent on his/her own mentioned hunting. The question was open-
ended, so no prompting was given, and 15% of target shooters, without prompting, indicated thatthey go target shooting to improve their hunting skills or to keep in practice when hunting is notin season.
Q39. What would you say are your most important
reasons for participating in shooting? In other
words, what are your motivations?
(Open-ended.)
1.00
1.50
0.77
1.35
1.74
3
5
7
15
24
56
3
3
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
To have fun / for enjoyment
To increase skill
Mentioned hunting in response
To be with family or friends
Sighting gun or patterning shotgun /
checking out gun or loads
Tradition / have always done it
Mentioned self-defense in
response
To get outside
Mentoring
Mentioned firearm rights in
response
For the challenge
Competition
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.2. Most Important Reasons for Target Shooting
As with most questions in the two surveys, these questions were crosstabulated by participationstatus. There were no marked differences in motivations for hunting (Figure 4.3) or for target
shooting (Figure 4.4). If anything, perhaps active hunters and active target shooters are more
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40 Responsive Management
likely (compared to intermittent and ex-participants) to answer that they participate just for fun;however, the differences, as previously said, are very slight.
Q25. What would you say are your most importantreasons for participating in hunting? In other
words, what are your motivations?
(Open-ended.)
1
2
2
41
29
22
13
8
5
0
1
0
1
11
1
1
0
2
1
1
2
5
6
14
33
32
24
4
2
0
1
1
0
1
1
4
8
25
26
35
11
0 20 40 60 80 100
For fun, relaxation, sport / enjoy it
(without giving a nature or wildlife-related
answer)Gave an answer related to being close to
nature or being outdoors
For the meat
To be with family
To be with friends
Tradition
Conservation / help with game
management
Exercise
Like to work dogs / other dog-relatedanswer
Thrill / excitement of hunting / adventure
Challenge
Trophy / for antlers / to hang on wall / to
get a big buck
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e
R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.3. Most Important Reasons for Hunting Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 41
Q39. What would you say are your most important
reasons for participating in shooting? In other
words, what are your motivations?(Open-ended.)
2
4
4
61
26
15
5
3
3
2
1
0
2
01
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
5
7
10
52
26
13
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
7
15
22
51
9
0 20 40 60 80 100
To have fun / for enjoyment
To increase skill
Mentioned hunting in response
To be with family or friends
Sighting gun or patterning shotgun
/ checking out gun or loads
To get outside
Tradition / have always done it
Mentioned self-defense in
response
Mentoring
Mentioned firearm rights in
response
For the challenge
Competition
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=497)
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.4. Most Important Reasons for Target Shooting Crosstabulated by Participation
Status
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42 Responsive Management
Another question that pertained to motivations asked hunters and target shooters whoseparticipation had recently increased to indicate why their participation had increased (Figures 4.5
and 4.6). Two answers predominate in both surveys: that respondents simply had more
time/more opportunities (42% of hunters whose hunting participation increased; 34% of targetshooters whose target shooting had increased) and that they had family who wanted to go
hunting (19%) or go target shooting (16%). This points out the importance of family in gettinghunters and target shooters to increase their avidity.
Q27. Why did your amount of hunting increase?
(Asked of those whose amount of hunting
increased.) (Open-ended.)
3
0.56
0.76
0.96
1.32
2
3
4
5
9
19
42
3
3
2
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Had more time / more opportunities
Had family who wanted to hunt
Simply because he/she likes it / enjoys it
Had more money
Needs more meat
Just started (i.e., can only increase)
Had friends doing it
More and/or better game to shoot
Gotten older and can hunt on my own / gotten
better at it
Had better access
Health improved
Seasons were expanded / bag limit increased
Trying new type of hunting
Getting back into the sport
Other
Don't know / no reason
M u l t i p l e R e s p o
n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=156)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.5. Reasons That Hunting Participation Increased
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 43
Q49. Why did your amount of sport shooting
increase? (Asked of those whose amount of
shooting increased.)(Open-ended.)
3
4
5
34
16
10
8
6
5
1.49
0.42
7
7
0 20 40 60 80 100
I have more time
Have family and/or friends that go
shooting more now
Became more interested / having fun
Bought or acquired a new or differentfirearm
Better access
Because I need practice
Better able to afford it
Tried something new
More opportunities (not specific to
access)
Just started or got back into it within
past 5 years (i.e., could only increase)
Better health
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=182)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.6. Reasons That Target Shooting Participation Increased
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44 Responsive Management
The question regarding reasons for the increase in hunting participation was crosstabulated byparticipation status. Only active and intermittent hunters can be compared, as too few ex-hunters
received the question (only those whose hunting participation increased were asked). What is
immediately apparent is that active hunters are much more likely to say that their huntingincreased because they had more time/more opportunities (Figure 4.7). It may simply be that
active hunters are more connected to other hunters and, ergo, have more opportunities presentedto them. It may also be that they are more amenable to finding the time to go.
Q27. Why did your amount of hunting increase?
(Asked of those whose amount of hunting
increased.) (Open-ended.)
3
2
3
2
49
17
8
6
3
5
3
1
0
1
1
3
8
6
3
2
6
6
0
11
3
6
0
16
0
19
15
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Had more time / more opportunities
Had family who wanted to hunt
Simply because he/she likes it / enjoys it
Had more money
Just started (i.e., can only increase)
Needs more meat
Had friends doing it
More and/or better game to shoot
Had better access
Gotten older and can hunt on my own / gotten
better at it
Health improved
Getting back into the sport
Seasons were expanded / bag limit increased
Trying new type of hunting
Other
Don't know / no reason
M u l t i p l e R e s
p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=121)
Intermittent (n=27)
Only 8 respondents with the"ex" status received
question; therefore, those
results not valid to be shown
as percentages.
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.7. Reasons That Hunting Participation Increased Crosstabulated by Participation
Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 45
Similar to the above, the question regarding reasons for the increase in target shootingparticipation was crosstabulated by participation status. In this crosstabulation, there were no
marked differences (Figure 4.8).
Q49. Why did your amount of sport shootingincrease? (Asked of those whose amount of
shooting increased.)
(Open-ended.)
6
0
5
35
15
7
10
6
4
3
0
7
75
5
2
0
0
9
2
5
7
6
34
16
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
I have more time
Have family and/or friends that go
shooting more now
Bought or acquired a new or different
firearm
Became more interested / having fun
Better access
Tried something new
Because I need practice
Just started or got back into it within past5 years (i.e., could only increase)
Better able to afford it
More opportunities (not specific to
access)
Better health
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=99)
Intermittent (n=83)
No ex-shooters'
participation increased;
therefore, none wereasked the question.
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.8. Reasons That Target Shooting Participation Increased Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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46 Responsive Management
The surveys delved into another aspect of motivations in the question that asked about theadvantages of going hunting or target shooting with somebody else (asked of those who go with
somebody else at least some of the time). While not directly pertaining to motivations, it does
shed light on a certain aspect of motivations for hunting and target shooting: camaraderie. Inboth surveys, when those who participated in hunting or target shooting with others were asked
to name the advantages of hunting/target shooting with somebody else, they most commonlygave an answer (in open-ended questioning) related to camaraderie/being with family or friends(Figure 4.9). The next most common answer in both surveys related to safety in having a
partner.
Figure 4.9. Advantages of Hunting and Target Shooting With Others
The crosstabulation of these questions by participation status find that all three groups (active,
intermittent, and ex) are about the same in their answers, with just slight differences(Figures 4.10 and 4.11). Active target shooters have a higher percentage of respondents giving a
mentor-related response (13% mention teaching or learning from a mentor as an advantage of
target shooting with somebody else, compared to no more than 6% of the other groups);otherwise, response rates do not vary much between the groups. In fact, for the most part, the
responses rates are remarkably similar among the groups on these questions.
Q56. What are the advantages of going
shooting with somebody else? (Asked of
those who go shooting with somebody else
at least part of the time.) (Open-ended.)
3
3
10
15
22
60
1.71
0.60
4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Simple camaraderie
In case of accidents / havebackup / safer with others
More competition / more of a
challenge
Can mentor another or learn
from another
Need more than one person
for particular activity
Help each other (outside of
safety issues)
Able to pool resources /
access to more places to shoot
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,465)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q47. What are the advantages of going
hunting with somebody else? (Asked of
those who go hunting with somebody else at
least part of the time.) (Open-ended.)
4
1.16
1.90
53
44
6
4
4
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Simple camaraderie
In case of accidents / have
backup / safer with others
Can cover a larger area / track
more game / flush game
Help retrieving game /
dressing game
Help in general (did not specify
flushing / retrieving game)
Can mentor another or learn
from another
Able to pool resources /
access to more land
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=2,078)
HUNTER
SURVEY
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 47
Q47. What are the advantages of going hunting
with somebody else? (Asked of those who go
hunting with somebody else at least part of thetime.) (Open-ended.)
3
1
2
54
47
7
5
4
3
5
1
1
3
4
4
54
45
6
5
1
2
3
4
6
41
51
4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Simple camaraderie
In case of accidents / have backup /
safer with others
Can cover a larger area / track moregame / flush game
Help retrieving game / dressing game
Help in general (did not specify either
flushing or retrieving game)
Can mentor another or learn from
another
Able to pool resources / access to
more land
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t
i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=882)
Intermittent (n=587)
Ex (n=609)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.10. Advantages of Hunting With Others, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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48 Responsive Management
Q56. What are the advantages of going shooting
with somebody else? (Asked of those who go
shooting with somebody else at leastpart of the time.) (Open-ended.)
4
1
2
60
20
16
13
4
4
5
2
2
2
2
5
63
21
15
4
0
1
2
2
13
25
61
6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Simple camaraderie
In case of accidents / have backup /
safer with others
More competition / more of achallenge
Can mentor another or learn from
another
Need more than one person for
particular activity
Help each other (outside of safety
issues)
Able to pool resources / access to
more places to shoot
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=476)
Intermittent (n=476)
Ex (n=513)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.11. Advantages of Hunting With Others, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 49
One pre-survey conjecture was that active hunters and target shooters would have been invited togo hunting and target shooting more often than intermittent or ex-hunters and target shooters.
The surveys supported this conjecture, finding that, of the three groups, active hunters and target
shooters were the most likely to say that they are invited to go hunting/target shooting frequently,while ex-hunters and target shooters were the most likely to say that they are never invited
(Figure 4.12).
Figure 4.12. How Often Respondents Are Invited to Go Hunting or Target Shooting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
Not surprisingly, active hunters and active target shooters were more likely, relative to
intermittent and ex-participants, to take people up on their invitations. For instance, 34% of
active hunters always go when invited, compared to no more than 22% of the other groups
(Figure 4.13). Likewise, 39% of active target shooters always go when invited, compared to nomore than 31% of the other groups (Figure 4.14).
Q49. In the past 5 years, how often
would you say you were invited to go
hunting by a friend or family member?
56
22
13
2
6
11
8
3
43
27
17
1
22
22
21
28
6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Frequently
A few times
A couple of
times
Once
Never / Not
invited
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q60. In the past 5 years, how often
would you say you were invited to go
shooting by a friend or family member?
42
32
16
1
8
11
11
3
24
37
24
2
22
24
30
16
6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Frequently
A few times
A couple of
times
Once
Never / Not
invited
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=497)
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
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50 Responsive Management
Q50. About what percentage of the time would you
say you went hunting when invited by those friends
or family? (Asked of those who were invited to go
hunting by a friend or family member.)
4
6
3
34
21
10
4
13
3
22
10
14
5
4
21
5
22
8
8
3
34
17
3
5
11
3
6
16
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
100%
76%-99%
75%
51%-74%
50%
26%-49%
25%
1%-24%
0%
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=861)
Intermittent (n=577)
Ex (n=500)
Means
Active = 73.48
Intermittent = 54.62
Ex = 35.60
Medians
Active = 80
Intermittent = 50
Ex = 20
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.13. Percentage of Invitations to Go Hunting That Are Accepted, Crosstabulated
by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 51
Q61. About what percentage of the time would you
say you went shooting when invited by those
friends or family? (Asked of those who were invited
to go shooting by a friend or family member.)
1
6
1
39
23
9
5
14
1
11
5
9
2
3
19
5
31
17
8
3
15
7
2
2
20
4
16
29
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
100%
76%-99%
75%
51%-74%
50%
26%-49%
25%
1%-24%
0%
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=447)
Intermittent (n=431)
Ex (n=404)
Means
Active = 77.93
Intermittent = 67.40
Ex = 60.74
Medians
Active = 90
Intermittent = 75
Ex = 75
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.14. Percentage of Invitations to Go Target Shooting That Are Accepted,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
The surveys looked at another aspect of motivations for hunting and target shooting: things thatmight motivate somebody to go hunting and target shooting (or to go more). For this line of questioning, each survey asked a series of questions about things that might encourage the
respondent to go hunting or target shooting. For each question, the respondent indicated whether
the item would strongly encourage him/her, moderately encourage him/her, or not encourage
him/her to go hunting or target shooting (or to go more). Then, the items were examined relativeto each other. The order of the questions was randomized so that the respondents did not get all
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52 Responsive Management
the questions in the same order; this randomization eliminates order bias, which is the effect aquestion can have on subsequent questions.
For the hunter survey, 24 questions were asked; the results are shown in Table 4.1, ranked by thepercentages who say the items would strongly encourage them to go hunting or to go more.
Addressing access was the top item among hunters overall, as well as more opportunities forhunting and more opportunities to take game. There was some interest shown in the lottery forwinning a new firearm for purchasing a license, as well as for a mentoring license. Shading
shows when a majority is in the table cell.
Table 4.1. Things to Encourage Hunting Among All Hunters
Item that would strongly, moderately, or not encourage participation or more
participation
S t r o n g l y
M o d e r a t e l y
S t r o n g l y o r
M o d e r a t e l y
N o t
Q89. Being connected with priv. landowners in their area who are looking for hunters 45 20 65 34
Q70. Getting an extra tag or taking additional game so that the meat could be donatedto a Hunters for the Hungry campaign
40 26 66 33
Q73. The hunting seasons provided additional days for hunting each year 39 21 60 40
Q71. The purchase of a hunting license automatically entered them in a drawing for a
new firearm36 26 62 37
Q72. Receiving information on under-utilized hunting locations near their home 34 26 61 38
Q69. They could mentor family member or relative using special discounted license 34 29 63 36
Q83. Wildlife management areas managed specifically to allow hunters to see a lot of
game33 27 60 38
Q76. Having GPS unit that can tell them if they are on land where hunting is allowed 32 23 55 44
Q75. A program that allowed public access to private lands 32 22 54 44
Q88. Their state wildlife agency had shooting ranges in their area where they could
practice before the hunting season
31 22 53 46
Q68. They got coupons for equipment discounts with their hunting license 30 30 60 39
Q74. Regulation changes that make it easier to take youth hunting, like areas limited
to youth and mentors30 23 52 46
Q67. Some type of family license package 27 19 46 52
Q84. Wildlife management areas managed for wilderness experiences 26 28 54 44
Q85. Having convenient access to public hunting area manager to discuss questions
about regulations, license requirements, places to hunt, and nearby businesses24 28 52 47
Q86. Having an online directory to guides, outfitters and game preserves where user
reviews were posted to help them choose the best opportunity20 25 45 54
Q82. More wildlife management areas managed specifically for trophy animals 19 21 39 59
Q80. Hunting opportunities were offered through their church, workplace, or club 18 30 48 50
Q77. Daily bag limits were increased 18 20 38 60
Q87. An experienced hunter was available to partner with them on the hunt 15 24 40 58
Q79. They could meet members of a local rod and gun club who are familiar with the
area for hunting trips or social gatherings14 29 43 56
Q90. They could borrow equipment, such as tree stands or decoys, to try different
types of hunting14 21 35 64
Q78. They could attend skill seminars for species that they have not hunted 13 26 39 60
Q81. A directory to local hunt clubs they could join 12 23 35 65
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 53
The series of questions discussed above were crosstabulated by participation status, and thisreport first looks at active hunters. The report then will examine intermittent hunters and
ex-hunters. Active hunters were much like hunters overall: access, opportunities for more days
or more harvest, a drawing for a firearm, and mentoring were high on the list (Table 4.2).Shading shows when a majority is in the table cell.
Table 4.2. Things to Encourage Hunting Among Active Hunters
Item that would strongly, moderately, or not encourage participation or more
participation
S t r o n g l y
M o d e r a t e l y
S t r o n g l y o r
M o d e r a t e l y
N o t
Q89. They could be connected with private landowners in their area who are looking
for hunters54 20 74 26
Q73. The hunting seasons provided additional days for hunting each year 53 20 73 27
Q70. They could get an extra tag or take additional game so that the meat could be
donated to a Hunters for the Hungry campaign49 26 75 25
Q71. The purchase of a hunting license automatically entered them in a drawing for a
new firearm 44 27 71 28
Q72. Receiving information on under-utilized hunting locations near their home 43 25 68 32
Q69. They could mentor a family member or relative using a special discounted
license42 28 70 28
Q83. Wildlife management areas managed specifically to allow hunters to see a lot of
game42 30 73 26
Q75. A program that allowed public access to private lands 40 22 62 36
Q76. Having a GPS unit that can tell them if they are on land where hunting is
allowed39 24 63 36
Q74. Regulation changes that make it easier to take youth hunting, like areas limited
to youth and mentors38 27 66 33
Q88. Their state wildlife agency had shooting ranges in their area where they could
practice before the hunting season
37 21 59 41
Q68. They got coupons for equipment discounts with their hunting license 36 33 69 31
Q85. Having convenient access to the public hunting area manager to discuss
questions about regulations, license requirements, places to hunt, and nearby
businesses
33 29 62 36
Q67. Some type of family license package 33 22 55 45
Q84. Wildlife management areas managed for wilderness experiences 31 34 65 33
Q82. More wildlife management areas managed specifically for trophy animals 27 26 54 45
Q86. Having an online directory to guides, outfitters and game preserves where user
reviews were posted to help them choose the best opportunity26 29 55 43
Q80. Hunting opportunities were offered through their church, workplace, or club 23 37 60 39
Q77. Daily bag limits were increased 22 26 48 50
Q79. They could meet members of a local rod and gun club who are familiar with the
area for hunting trips or social gatherings 17 34 51 48
Q90. They could borrow equipment, such as tree stands or decoys, to try different
types of hunting17 25 42 58
Q87. An experienced hunter was available to partner with them on the hunt 16 31 47 51
Q78. They could attend skill seminars for species that they have not hunted 16 29 45 53
Q81. A directory to local hunt clubs they could join 15 27 42 57
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54 Responsive Management
Among intermittent hunters, access, more opportunities for harvest, having a GPS unit that canhelp with access, and wildlife management areas managed for more game were the top items in
the list ranked by the percent who would be strongly encouraged (Table 4.3). Shading shows
when a majority is in the table cell.
Table 4.3. Things to Encourage Hunting Among Intermittent Hunters
Item that would strongly, moderately, or not encourage participation or more
participation
S t r o n g l y
M o d e r a t e l y
S t r o n g l y o r
M o d e r a t e l y
N o t
Q89. They could be connected with private landowners in their area who are looking
for hunters45 23 68 32
Q70. They could get an extra tag or take additional game so that the meat could be
donated to a Hunters for the Hungry campaign44 29 73 26
Q76. Having a GPS unit that can tell them if they are on land where hunting is
allowed38 25 63 37
Q83. Wildlife management areas managed specifically to allow hunters to see a lot of
game 37 29 66 33Q72. Receiving information on under-utilized hunting locations near their home 37 31 68 31
Q71. The purchase of a hunting license automatically entered them in a drawing for a
new firearm36 27 63 36
Q75. A program that allowed public access to private lands 36 27 62 35
Q73. The hunting seasons provided additional days for hunting each year 35 32 68 31
Q69. They could mentor a family member or relative using a special discounted
license35 34 69 29
Q88. Their state wildlife agency had shooting ranges in their area where they could
practice before the hunting season34 23 57 42
Q84. Wildlife management areas managed for wilderness experiences 33 26 59 39
Q68. They got coupons for equipment discounts with their hunting license 32 37 69 31
Q74. Regulation changes that make it easier to take youth hunting, like areas limitedto youth and mentors
29 24 53 45
Q85. Having convenient access to the public hunting area manager to discuss
questions about regulations, license requirements, places to hunt, and nearby
businesses
26 32 58 42
Q67. Some type of family license package 25 22 47 51
Q86. Having an online directory to guides, outfitters and game preserves where user
reviews were posted to help them choose the best opportunity22 26 48 50
Q80. Hunting opportunities were offered through their church, workplace, or club 22 28 49 49
Q82. More wildlife management areas managed specifically for trophy animals 22 24 45 53
Q87. An experienced hunter was available to partner with them on the hunt 18 26 44 55
Q77. Daily bag limits were increased 15 24 39 59
Q90. They could borrow equipment, such as tree stands or decoys, to try different
types of hunting 15 24 38 61
Q78. They could attend skill seminars for species that they have not hunted 14 29 43 56
Q81. A directory to local hunt clubs they could join 14 24 38 62
Q79. They could meet members of a local rod and gun club who are familiar with the
area for hunting trips or social gatherings12 32 45 54
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 55
Among ex-hunters, the top items that would get them back into hunting include access,opportunities for more harvest or more days, a drawing for a firearm, and mentoring
opportunities (Table 4.4). Shading shows when a majority is in the table cell.
Table 4.4. Things to Encourage Hunting Among Ex-Hunters
Item that would strongly, moderately, or not encourage participation or more
participation
S t r o n g l y
M o d e r a t e l y
S t r o n g l y o r
M o d e r a t e l y
N o t
Q89. They could be connected with private landowners in their area who are looking
for hunters37 19 56 43
Q70. They could get an extra tag or take additional game so that the meat could be
donated to a Hunters for the Hungry campaign31 25 55 44
Q71. The purchase of a hunting license automatically entered them in a drawing for a
new firearm28 26 54 46
Q73. The hunting seasons provided additional days for hunting each year 26 18 44 56
Q72. Receiving information on under-utilized hunting locations near their home 25 25 51 47
Q69. They could mentor a family member or relative using a special discountedlicense
25 28 53 46
Q88. Their state wildlife agency had shooting ranges in their area where they could
practice before the hunting season24 22 47 52
Q76. Having a GPS unit that can tell them if they are on land where hunting is
allowed24 22 46 54
Q68. They got coupons for equipment discounts with their hunting license 23 26 48 51
Q67. Some type of family license package 22 15 37 60
Q75. A program that allowed public access to private lands 22 21 43 55
Q83. Wildlife management areas managed specifically to allow hunters to see a lot of
game22 24 45 52
Q74. Regulation changes that make it easier to take youth hunting, like areas limited
to youth and mentors
21 17 38 61
Q84. Wildlife management areas managed for wilderness experiences 18 24 42 57
Q85. Having convenient access to the public hunting area manager to discuss
questions about regulations, license requirements, places to hunt, and nearby
businesses
15 25 40 60
Q77. Daily bag limits were increased 14 14 28 70
Q87. An experienced hunter was available to partner with them on the hunt 14 18 31 66
Q80. Hunting opportunities were offered through their church, workplace, or club 13 24 37 61
Q86. Having an online directory to guides, outfitters and game preserves where user
reviews were posted to help them choose the best opportunity13 22 34 65
Q79. They could meet members of a local rod and gun club who are familiar with the
area for hunting trips or social gatherings12 24 36 63
Q90. They could borrow equipment, such as tree stands or decoys, to try different
types of hunting 11 16 27 72Q78. They could attend skill seminars for species that they have not hunted 10 22 32 67
Q82. More wildlife management areas managed specifically for trophy animals 9 14 24 75
Q81. A directory to local hunt clubs they could join 8 19 27 72
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56 Responsive Management
In comparing active hunters, intermittent hunters, and ex-hunters on this series of questions, twofindings are of particular interest: for almost every item, active hunters had a greater percentage
saying that the item would strongly encourage them to go hunting, compared to intermittent and
ex-hunters (in the two exceptions, intermittent hunters exceeded the active hunters by no morethan 2 percentage points). In short, active hunters show the most propensity to be encouraged to
go hunting. Conversely, on every item bar none, ex-hunters have the highest percentage who arenot encouraged. Indeed, on 19 of the 24 items, a majority of ex-hunters would not beencouraged to participate. These findings are evident in looking at Figure 4.15 (Parts 1
through 3), showing all the crosstabulated questions at a glance—the graphs are small because
the specific percentages are less important than the overall finding that the active hunters are
almost always the most encouraged and the ex-hunters are always the least encouraged, as can beseen when looking at the graphs together.
Q67. What about some type of family
license package?
1
45
22
33
51
22
25
2
3
22
15
60
0 20 40 60 80 100
Stronglyencourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=498)
Intermittent (n=328)
Ex (n=324)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q68. What about if you got coupons for
equipment discounts with your huntinglicense?
0
31
33
36
31
37
32
0
1
23
26
51
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=492)
Intermittent (n=338)
Ex (n=316)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q69. What about if you could mentor a
family member or relative using a specialdiscounted license?
1
28
28
42
29
34
35
2
1
25
28
46
0 20 40 60 80 100
Stronglyencourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=481)
Intermittent (n=337)
Ex (n=319)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q70. What if you could get an extra tagor take additional game so that the meat
could be donated to a Hunters for theHungry campaign?
49
26
25
0
1
44
29
26
44
25
31
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=475)
Intermittent (n=329)
Ex (n=322)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q71. What if the purchase of a huntinglicense automatically entered you in a
drawing for a new firearm?
1
28
27
44
36
27
36
0
0
28
26
46
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=467)
Intermittent (n=311)
Ex (n=328)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q72. What about receiving informationon under-utilized hunting locations near
your home?
0
32
25
43
31
31
37
0
2
25
25
47
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=469)
Intermittent (n=295)
Ex (n=318)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.15 (Part 1). Items That Would Encourage Hunting Crosstabulated by
Participation Status, Entire Series at a Glance
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 57
Q73. What about if the hunting seasons
provided additional days for hunting
each year?
1
27
20
53
31
32
35
1
0
26
18
56
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=470)
Intermittent (n=297)
Ex (n=323)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q74. What about regulation changes that
make it easier to take youth hunting, like
areas limited to youth and mentors?
1
33
27
38
45
24
29
2
2
21
17
61
0 20 40 60 80 100
Stronglyencourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=474)
Intermittent (n=293)
Ex (n=317)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q75. What about a program that allowed
public access to private lands?
2
36
22
40
35
27
36
2
1
22
21
55
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=469)
Intermittent (n=293)Ex (n=324)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q76. What about having a GPS unit that
can tell you if you are on land where
hunting is allowed?
2
36
24
39
37
25
38
1
1
24
22
54
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=457)
Intermittent (n=296)
Ex (n=335)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q77. What about if daily bag limits were
increased?
2
50
26
22
59
24
15
1
2
14
14
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=451)
Intermittent (n=291)
Ex (n=346)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q78. What if you could attend skill
seminars for species that you have not
hunted?
2
53
29
16
56
29
14
1
1
10
22
67
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=441)
Intermittent (n=304)
Ex (n=341)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q79. What if you could meet members of
a local rod and gun club who are familiar
with the area for hunting trips or socialgatherings?
0
48
34
17
54
32
12
2
2
12
24
63
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=434)
Intermittent (n=305)
Ex (n=339)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q80. What if hunting opportunities were
offered through your church, workplace,
or club?
1
39
37
23
49
28
22
1
2
13
24
61
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=440)
Intermittent (n=295)
Ex (n=347)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q81. What about a directory to local hunt
clubs you could join?
0
57
27
15
62
24
14
0
1
8
19
72
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=451)
Intermittent (n=296)
Ex (n=344)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.15 (Part 2). Items That Would Encourage Hunting Crosstabulated by
Participation Status, Entire Series at a Glance
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58 Responsive Management
Q82. What about more wildlife
management areas managed specifically
for trophy animals?
27
26
45
2
2
22
24
53
75
14
9
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=457)
Intermittent (n=304)
Ex (n=341)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q83. What about wildlife management
areas managed specifically to allow
hunters to see a lot of game?
42
30
26
1
0
37
29
33
52
24
22
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=465)
Intermittent (n=322)
Ex (n=335)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q84. What about wildlife management
areas managed for wilderness
experiences?
31
34
33
2
2
33
26
39
57
24
18
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=463)
Intermittent (n=338)
Ex (n=345)
HUNTER
SURVEY
33
29
36
2
0
26
32
42
60
25
15
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=462)
Intermittent (n=336)
Ex (n=340)
Q85. What about having convenient access to
the public hunting area manager to discuss
questions about regulations, license
requirements, places to hunt, and nearbybusinesses?
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q86. What about having an online
directory to guides, outfitters and game
preserves where user reviews wereposted to help you choose the best
opportunity?
26
29
43
1
2
22
26
50
65
22
13
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=458)
Intermittent (n=340)
Ex (n=346)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q87. What if an experienced hunter was
available to partner with you on the
hunt?
16
31
51
2
1
18
26
55
66
18
14
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=463)
Intermittent (n=340)
Ex (n=339)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q88. What about if your state wildlife
agency had shooting ranges in your area
where you could practice before thehunting season?
37
21
41
1
0
34
23
42
52
22
24
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=475)
Intermittent (n=337)
Ex (n=328)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q89. What if you could be connected
with private landowners in your area
who are looking for hunters?
54
20
26
0
0
45
23
32
43
19
37
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=481)
Intermittent (n=342)
Ex (n=317)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q90. What if you could borrow
equipment, such as tree stands or
decoys, to try different types of hunting?
17
25
58
0
1
15
24
61
72
16
11
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=491)
Intermittent (n=329)
Ex (n=322)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.15 (Part 3). Items That Would Encourage Hunting Crosstabulated by
Participation Status, Entire Series at a Glance
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 59
All of the analyses conducted on the series of questions about things to encourage hunting weredone on the analogous series of questions in the shooter survey about things to encourage target
shooting. For the shooter survey, 16 questions were asked, and these results are shown in
Table 4.5, ranked by the percentages who say the items would strongly encourage them to gotarget shooting or to go more. The top items include a no-cost range, a range that was
neat/clean/well run, opportunities to take a youth target shooting, and discounted target shootingsupplies with the payment of a range fee. Shading shows when a majority is in the table cell.
Table 4.5. Things to Encourage Target Shooting Among All Target Shooters
Item that would strongly, moderately, or not encourage participation or more
participation
S t r o n g l y
M o d e r a t e l y
S t r o n g l y o r
M o d e r a t e l y
N o t
Q89. There was no cost to use a range 54 18 72 27
Q88. A shooting range was clean, neat, and well run 42 26 68 32
Q85. There were opportunities to take a youth shooting 36 25 61 39
Q77. The fee they paid to use a range allowed them to get a discount for ammunitionor other shooting supplies
33 32 65 34
Q87. A shooting range encouraged them to attend and made them feel welcome to be
there32 31 63 36
Q81. Nearby shooting areas were less crowded or had more shooting lanes 32 24 55 43
Q79. Loaner firearms were available at a range for them to try, including types they
haven't shot before31 26 56 43
Q90. Their local parks and recreation department offered a target shooting group
class29 28 58 41
Q75. Some type of family day at a range 29 27 56 44
Q84. There were opportunities to shoot clay targets in a non-competitive environment
at their leisure29 32 61 39
Q86. Shooting opportunities were offered through their church, workplace, club 28 27 56 43
Q80. A nearby range offered additional types of target shooting activities 28 35 63 37
Q76. They got coupons for equipment discounts with the purchase of a pass at a
range25 33 58 41
Q78. More shooting instruction or self-defense courses were available at a convenient
range25 24 49 50
Q82. They could reserve a private time or place at the range for their family or
friends25 25 50 49
Q83. There was a competitive shooting league offered nearby 17 24 41 59
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60 Responsive Management
The series was crosstabulated by participation status. The results for active target shooters areshown in Table 4.6. Like target shooters overall, cost, having a range that was neat/clean/well
run, opportunities to take a youth target shooting, and discounted shooting supplies with the
range fee were all considered important. Having a less-crowded shooting range also was amongthe top items among active target shooters. Shading shows when a majority is in the table cell.
Table 4.6. Things to Encourage Target Shooting Among Active Target Shooters
Item that would strongly, moderately, or not encourage participation or more
participation
S t r o n g l y
M o d e r a t e l y
S t r o n g l y o r
M o d e r a t e l y
N o t
Q89. There was no cost to use a range 62 16 78 21
Q88. A shooting range was clean, neat, and well run 49 25 75 25
Q85. There were opportunities to take a youth shooting 44 28 72 27
Q81. Nearby shooting areas were less crowded or had more shooting lanes 40 21 62 37
Q87. A shooting range encouraged them to attend and made them feel welcome to be
there
40 30 69 30
Q77. The fee they paid to use a range allowed them to get a discount for ammunition
or other shooting supplies38 36 74 25
Q79. Loaner firearms were available at a range for them to try, including types they
haven't shot before38 28 65 35
Q80. A nearby range offered additional types of target shooting activities 35 37 73 27
Q84. There were opportunities to shoot clay targets in a non-competitive environment
at their leisure35 33 68 32
Q86. Shooting opportunities were offered through their church, workplace, club 34 29 64 35
Q75. Some type of family day at a range 33 28 60 40
Q90. Their local parks and recreation department offered a target shooting group
class32 31 63 37
Q78. More shooting instruction or self-defense courses were available at a convenient
range 30 27 57 42Q76. They got coupons for equipment discounts with the purchase of a pass at a
range30 37 67 33
Q82. They could reserve a private time or place at the range for their family or
friends29 29 58 41
Q83. There was a competitive shooting league offered nearby 21 29 50 49
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 61
Among intermittent target shooters, cost, having a range that was neat/clean/well run,opportunities to take a youth target shooting, discounted shooting supplies with the range fee,
and a family day at a range were the top items (Table 4.7). Shading shows when a majority is in
the table cell.
Table 4.7. Things to Encourage Target Shooting Among Intermittent Target Shooters
Item that would strongly, moderately, or not encourage participation or more
participation
S t r o n g l y
M o d e r a t e l y
S t r o n g l y o r
M o d e r a t e l y
N o t
Q89. There was no cost to use a range 58 19 77 22
Q88. A shooting range was clean, neat, and well run 44 24 68 32
Q85. There were opportunities to take a youth shooting 38 22 59 40
Q77. The fee they paid to use a range allowed them to get a discount for ammunition
or other shooting supplies35 33 68 31
Q75. Some type of family day at a range 35 26 61 38
Q90. Their local parks and recreation department offered a target shooting groupclass 34 30 64 35
Q79. Loaner firearms were available at a range for them to try, including types they
haven't shot before33 29 62 37
Q81. Nearby shooting areas were less crowded or had more shooting lanes 33 26 59 37
Q84. There were opportunities to shoot clay targets in a non-competitive environment
at their leisure33 37 70 30
Q86. Shooting opportunities were offered through their church, workplace, club 30 29 59 40
Q87. A shooting range encouraged them to attend and made them feel welcome to be
there29 33 62 36
Q76. They got coupons for equipment discounts with the purchase of a pass at a
range28 32 60 39
Q80. A nearby range offered additional types of target shooting activities 28 36 64 34
Q82. They could reserve a private time or place at the range for their family orfriends
26 26 52 48
Q78. More shooting instruction or self-defense courses were available at a convenient
range24 27 51 49
Q83. There was a competitive shooting league offered nearby 18 29 47 53
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62 Responsive Management
As for ex-target shooters, cost, having a range that was neat/clean/well run, opportunities to takea youth target shooting, target shooting classes, and discounted shooting supplies with the range
fee were the top items (Table 4.8). Shading shows when a majority is in the table cell.
Table 4.8. Things to Encourage Target Shooting Among Ex-Target Shooters
Item that would strongly, moderately, or not encourage participation or more
participation
S t r o n g l y
M o d e r a t e l y
S t r o n g l y o r
M o d e r a t e l y
N o t
Q89. There was no cost to use a range 41 20 61 36
Q88. A shooting range was clean, neat, and well run 31 26 58 42
Q85. There were opportunities to take a youth shooting 25 22 47 53
Q90. Their local parks and recreation department offered a target shooting group
class25 24 48 51
Q77. The fee they paid to use a range allowed them to get a discount for ammunition
or other shooting supplies24 27 51 48
Q87. A shooting range encouraged them to attend and made them feel welcome to be
there 23 32 55 44
Q75. Some type of family day at a range 22 25 47 53
Q79. Loaner firearms were available at a range for them to try, including types they
haven't shot before20 23 43 56
Q86. Shooting opportunities were offered through their church, workplace, club 20 24 44 55
Q81. Nearby shooting areas were less crowded or had more shooting lanes 20 26 45 52
Q84. There were opportunities to shoot clay targets in a non-competitive environment
at their leisure19 29 48 51
Q80. A nearby range offered additional types of target shooting activities 19 31 50 50
Q82. They could reserve a private time or place at the range for their family or
friends19 21 39 60
Q78. More shooting instruction or self-defense courses were available at a convenient
range18 19 38 62
Q76. They got coupons for equipment discounts with the purchase of a pass at a
range17 28 45 54
Q83. There was a competitive shooting league offered nearby 10 16 26 73
In the analogous comparison of active target shooters, intermittent target shooters, and ex-target
shooters on this series of questions, two findings are of particular interest: for all items but two,
active target shooters had a greater percentage saying that the item would strongly encourage
them, compared to intermittent and ex-target shooters (in both exceptions, intermittent targetshooters exceeded the active target shooters by no more than 2 percentage points). Ex-target
shooters always had the lowest percentage being strongly encouraged, and ex-target shooters
always had the highest percentage being not encouraged. In short, as with the hunter survey, theshooter survey found that active target shooters show the most propensity to be encouraged.
These findings are evident in looking at Figure 4.16 (Parts 1 and 2), showing all the
crosstabulated questions at a glance. Again, the graphs are small because the specificpercentages are less important than the overall view. The major finding is that the active target
shooters are almost always the most encouraged and the ex-target shooters are always the least
encouraged.
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 63
Q75. What about some type of family day
at a range?
33
28
40
0
1
35
26
38
53
25
22
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=374)Intermittent (n=351)
Ex (n=399)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q76. What about if you got coupons for
equipment discounts with the purchaseof a pass at a range?
30
37
33
0
1
28
32
39
54
28
17
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=380)
Intermittent (n=358)
Ex (n=405)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q77. What about if the fee you paid to
use a range allowed you to get adiscount for ammunition or other
shooting supplies?
38
36
25
0
1
35
33
31
48
27
24
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=376)
Intermittent (n=365)
Ex (n=407)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q78. What about if more shooting
instruction or self-defense courses were
available at a convenient range?
30
27
42
0
0
24
27
49
62
19
18
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=380)
Intermittent (n=370)
Ex (n=422)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q79. What if loaner firearms were
available at a range for you to try,
including types you haven't shot before?
38
28
35
0
1
33
29
37
56
23
20
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=368)
Intermittent (n=382)
Ex (n=427)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q80. What if a nearby range offered
additional types of target shooting
activities?
35
37
27
0
1
28
36
34
50
31
19
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=358)
Intermittent (n=382)
Ex (n=425)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q81. What if nearby shooting areas were
less crowded or had more shooting
lanes?
40
21
37
2
4
33
26
37
52
26
20
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=362)
Intermittent (n=382)
Ex (n=420)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q82. What if you could reserve a private
time or place at the range for your family
or friends?
29
29
41
1
1
26
26
48
60
21
19
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=363)
Intermittent (n=373)
Ex (n=413)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q83. What if there was a competitive
shooting league offered nearby?
21
29
49
1
0
18
29
53
73
16
10
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=365)
Intermittent (n=366)
Ex (n=410)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.16 (Part 1). Items That Would Encourage Target Shooting Crosstabulated by
Participation Status, Entire Series at a Glance
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64 Responsive Management
Q84. What if there were opportunities to
shoot clay targets in a non-competitiveenvironment at your leisure?
35
33
32
0
0
33
37
30
51
29
19
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=373)
Intermittent (n=362)
Ex (n=405)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q85. What if there were opportunities to
take a youth shooting?
44
28
27
1
1
38
22
40
53
22
25
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=372)
Intermittent (n=361)
Ex (n=414)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q86. What if shooting opportunities
were offered through your church,workplace, club?
34
29
35
1
1
30
29
40
55
24
20
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=378)
Intermittent (n=378)
Ex (n=414)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q87. What if a shooting range
encouraged you to attend and made you
feel welcome to be there?
40
30
30
1
2
29
33
36
44
32
23
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=384)
Intermittent (n=380)
Ex (n=417)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q88. What if a shooting range was clean,
neat, and well run?
49
25
25
0
0
44
24
32
42
26
31
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=380)
Intermittent (n=377)
Ex (n=418)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q89. What if there was no cost to use a
range?
62
16
21
1
1
58
19
22
36
20
41
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=381)
Intermittent (n=371)
Ex (n=412)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q90. What about if your local parks and
recreation department offered a target
shooting group class?
32
31
37
1
1
34
30
35
51
24
25
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Strongly
encourage
Moderately
encourage
Not
encourage
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=370)
Intermittent (n=358)
Ex (n=404)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.16 (Part 2). Items That Would Encourage Target Shooting Crosstabulated by
Participation Status, Entire Series at a Glance
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 65
Another question that gives insight into motivations asked about advantages that other activitieshave over hunting (in the hunting survey) and target shooting (in the shooting survey), among
those who had indicated that there were other activities that had advantages over hunting and
target shooting. As shown in Figure 4.17, a motivation for participating in activities is theease/ability to do the activities—while this may seem rather obvious, it is important to note that
hunters’ most commonly named advantage of an “other” activity is the ease of doing it. This isparticularly true of intermittent and ex-hunters rather than active hunters, as shown in thecrosstabulation in Figure 4.18. Again, being able to participate in an activity with the whole
family is important among some hunters, particularly active hunters. Fun and exercise also show
up in this graph as important motivations, and note in the crosstabulation graph that exercise is
named by active hunters more often than it is by intermittent or ex-hunters. This latter finding,combined with findings about age/health being a constraint (this will be delved into in more
detail in Chapter 5), suggests an ironic scenario among some hunters whereby they feel hunting
does not provide enough exercise when they are young, but they gradually get to the age wherehunting is too strenuous. These graphs are followed by the discussion of the analogous questions
in the shooting survey.
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66 Responsive Management
Q96. What advantages do those other activities
have over hunting? (Asked of those who say that
other activities have advantages over hunting.)
(Open-ended.)
8
5
4
5
6
18
14
14
13
8
6
4
3
3
1.05
0.37
0.28
0 20 40 60 80 100
Easier to do
No seasonal / time-of-day restrictions
Can include more family time
More fun / more relaxing
Offer more exercise
Don't have any access problems / are more
accessibleCheaper
Don't have to travel as far
Don't require as much planning
More friends do other activities
Take less time
Don't entail being in bad weather
Safer
More peaceful
Don't need license / permission
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e
d
Percent (n=1,062)
HUNTERSURVEY
Figure 4.17. Advantages Other Activities Have Over Hunting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 67
Q96. What advantages do those other activities
have over hunting? (Asked of those who say that
other activities have advantages over hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Shows all responses with at least5% of total respondents.)
3
3
10
17
17
12
11
5
4
9
7
8
12
19
18
11
7
6
7
5
11
11
24
14
0 20 40 60 80 100
Easier to do
No seasonal / time-
of-day restrictions
Other activities can
include more family
time
Other activities are
more fun / more
relaxing
Other activities offer
more exercise
Don't have any
access problems /
are more accessible
Cheaper
Don't have to travel
as far
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=381)
Intermittent (n=335)
Ex (n=346)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.18. Advantages Other Activities Have Over Hunting, Crosstabulated byParticipation Status
In the shooting survey, commonly named advantages that other activities have over targetshooting (among those who said that other activities had advantages) include being more
enjoyable, offering more exercise, and being able to be done with family (Figure 4.19). Ease of
the “other” activities is of less importance in the shooting survey relative to the hunting survey.
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68 Responsive Management
The obvious implications are that exercise is an important motivation for participating inactivities and that being with family is an important motivation. The crosstabulation in
Figure 4.20 finds that the different groups—active, intermittent, and ex—are about the same in
naming advantages of other activities with a couple of exceptions. The exceptions are that thefamily-related answer is more often given by active and intermittent target shooters compared to
ex-target shooters, and the easier-to-do answer is more often given by ex-target shooters.
Q96. What advantages do those other activities
have over shooting? (Asked of those who say that
other activities have advantages over shooting.)
(Open-ended.)
2
4
4
5
6
29
12
12
10
9
7
3
2
1.90
1.74
1.08
0.74
0 20 40 60 80 100
They are more enjoyable
They provide more exercise
They are cheaper
They have better access / are closer to
home
More family can participate
They are less physical / easier
They provide food
They are more convenient
More in the outdoors
More friends do it
They are more exciting / challenging
They are not seasonally restricted
They are perceived to be safer
They require less equipment / already
have equipment for other activity
They entail less time
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=765)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.19. Advantages Other Activities Have Over Target Shooting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 69
Q96. What advantages do those other activities
have over shooting? (Asked of those who say that
other activities have advantages over shooting.)(Open-ended.) (Shows all responses with
at least 5% of total respondents.)
6
7
27
11
14
10
12
3
5
4
7
12
8
31
14
13
4
6
12
5
10
11
31
11
0 20 40 60 80 100
They are more
enjoyable
They are
cheaper
They provide
more exercise
They have better
access / are
closer to home
More family can
participate
They are less
physical / easier
They provide
food
They are more
convenient
M u l t i p l e
R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=225)
Intermittent (n=270)
Ex (n=270)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.20. Advantages Other Activities Have Over Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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70 Responsive Management
A question that is similar to the question just discussed was asked of those respondents who hadindicated in a precursor question that some other activity had become more interesting to them
than hunting (in the hunting survey) or target shooting (in the shooting survey). It reiterates
many of the results above. Most commonly, hunters who said that another activity became moreinteresting than hunting gave as a reason that the other activity was more enjoyable/more
interesting (Figure 4.21). Other reasons include that the other activity was easier (about a thirdof those who gave the “easier” response mentioned it in context of age/health), that they could gowith their whole family, and that it offered more exercise. Many of the remaining reasons
pertained to some constraint to hunting rather than to a motivation for doing the other activity.
(So as to not lose any data on this question, many categories of answers were created in the
analysis, albeit given by small percentages of respondents; therefore, the results are shown ontwo graphs.)
Q109. What were the reasons that these other
activities won out over hunting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interesting
to them than hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
4
4
4
32
14
8
8
6
4
3
3
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Enjoy it more / have more interest in
other activities
Easier (but did not mention age or health)
Can go with family
Easier (specifically mentioned age or
health)
Does not have seasonal / time
restrictions
Lost interest in hunting
Better / easier access
Necessity (e.g., have to work, school)
Offer better exercise / more physical
Is cheaper / costs less
Requires less planning
More friends do it
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o
w e d
Percent (n=442)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.21 (Part 1). Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Hunting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 71
Q109. What were the reasons that these other
activities won out over hunting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interestingto them than hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.53
0.61
0.98
2
2
2
2
1.56
1.16
0.52
0.50
5
4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Don't need to be out in bad weather
Requires less time
Don't need to kill / don't like to kill animals
Is perceived to be safer
Enjoy it more (specifically mentioned
more exciting or more challenging)
Can do it alone / don't need partners
Don't need to travel as far
Has fewer restrictions
Don't have hunting equipment
Can't legally own firearm
Don't need license
Other
Don't know / no answer
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=442)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.21 (Part 2). Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Hunting
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72 Responsive Management
The crosstabulation shows some interesting differences in groups defined by their participationstatus (Figure 4.22). Active hunters were more likely than intermittent or ex-hunters to say that
other activities offered more exercise. On the other hand, none of the active hunters gave as a
reason that they can go with the whole family; this was a response given by intermittent andex-hunters in about even percentages. (Access also shows some differences among groups, but
this is really more of a constraint to hunting rather than a motivation to participate in otheractivities.)
Q109. What were the reasons that these other
activities won out over hunting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interesting
to them than hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
4
11
12
39
10
0
3
4
11
0
3
3
0
5
5
4
0
6
4
5
5
6
7
32
9
11
2
2
2
5
2
3
3
3
6
9
15
32
8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Enjoy it more / have more interest in
other activities
Easier (but did not mention age or
health)
Can go with family
Easier (specifically mentioned age
or health)
Does not have seasonal / time
restrictions
Better / easier access
Offer better exercise / more physical
Necessity (e.g., have to work,
school)
Is cheaper / costs less
Lost interest in hunting
Don't need to be out in bad weather
Requires less time
Don't need to kill / don't like to kill
animals
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=35)
Intermittent (n=131)
Ex (n=276)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.22 (Part 1). Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Hunting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 73
Q109. What were the reasons that these other
activities won out over hunting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interestingto them than hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.00
3.43
0.00
3.73
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.38
0.005.22
5.67
0.00
0.00
0.38
1.92
0.38
3.07
0.00
3.31
2.24
2.17
4.42
4.72
0.62
0.65
0.32
0.46
1.38
0.73
1.59
2.87
2.39
2.50
0 20 40 60 80 100
More friends do it
Requires less planning
Enjoy it more (specifically mentioned
more exciting or more challenging)
Is perceived to be safer
Don't need to travel as far
Can do it alone / don't need partners
Has fewer restrictions
Don't have hunting equipment
Can't legally own firearm
Don't need license
Other
Don't know / no answer
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=35)
Intermittent (n=131)
Ex (n=276)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.22 (Part 2). Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Hunting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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74 Responsive Management
Target shooters were asked about reasons that other activities won out over target shooting.Most commonly, target shooters who said that another activity became more interesting than
target shooting gave as a reason that the other activity was more enjoyable (Figure 4.23). Other
reasons pertaining to motivations include that the whole family can participate, that the otheractivity is easier, and that it offers more exercise. Many of the remaining reasons pertained to
some constraint to target shooting rather than to a motivation for doing the other activity.
Q109. What were the reasons that these other
activities won out over shooting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interesting
to them than shooting.)
(Open-ended.)
9
7
0.91
1.14
1.17
1.37
2
3
3
34
13
6
6
6
3
2
1.85
1.69
1.67
1.42
1.41
0 20 40 60 80 100
They are more enjoyable / more fun
Family can participate
They are less active / easier
They have better access
More people to do them with
They are more active / provide exercise
They are cheaper
They are more convenient
Different / something new
They require less time
They don't have seasonal / time restrictions
They are more in the outdoors
They are more exciting
Weather-related answer (e.g., can do it in all
weather)
They provide food
They are more peaceful
They offer more opportunities (not specific to access)
They are more challenging / more competition
They are safer
Other
No reason given / don't know
M u l t i p l e R
e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=473)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.23. Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Target Shooting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 75
The crosstabulation found a few notable differences. Active target shooters were the most likelyof the three groups to say that another activity won out over target shooting because there were
more people with whom to do the other activity—pointing to camaraderie as a top motivation for
participating in activities (Figure 4.24).
Q109. What were the reasons that these other
activities won out over shooting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interesting
to them than shooting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
2
2
1
31
17
4
3
13
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
5
7
2
8
38
12
9
1
3
3
4
4
3
3
8
11
34
8
0 20 40 60 80 100
They are more enjoyable / more fun
Family can participate
They are less active / easier
They have better access
More people to do them with
They are cheaper
They are more active / provide
exercise
More convenient
They require less time
Different / something new
They are more in the outdoors
M u l t i p l e R e
s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=106)
Intermittent (n=141)
Ex (n=226)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.24 (Part 1). Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Target Shooting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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76 Responsive Management
Q109. What were the reasons that these other
activities won out over shooting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interestingto them than shooting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
8.63
1.62
1.13
0.92
3.80
1.13
1.05
2.13
0.92
10.6411.20
5.18
0.54
0.00
0.00
1.56
0.86
1.08
1.53
1.97
6.76
5.28
0.49
1.29
1.83
0.72
1.46
0.55
2.41
1.82
0 20 40 60 80 100
More exciting
They don't have seasonal / time
restrictions
Weather-related answer (e.g., can doit in all weather)
They provide food
More peaceful
More challenging / more competition
More opportunities (not specific to
access)
Safer
Other
No reason given / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=106)
Intermittent (n=141)
Ex (n=226)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.24 (Part 2). Reasons Other Activities Won Out Over Target Shooting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 77
A final question pertaining to motivations used a close-ended questioning format. The surveysread 12 items to hunters and target shooters. For each item, the respondent indicated if he/she
regularly does any activity that offers the item more so than does hunting or target shooting.
Specifically, the survey went as follows (each survey used identical wording with the exceptionof either “hunting” or “shooting”):
Some activities are preferred over (hunting/shooting) because they offer greaterbenefits of thrills, while others are preferred because they have fewer hassles
associated with them. Compared to (hunting/shooting), please tell me if you
regularly do other recreational activities that...
o Offer more thrills?
o That offer more benefits?
o That offer more exercise?
o That are cheaper?
o etc. (The survey included 12 items.)
It is important to note that this question was closed-ended, meaning the list was read torespondents, requiring each respondent to give an opinion on each item. (Many of the other
questions in this chapter were open-ended, allowing any response that came to mind.)
The results of this line of questioning in Figure 4.25, as they pertain to motivations, suggest that
certain percentages of hunters are motivated to participate in other activities for camaraderie with
family and friends (43% of hunters said that they regularly do activities other than hunting that
are preferred by family members and friends), for a different experience (38%), for moreexercise (33%), for thrills (29%), to be part of a group in which they are comfortable (28%), for
benefits of some sort (26%), and for the challenge (22%). (The remaining items in the listpertain to constraints.)
The crosstabulation of this question for those items in the list pertaining to motivations foundthat motivations do not greatly differ between active hunters, intermittent hunters, and ex-hunters
(Figure 4.26). The items that have the greatest difference among groups pertain more to
constraints to hunting rather than motivations for participating in other activities; these arediscussed in more detail in the next chapter of the report.
In examining differences between urban, suburban, and rural hunters, some findings stand out.Suburban hunters are more likely than urban and rural hunters to regularly participate in
activities that offer more benefits (32% of suburban hunters, compared to 22% of urban and 20%
of rural hunters). Both urban and suburban hunters are more likely than rural hunters to
participate in other activities that offer new experiences and to participate in other activities thatdo not have as many hassles.
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78 Responsive Management
29
32
33
44
43
38
38
33
33
28
26
22
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
Have fewer seasonal restrictions
Are preferred by family members
or friends
Are cheaper
Offer new or different experiences
Offer more exercise
Are safer
Don't have as many hassles
Don't involve as much travel
Offer more thrills
Allow you to be with people you're
more comfortable with
Offer more benefits
Are more challenging
None of these
M u l t i p l
e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=2,228)
Q112. Some activities are preferred over hunting because
they offer greater benefits or thrills, while others are
preferred because they have fewer hassles associated with
them. Compared to hunting, please tell me if you regularly do
other recreational activities that...
List was read to
respondents, whocould answer to
"yes" to all that
applied.
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.25. Reasons Other Activities May Be Preferred Over Hunting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 79
27
26
32
43
44
38
38
29
32
25
25
21
2116
27
26
31
32
40
39
35
40
40
54
48
44
19
22
27
29
30
37
29
34
35
37
40
42
36
0 20 40 60 80 100
Have fewer seasonal restrictions
Are preferred by family members or
friends
Are cheaper
Offer new or different experiences
Are safer
Offer more exercise
Don't involve as much travel
Don't have as many hassles
Offer more thrills
Allow you to be with people you're
more comfortable with
Offer more benefits
Are more challenging
None of these
M u l t i p
l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
Q112. Some activities are preferred over hunting because they
offer greater benefits or thrills, while others are preferred
because they have fewer hassles associated with them.
Compared to hunting, please tell me if you regularly do other
recreational activities that...
List was read to
respondents, who
could answer to
"yes" to all that
applied.
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.26. Reasons Other Activities May Be Preferred Over Hunting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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80 Responsive Management
Among target shooters in this line of questioning, as they pertain to motivations, the results inFigure 4.27 suggest that certain percentages of target shooters are motivated to participate in
other activities for more exercise (54%—by far the top answer among target shooters), for a
different experience (47%), for camaraderie with family and friends (42%), for benefits of somesort (35%), for thrills (34%), for the challenge (33%), and to be part of a group in which they are
comfortable (26%). (The remaining items in the list pertain to constraints.)
The crosstabulation of this question for those items in the list pertaining to motivations found
that motivations among target shooters differ among groups identified by participation status
(Figure 4.28). In particular, doing other activities that offer more exercise is a response more
often given by active target shooters than by intermittent or ex-target shooters. Likewise, activetarget shooters more often participate in other activities that offer a different experience,
compared to intermittent and ex-target shooters. Otherwise, the remaining responses related to
motivations do not greatly differ among the groups.
28
29
33
54
47
43
42
35
34
28
26
26
14
0 20 40 60 80 100
Offer more exercise
Offer new or different experiences
Are cheaper
Are preferred by family members or
friends
Offer more benefits
Offer more thrills
Are more challenging
Have fewer seasonal restrictions
Are safer
Don't involve as much travel
Allow you to be with people you're
more comfortable with
Don't have as many hassles
None of these
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,541)
Q112. Some activities are preferred over shooting because
they offer greater benefits or thrills, while others arepreferred because they have fewer hassles associated with
them. Compared to shooting, please tell me if you regularly
do other recreational activities that...
List was read to
respondents, who
could answer to
"yes" to all that
applied.
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.27. Reasons Other Activities May Be Preferred Over Target Shooting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 81
27
24
34
58
51
45
42
34
33
30
24
25
1314
24
23
27
27
28
35
35
38
42
53
45
42
15
27
31
28
32
34
32
36
36
40
41
48
43
0 20 40 60 80 100
Offer more exercise
Offer new or different experiences
Are cheaper
Are preferred by family members or
friends
Offer more benefits
Offer more thrills
Are more challenging
Don't involve as much travel
Are safer
Have fewer seasonal restrictions
Allow you to be with people you're
more comfortable with
Don't have as many hassles
None of these
M u l t i p l
e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=497)
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
Q112. Some activities are preferred over shooting because
they offer greater benefits or thrills, while others are
preferred because they have fewer hassles associated with
them. Compared to shooting, please tell me if you regularly
do other recreational activities that...
List was read to
respondents, who
could answer to"yes" to all that
applied.
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 4.28. Reasons Other Activities May Be Preferred Over Target Shooting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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82 Responsive Management
CHAPTER 5: CONSTRAINTS TO PARTICIPATING INACTIVITIES, DISSATISFACTIONS WITH ACTIVITIES, ANDREASONS FOR DECREASED AVIDITY
The previous chapter looked at motivations for participating in and satisfactions derived from
activities. Chapter 5 looks at constraints to activities, particularly hunting and target shooting.The first examination of constraints will use the graphs shown in the previous chapter of the
report in which 12 items were read to respondents, who indicated if they participated in activitiesthat offered those items over hunting or target shooting (Figures 4.25 through 4.28 previously
presented).
As those figures showed, important constraints to participation in hunting include that it is
seasonal (44% of hunters said that they do other activities that do not have seasonal restrictions),
the cost (38% do activities that are cheaper), that hunting is perceived to be unsafe (33%), that
hunting has hassles associated with it (33%), and that hunting involves too much travel (32%)(Figure 4.25 previously presented).
The crosstabulation of that question showed that the seasonality of hunting is a particularconstraint to intermittent hunters, compared to active hunters (54% of intermittent hunters said
that they participate in activities that have fewer seasonal restrictions, compared to 43% of active
hunters) (Figure 4.26 previously presented). Meanwhile, active hunters are not as concerned asare intermittent hunters or ex-hunters about the safety of hunting (only 29% of active hunters
participate in activities that are safer than hunting, compared to 40% of intermittent hunters and
35% of ex-hunters). Likewise, the hassles of hunting are of less importance to active huntersthan they are to intermittent and ex-hunters (only 26% of active hunters participate in activities
that have fewer hassles than hunting, compared to 40% of intermittent hunters and 37% of ex-hunters). Finally, too much travel is more of a concern to intermittent hunters than it is to
active hunters or ex-hunters: 39% of intermittent hunters participate in activities that involveless travel, compared to 32% of active hunters and only 29% of ex-hunters.
Another examination of the data looked at differences among urban, suburban, and rural hunters.
Urban hunters were more likely than were suburban or rural hunters to cite seasonal/time
restrictions and to say that hunting takes too much time. In a perhaps related finding, urbanhunters also are more likely than their counterparts to cite weather as a hassle with hunting.
The shooting survey found that cost (43%) is the most important constraint (Figure 4.27previously presented). This is followed by seasonal restrictions—because there are not actual
seasons associated with target shooting as there are in hunting, it is assumed that target shooters
were referring to the weather being too cold to comfortably target shoot (29%), safety concerns(28%), too much travel associated with target shooting (28%), and hassles associated with target
shooting (26%).
The crosstabulation found that the most marked differences existed in the “travel” responseamong target shooters (Figure 4.28 previously presented). While only 24% of active target
shooters indicated participating in other activities that involve less travel, 28% of intermittent
target shooters and 34% of ex-target shooters said this.
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 83
In those previous questions, one of the items in the list that was read to respondents was whetherthey participated in other activities (other than hunting or target shooting) that “don’t have as
many hassles.” Respondents who indicated participating in activities that do not have as many
hassles were asked in a follow-up question to name the hassles associated with hunting (in thehunting survey) or with target shooting (in the shooting survey). The results directly pertain to
constraints.
As shown in Figure 5.1, the top hassles associated with hunting among the respondents who got
this question include access issues (other than just the distance), travel distance, the amount of
preparation, the cost and the effort of getting licenses and permits, the amount of time hunting
itself takes, various perceived issues with the regulations and restrictions, the weather, the costs,and the need for equipment/maintenance of equipment.
Q113. You said that you do recreational activities
other than hunting that have fewer hassles. What
hassles are associated with hunting? (Asked of
those who do other recreational activities that have
fewer hassles than does hunting.)
(Open-ended)
4
2
0.32
0.37
1.04
1.85
3
7
8
8
29
14
11
10
9
9
6
5
5
5
5
4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Access issues
Travel distance
Needing to plan / amount of preparation
Getting a license / permits / cost of license / permits
The amount of time it takes
Regulations / restrictions
Weather-related answer re: having to be outside
during fall / winter
Costs (in general or other than for license)
Need for equipment / maintaining equipment
Hunting is physically demanding
Seasonal / time restrictions
Getting up early
Danger / poor behavior of other hunters
Getting the animal out of the woods / dressing /
skinning
Overcrowding
Having to pack things in / carry camp stuff
Lack of game / chance of not harvesting
Is not family-oriented
Checking game
Anti-hunting sentiment
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w
e d
Percent (n=728)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.1. Perceived Hassles Associated With Hunting
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84 Responsive Management
In the crosstabulation of the “hassles” question, ex-hunters were the most likely to complain of access issues (other than travel distance), but the difference between groups is small (Figure 5.2).
On the other hand, ex-hunters were the most likely to name as a hassle that hunting is physically
demanding. With so many responses listed, these results are shown in two graphs.
Q113. You said that you do recreational activities
other than hunting that have fewer hassles. What
hassles are associated with hunting? (Asked of
those who do other recreational activities that have
fewer hassles than hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
6
5
12
26
19
13
11
8
8
3
6
37
6
4
6
11
7
11
11
14
26
17
10
5
4
9
7
8
8
7
9
10
9
32
7
0 20 40 60 80 100
Access issues
Travel distance
Needing to plan / amount of preparation
Getting a license / permits / cost of
license / permits
The amount of time it takes
Weather-related answer re: having to
be outside during fall / winter
Regulations / restrictions
Costs (in general or other than for
license)
Need for equipment / maintaining
equipment
Hunting is physically demanding
Getting up early
Getting the animal out of the woods / dressing / skinning
M u l t i p l e R e s p
o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=223)
Intermittent (n=246)
Ex (n=259)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.2 (Part 1). Perceived Hassles Associated With Hunting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 85
Q113. You said that you do recreational activities
other than hunting that have fewer hassles. What
hassles are associated with hunting? (Asked ofthose who do other recreational activities that have
fewer hassles than hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
1.99
0.64
0.00
7.52
4.92
4.67
2.19
2.57
1.24
2.39
4.822.71
3.47
2.41
0.00
0.34
0.00
2.13
3.44
3.11
3.54
2.01
2.89
1.13
2.70
0.21
0.64
1.24
1.27
5.54
4.27
3.83
2.59
0 20 40 60 80 100
Seasonal / time restrictions
Overcrowding
Danger / poor behavior of other hunters
Having to pack things in / carry camp
stuff
Lack of game / chance of not harvesting
Is not family-oriented
Checking game
Anti-hunting sentiment
Answer not applicable / not a hassle
intrinsic to hunting (e.g., family
obligations)
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p l e
R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=223)
Intermittent (n=246)
Ex (n=259)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.2 (Part 2). Perceived Hassles Associated With Hunting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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86 Responsive Management
The same question about hassles was asked in the shooter survey. The most commonly namedhassles associated with target shooting were access, cost, getting and maintaining equipment, the
poor behavior of other shooters, that target shooting is time-consuming, crowding, and having to
pack/travel/set-up to go target shooting (Figure 5.3).
Q113. You said that you do recreational activities
other than shooting that have fewer hassles. What
hassles are associated with shooting? (Asked of
those who do other recreational activities that have
fewer hassles than does shooting.) (Open-ended.)
5
2
3
1.97
2
3
5
7
10
12
15
49
5
3
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Access
Cost
Getting equipment / maintaining equipment
Safety / behavior of other shooters
Time-consuming
Crowding
Packing equipment and travelling and set-up
(but not an access problem)
Hard to find somebody to go with
Anti-firearm attitudes of others
Requires too much planning
Weather-related answer
Noise
Answer not applicable / not a hassle intrinsic
to shooting (e.g., family obligations)
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t
i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=386)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.3. Perceived Hassles Associated With Target Shooting
The crosstabulation showed similar results between the groups. There was a slightly lower
percentage of ex-target shooters, compared to active and intermittent target shooters, who namedgetting and maintaining equipment as a hassle, and ex-target shooters were also less likely to
name crowding as a hassle with target shooting (Figure 5.4).
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 87
Q113. You said that you do recreational activities
other than shooting that have fewer hassles. What
hassles are associated with shooting? (Asked of
those who do other recreational activities that have
fewer hassles than does shooting.) (Open-ended.)
2
2
6
50
16
15
9
5
7
1
3
5
3
2
46
4
3
0
1
3
2
5
4
8
9
12
45
15
17
5
2
4
2
2
3
5
2
6
2
8
8
14
50
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Access
Cost
Getting equipment / maintaining equipment
Safety / behavior of other shooters
Time-consuming
Crowding
Packing equipment and travelling and set-up (but
not an access problem)
Requires too much planning
Hard to find somebody to go with
Noise
Weather-related answer
Anti-firearm attitudes of others
Answer not applicable / not a hassle intrinsic to
shooting (e.g., family obligations)
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=122)
Intermittent (n=111)
Ex (n=153)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.4. Perceived Hassles Associated With Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
Many additional questions in the surveys pertained to constraints, including many open-ended
questions asking about reasons for not hunting/target shooting in some years but not others (for
those who did not hunt/target shoot every year of the past 5 years), reasons for participation
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88 Responsive Management
decreases in recent years (among those whose participation decreased), reasons hunting or targetshooting was not a top activity (of those who did not name it as one of their three top outdoor
activities), and potential reasons for doing activities other than hunting or target shooting (among
those who named hunting or target shooting as one of their three top outdoor activities).
The first of those open-ended questions to be examined is the question regarding reasons for nothunting or target shooting in all 5 of the past 5 years. As Figure 5.5 shows, the most importantconstraints to hunting participation are social reasons: lack of time/other obligations (37% of
hunters who did not hunt all 5 previous years gave this as a reason why) and age/health (23%).
Other important constraints are a loss of interest in hunting (10%), access problems—one of the
few non-social constraints (7%), cost (6%), and lack of a hunting partner (5%). Acrosstabulation by location found that age/health to be less of a problem among urban hunters
compared to suburban and rural hunters. On the other hand, access was more of an issue for
urban hunters.
Q24. Is there a specific reason why you hunt in
some years but not others? (Asked of those who
did not hunt all 5 of the past 5 years.)
(Open-ended.)
10
2
0.32
0.39
0.42
1.22
1.30
1.65
37
23
10
7
6
5
1.11
0.72
0.59
0.51
0.48
0.48
0 20 40 60 80 100
Lack of time / work, family, and/or school
obligations
Age / health
No longer enjoy hunting as much / losing interest
Access problems
Cost / can't afford it
Don't have anybody to hunt with
Lack of opportunity / can't get tags / didn't get draw
Other activities
Depends on amount of game
Moved
Weather
Hunting areas too crowded
No longer have hunting dog(s)
Have enough game meat / don't like meat much
Doesn't like some aspect of regulations (e.g., low
bag limit, seasons too short)
Hunting is not convenient
Can't have firearms (either a felon or wife forbids it)
Equipment problems / lack of equipment
Other
Don't know / no reason given
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,544)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.5. Reasons for Not Hunting All 5 of the Past 5 Years
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 89
The crosstabulation of this question by participation status is interesting in that active hunters arethe most likely of the three groups (active, intermittent, and ex) to claim that time constraints or
other obligations prevent their hunting every year (Figure 5.6). Otherwise, for every major
constraint, active hunters are the least likely to say it is a reason for not hunting every year. Inparticular, age/health is a much greater problem among ex-hunters and intermittent hunters than
among active hunters.
Q24. Is there a specific reason why you hunt in
some years but not others? (Asked of those who
did not hunt all 5 of the past 5 years.)
(Open-ended.) (Shows only responses given by at
least 5% of all respondents to the question.)
51
16
1
3
3
4
5
6
8
40
20
4
5
6
14
27
32
7
0 20 40 60 80 100
Lack of time / work,
family, and/orschool obligations
Age / health
No longer enjoy
hunting as much /
losing interest
Access problems
Cost / can't afford it
Don't have anybody
to hunt with
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=251)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=660)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.6. Reasons for Not Hunting All 5 of the Past 5 Years, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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90 Responsive Management
The same top five reasons given by hunters for not hunting every year were given by targetshooters as reasons for not target shooting every year: time constraints/other obligations (28% of
target shooters who did not target shoot every year of the past 5 years gave this reason),
age/health (16%), loss of interest (11%), lack of access (6%), and cost (5%) (Figure 5.7). Again,social reasons predominate.
Q22. Is there a specific reason why you shoot in
some years but not others? (Asked of those who
did not shoot all 5 of the past 5 years.)
(Open-ended.)
1.57
2
3
28
16
11
6
5
4
1.31
0.62
0.49
0.32
3
24
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time constraints / obligations
Age / health
Lack of or losing interest / did not feel like
going
Access
Cost
Don't feel the need to shoot every year /
just shoot when need to sight gun
Nobody to go with
Participate in other activities
No opportunity (not specific to access)
Just started or got back into it within past 5
years (i.e., could not shoot all 5 years)
Don't own firearm
Not convenient
Weather
Other
Did not give reason
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,042)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.7. Reasons for Not Target Shooting All 5 of the Past 5 Years
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 91
The crosstabulation could only compare intermittent and ex-target shooters, as active targetshooters were not asked the question. Nonetheless, age/health was a greater problem among
ex-target shooters than among intermittent target shooters (Figure 5.8). On the other hand, time
constraints were worse among intermittent target shooters than among ex-target shooters.
Q22. Is there a specific reason why you shoot in
some years but not others? (Asked of those who
did not shoot all 5 of the past 5 years.)
(Open-ended.)
4
2
4
32
10
4
6
4
5
2
0
0
1
3
2822
3
0
1
1
1
0
2
3
4
5
6
26
19
13
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time constraints / obligations
Age / health
Lack of or losing interest / did not feel
like going
Access
Cost
Don't feel the need to shoot every year /
just shoot when need to sight gun
Nobody to go with
Participate in other activities
Just started or got back into it within past
5 years (i.e., could not shoot all 5 years)
No opportunity (not specific to access)
Don't own firearm
Not convenient
Weather
Other
Did not give reason
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=549)
Active shooters were
not asked the
question.
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.8. Reasons for Not Target Shooting All 5 of the Past 5 Years, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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92 Responsive Management
The results above are reiterated by the questions asking about reasons for participation declinesover the past 5 years, among those whose participation in hunting and target shooting declined.
Figure 5.9 shows the results of the hunting survey, and Figure 5.10 shows the crosstabulation of
that question by participation status. Time constraints/other obligations, age/health, loss of interest, lack of access, cost, and lack of hunting partners are the major constraints.
Q28. Why did your amount of hunting decrease?
(Asked of those whose amount of hunting
decreased.) (Open-ended.)
1.53
1.89
1.41
1.76
4
37
30
10
8
7
5
0.83
0.83
0.45
0.43
0.36
0.34
0 20 40 60 80 100
Had less time / more obligations
Age / health
Lost interest
Had less access / land was closed
Cost
Lost hunting partners / lack of people to
go with
Lack of game
Other interests
Dislike some aspect of regulations / game
management
Crowding / too many other hunters orrecreationists
Weather was bad
Can't have firearms anymore
Don't have dogs anymore
Moved to different state / don't know
where to hunt
Don't have equipment or it is in disrepair
Other
Don't know / no answer
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,239)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.9. Reasons for Participation Decreases in Hunting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 93
Q28. Why did your amount of hunting decrease?
(Asked of those whose amount of hunting
decreased.) (Open-ended.)
1
2
2
2
5
40
33
3
7
8
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
2
1
1
3
3
4
9
8
39
29
9
2
2
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
3
5
6
14
28
34
8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Had less time / more obligations
Age / health
Lost interest
Had less access / land was closed
Cost
Lost hunting partners / lack of people to
go with
Lack of game
Other interests
Dislike some aspect of regulations /
game management
Weather was bad
Moved to different state / don't know
where to hunt
Crowding / too many other hunters or
recreationists
Don't have dogs anymore
Can't have firearms anymore
Don't have equipment or it is in disrepair
Other
Don't know / no answer
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=304)
Intermittent (n=416)
Ex (n=519)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.10. Reasons for Participation Decreases in Hunting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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94 Responsive Management
In the shooting survey, these questions found that the important constraints were timeconstraints, age/health, and cost (Figure 5.11). The crosstabulation found that cost was a much
greater concern to active target shooters than to intermittent and ex-target shooters (among target
shooters whose participation had declined over the past 5 years) (Figure 5.12).
Q50. Why did your amount of sport shooting
decrease? (Asked of those whose amount of
shooting decreased.)
(Open-ended.)
1.51
1.96
0.72
3
5
5
18
30
40
2
2
1.29
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time constraints
Age / health
Cost
Lack of access
Other interests / activities
Nobody to go with
Not interested / losing interest
Moved to new area and don't
know where to go
Availability of ammunition
Did not / does not have firearm
Other
No reason / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=306)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.11. Reasons for Participation Decreases in Target Shooting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 95
Q50. Why did your amount of sport shooting
decrease? (Asked of those whose amount of
shooting decreased.)(Open-ended.)
0
3
1
40
32
22
4
5
1
2
2
21
3
1
1
2
5
5
5
7
37
28
16
4
0
0
4
0
2
10
4
6
30
43
9
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time constraints
Age / health
Cost
Lack of access
Other interests / activities
Nobody to go with
Not interested / losing interest
Moved to new area and don't knowwhere to go
Did not / does not have firearm
Availability of ammunition
Other
No reason / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=107)
Intermittent (n=166)
Ex (n=33)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.12. Reasons for Participation Decreases in Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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96 Responsive Management
Another question that delved into constraints to hunting and target shooting participation askedthose who did not name hunting (in the hunting survey) or target shooting (in the shooting
survey) as one of their three top outdoor activities why it is not a top activity. This reiterates the
previous findings about constraints: lack of time/other obligations (26%), age/health (23%), lack of interest (14%), access issues (7%), and cost (6%) are again important constraints to hunting
participation (Figure 5.13). One new finding in this question is that the fourth-ranked item wasother activities (11% gave this answer). In other words, only about 1 in 10 hunters who did notname hunting as a top activity are doing other activities instead; otherwise, a variety of reasons
prevent hunting from being a top activity.
8
30.16
0.21
0.41
1.75
3
4
26
23
14
11
7
6
0.98
0.90
0.52
0.48
0.46
0.46
0 20 40 60 80 100
Lack of time / other obligations
Age / health
Lack of interest
Other activities
Access issues
Cost
Nobody to go with
Because of seasons / only can do part of the
year
Lack of game
Dislike some aspect of regulations
Crowding
Poor behavior of other hunters
Don't have equipment or it is in disrepair
Can't have firearm
Weather
Don't like the meat / don't eat game
Don't get draw
Dog died / dog old / don't have dogs
Other
Don't know / no answer
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A
l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,132)
Q93. You mentioned that you went hunting but did not
mention hunting as being one of your top three outdoor
activities. What are the reasons that hunting is not one of
your top activities? (Asked of those who went hunting but did
not indicate that hunting is a top activity.)
(Open-ended.)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.13. Reasons That Hunting Is Not a Top Activity
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 97
The crosstabulation of this question by participation status finds some differences in responses(Figure 5.14). Not surprisingly, age/health is more of a problem for intermittent and especially
ex-hunters than it is to active hunters. One interesting finding is that doing other activities
instead of hunting was mentioned more often by active hunters than by intermittent orex-hunters, suggesting that active hunters are simply more active in all outdoor recreation
compared to their counterparts.
12
2
22
13
4
17
8
3
5
6
3
7
12
27
21
12
2
4
7
6
16
25
26
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Lack of time / other
obligations
Age / health
Lack of interest
Other activities
Access issues
Cost
Nobody to go with
Because of seasons / only can do part of the
year
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e
s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=98)
Intermittent (n=371)
Ex (n=663)
Q93. You mentioned that you went hunting but did not
mention hunting as being one of your top three outdoor
activities. What are the reasons that hunting is not one of your
top activities? (Asked of those who went hunting but did not
indicate that hunting is a top activity.)
(Open-ended.) (Shows only those responses given by at least
3% of respondents.)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.14. Reasons That Hunting Is Not a Top Activity, Crosstabulated by Participation
Status
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98 Responsive Management
The shooter survey asked target shooters whose top activities did not include target shooting tosay why target shooting was not a top activity. The top answer in Figure 5.15 is time constraints
(18% of target shooters whose top activities did not include target shooting). Following that, the
next most common answer is that target shooting was not named as a top activity because it isdone in conjunction with hunting—in short, hunting is the primary activity with target shooting
being an ancillary activity (15%). Also at 15% is that other activities take primacy over targetshooting, with a third of that 15% doing fishing as one of the other activities. Other constraintsthat have turned up prior to this question are here as well: cost, lack of interest, age/health, and
access.
17
1.910.20
0.21
1.24
5
6
18
15
15
11
10
9
1.20
1.16
1.00
0.78
0.59
0.48
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time constraints
Do it in conjunction with hunting
Other activities (excludes when hunting is the sole
"other" activity)
Cost
Not interested in doing it more
Age / health
Access issues
Mentioned fishing in response (subset of "Other
activities")Requires too much planning / difficult in general /
hassles
Just do it to sight in the gun or when get new gun
Nobody to go with
Weather-related answer / seasonal (including
winter being too cold)
Lack of opportunities (not specific to access)
Don't own firearm
Don't want to waste ammunition
Safety concerns
Not physical enough
Other
No reason given / don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A
l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,407)
Q93. You mentioned that you went shooting but did not
mention shooting as being one of your top three outdoor
activities. What are the reasons that shooting is not one of
your top activities? (Asked of those who went shooting but
did not indicate that shooting is a top activity.)
(Open-ended.)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.15. Reasons That Target Shooting Is Not a Top Activity
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 99
The differences in the crosstabulation by participation status finds that target shooting inconjunction with hunting is a more common answer among active target shooters than among
intermittent or ex-target shooters (Figure 5.16). Age/health is an answer more commonly given
by ex-target shooters than by active target shooters.
5
6
16
15
21
11
6
4
5
5
8
10
13
22
19
11
5
7
16
15
9
14
19
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time constraints
Other activities (excludes when
hunting is the sole "other" activity)
Do it in conjunction with hunting
Cost
Not interested in doing it more
Age / health
Access issues
Mentioned fishing in response (subset
of "Other activities")
M u l t i p l e R e s p
o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=421)
Intermittent (n=435)
Ex (n=551)
Q93. You mentioned that you went shooting but did not
mention shooting as being one of your top three outdoor
activities. What are the reasons that shooting is not one of
your top activities? (Asked of those who went shooting but
did not indicate that shooting is a top activity.)
(Open-ended.) (Shows only those responses given by at least
5% of respondents.)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.16. Reasons That Target Shooting Is Not a Top Activity, Crosstabulated by
Participation Status
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100 Responsive Management
The question that was discussed above was asked of those who did not list hunting (in thehunting survey) or target shooting (in the shooting survey) as one of their top three outdoor
activities. A similar question was asked of those who did list hunting or target shooting as one of
their top activities: the respondent was asked in an open-ended question about any possiblereasons that they might do other activities instead of hunting or target shooting.
Strictly speaking, the question does not necessarily have to pertain to constraints to hunting ortarget shooting participation—in answer to the open-ended question, the respondent could have
instead made a positive statement about another activity, and some respondents did this—but
most responses pertained to a constraint to hunting or target shooting participation. In the
hunting survey, the top answer is a positive statement about another activity (they enjoy the otheractivities more or have more interest in the other activities), but many of the remaining answers
pertained to a constraint to hunting participation: because hunting is seasonal, hunting does not
include the whole family, the weather could be bad during hunting trips, hunting takes a lot of time, access issues, cost of licenses and ammunition and equipment, crowding, and safety
concerns (Figure 5.17).
The crosstabulation of the question finds slight differences on a few responses. Figure 5.18
shows that possible enjoyment of other activities as a reason hunters might participate in other
activities was given as an answer more often by intermittent hunters than by active hunters.Also, intermittent hunters more often than active hunters said that age/health might prompt them
to participate in other activities.
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 101
Q94. You mentioned that hunting is one of your top
activities. Can you tell me any reasons that you
might do other activities instead of hunting?(Asked of those who indicated that hunting is a top
activity.) (Open-ended.)
0.51
0.75
1.25
1.49
1.94
1.97
3
3
4
7
12
26
2
2
2
0.26
0.26
0.19
3
33
0 20 40 60 80 100
Enjoy other activities more / have more interest in
other activities
Because hunting is seasonal / can't do it all the time
Other activities can include whole family
If the weather was bad
Because I have to / obligated to do other things
Because other things take less time than hunting
Access issues
Other activities offer more exercise
If cost of license or ammo increases / cost of other
things was less
Because other activities are more convenient
Age / health problems make hunting difficult
Friends or family do other things
Because other activities are closer to home / easier to
get to
If game were scarce
If I lost interest in hunting
Crowding
If I did not like some aspect of regulations
Poor behavior of other hunters / safety concerns
Other
Don't know / no answer
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=1,092)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.17. Possible Reasons Why Hunters Might Participate in Other Activities
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102 Responsive Management
2
2
1
24
13
7
4
3
3
3
2
6
6
3
3
33
11
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Enjoy other activities more / have more
interest in other activities
Because hunting is seasonal / can't do it all
the time
Other activities can include whole family
If the weather was bad
Because I have to / obligated to do other
things
Because other things take less time thanhunting
Age / health problems make hunting difficult
Access issues
If cost of license or ammo increases / cost of
other things was less
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=831)
Intermittent (n=261)
No respondents with
the "ex" status
received question.
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q94. You mentioned that hunting is one of your top activities.
Can you tell me any reasons that you might do other activities
instead of hunting? (Asked of those who indicated that
hunting is a top activity.) (Open-ended.) (Shows only thoseresponses given by at least 2% of respondents.)
Figure 5.18. Possible Reasons Why Hunters Might Participate in Other Activities,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 103
In the shooting survey, the results about possible reasons for doing other activities are similar tothe results in the hunting survey. Target shooters most commonly said that a possible reason is
that some other activities may be more enjoyable or more interesting—the top answer by far—
with many succeeding reasons being constraints to target shooting participation: other activitiescan include the whole family, access issues, cost of ammunition, because target shooting is
seasonal (Figure 5.19).
The crosstabulation shows that active and intermittent target shooters are remarkably similar in
responses, with one exception: some intermittent target shooters mentioned that other activities
provide more exercise than target shooting, while no active target shooters gave that answer
(Figure 5.20).
Q94. You mentioned that shooting is one of your
top activities. Can you tell me any reasons that you
might do other activities instead of shooting?
(Asked of those who indicated that shooting is a
top activity.) (Open-ended.)
1.35
1.96
3
35
6
5
4
4
3
1.32
1.28
3
37
0 20 40 60 80 100
Enjoy other activities more / have more
interest in other activities
Other activities can include whole family
Because I have to / obligated to do
other things
Access issues
Friends or family do other things
If cost of ammo increases / cost of other
things was less
Because shooting is seasonal / can't do
it all the time
Age / health problems make shooting
difficult
Other activities offer more exercise
If the weather was bad
Because other activities are more
convenient
Other
Don't know / no answer
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o
w e d
Percent (n=134)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.19. Possible Reasons Why Target Shooters Might Participate in Other Activities
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104 Responsive Management
Q94. You mentioned that shooting is one of your
top activities. Can you tell me any reasons that you
might do other activities instead of shooting?(Asked of those who indicated that shooting is a
top activity.) (Open-ended.)
1
4
3
35
6
6
0
4
3
1
3
3
36
42
3
0
2
2
0
2
3
2
7
37
7
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Enjoy other activities more / have more
interest in other activities
Other activities can include whole family
Because I have to / obligated to do other
things
Other activities offer more exercise
Friends or family do other things
If cost of ammo increases / cost of other
things was less
Because shooting is seasonal / can't do
it all the time
Access issues
Because other activities are more
convenient
If the weather was bad
Age / health problems make shooting
difficult
Other
Don't know / no answer
M u l t i p l e
R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=76)
Intermittent (n=58)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 5.20. Possible Reasons Why Target Shooters Might Participate in Other Activities,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 105
On question directly pertained to the amount of time available to go hunting and target shooting.Each survey asked respondents if non-recreational activities take time that they previously used
for hunting/target shooting. About a third of hunters and a fourth of target shooters reported
such time constraints (Figure 5.21). Certainly, then, time constraints remain problematic for asubstantial portion of hunters and target shooters.
Figure 5.21. Non-Recreational Activities Taking Time Away From Hunting and Target
Shooting
The crosstabulations of these questions found some notable differences between groups (active,
intermittent, and ex) in the hunting survey, but not the shooting survey. In the hunting survey,
intermittent and ex-hunters were more likely than were active hunters to say that non-recreational activities take time away from hunting (Figure 5.22). This did not hold true for the
shooting survey (also Figure 5.22).
Q102. Do non-recreational activities take
time that you previously used for
hunting?
33
66
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent (n=2,228)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Q102. Do non-recreational activities take
time that you previously used for
shooting?
28
71
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
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106 Responsive Management
Figure 5.22. Non-Recreational Activities Taking Time Away From Hunting and Target
Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
Finally, while discussing constraints, recall in Figure 4.21 shown in Chapter 4 that some
respondents discussed a constraint to hunting rather than a motivation for participating in other
activities, when they were asked why other activities had “won out” over hunting, and the topconstraints include not being able to participate in hunting with the whole family, seasonal
restrictions, access, and costs.
Also recall in Figure 4.23 shown in Chapter 4 that some respondents discussed a constraint to
target shooting rather than a motivation for participating in other activities, regarding why other
activities had “won out.” The top constraints include not being able to participate in targetshooting with the whole family and access issues.
Q102. Do non-recreational activities take
time that you previously used for
shooting?
30
69
1
27
72
1
1
74
26
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=497)
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q102. Do non-recreational activities take
time that you previously used for
hunting?
29
71
1
41
59
0
1
64
35
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
HUNTER
SURVEY
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 107
CHAPTER 6: ACTIVITIES THAT COMPETE WITH HUNTINGAND TARGET SHOOTING
In addition to discussing participation in outdoor activities, motivations for participating, and
constraints to participation, the surveys asked very specific questions about whether other
activities had replaced hunting and target shooting—the very heart of this study. One questionsimply asked respondents if recreational activities other than hunting (in the hunting survey) and
target shooting (in the shooting survey) had taken time that they had previously used for hunting/ target shooting. The results show that a quarter of hunters and just less than a quarter of target
shooters say that other recreational activities take time away from hunting and target shooting
(Figure 6.1).
Figure 6.1. Recreational Activities Taking Time Away From Hunting and Target Shooting
The crosstabulation shows that ex-hunters and intermittent hunters are more likely than areactive hunters to say that other recreational activities take time away from hunting (Figure 6.2).
The shooter crosstabulation does not find great differences in groups; in particular, active targetshooters and ex-target shooters are about the same.
Q97. Do recreational activities other than
shooting take time that you previously
used for shooting?
22
77
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent (n=1,541)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q97. Do recreational activities other than
hunting take time that you previously
used for hunting?
25
74
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent (n=2,228)
HUNTER
SURVEY
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108 Responsive Management
Figure 6.2. Recreational Activities Taking Time Away From Hunting and Target Shooting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
Three more questions delved into activities that are replacing hunting and target shooting, all of them open-ended questions. The first of those three questions asked respondents (in follow-up to
the above question) to name the activities in which they participated that were taking time away
from hunting and target shooting. Among hunters, the most commonly named activity takingtime away from hunting is fishing—the top answer by far among those who said an activity was
taking time from hunting (Figure 6.3). This is followed by two other nature-based activities:
hiking and camping. Other activities named by at least 5% of respondents to this questioninclude golf, boating and related activities like water skiing, snow sports, and bicycling/mountain
biking. Because many activities were named (the question was open-ended, and respondents
could name any activity that came to mind), even responses given by small percentages are
shown on the graph, which, by necessity, is in two parts.
Q97. Do recreational activities other than
shooting take time that you previously
used for shooting?
22
78
0
19
81
1
1
74
24
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=497)
Intermittent (n=493)
Ex (n=551)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q97. Do recreational activities other than
hunting take time that you previously
used for hunting?
19
80
1
27
73
1
1
68
31
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=932)
Intermittent (n=633)
Ex (n=663)
HUNTER
SURVEY
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 109
Q100. What were the activities that took time that
you previously used for hunting? (Asked of those
who participated in activities that took time awaythat they previously used for hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
4
4
5
38
12
10
8
7
6
3
3
3
3
3
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Camping
Hiking
Golfing
Boating or water skiing or water tubing
Snow sports
Bicycling or mountain biking
Anything with his/her children / family-oriented
activities
Field sports, such as football, soccer, or
lacrosse
Fitness exercises, such as jogging, trail walking,
etc.
Baseball or softball
Gardening
Off-highway driving / using an ATV
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt biking
Visiting a state or national park
M u l t i p
l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=554)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.3 (Part 1). The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Hunting
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110 Responsive Management
Q100. What were the activities that took time that
you previously used for hunting? (Asked of those
who participated in activities that took time awaythat they previously used for hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.68
0.76
0.95
1.90
1.49
1.43
1.41
1.07
1.05
12
0.91
0 20 40 60 80 100
Swimming outdoors in a pool or natural body of
water
Horseback riding / horse-related activities
Cruising / driving / site-seeing by automobile
Basketball
Scouting (boy, cub, girl, etc.)
Shooting
Auto racing / auto repair / auto restoration
Church activities
Photography
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p
l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=554)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.3 (Part 2). The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Hunting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 111
One crosstabulation of data by location (urban, suburban, or rural) found that urban hunters moreoften gravitated to boating and camping than did suburban or rural hunters. Urban and suburban
hunters were more likely than rural hunters to say that hiking took time previously used for
hunting.
Another crosstabulation of the above question found that the most marked difference occurs infishing participation, among those who got the question (they had to have previously indicatedthat another recreational activity took time away from hunting): ex-hunters have the highest
percentage naming fishing as an “other” recreational activity, and active hunters have the lowest
Figure 6.4). Other minor differences occur in field sports (not done much by ex-hunters) and
fitness exercises (done the most by intermittent hunters).
Q100. What were the activities that took time that
you previously used for hunting? (Asked of those
who participated in activities that took time away
that they previously used for hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
8
6
8
25
14
7
8
7
5
1
3
6
13
3
6
9
5
6
4
8
8
7
32
9
10
3
1
2
3
1
2
4
5
7
12
13
46
8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Camping
Hiking
Golfing
Boating or water skiing or water
tubing
Bicycling or mountain biking
Snow sports
Anything with his/her children /
family-oriented activities
Field sports, such as football,
soccer, or lacrosse
Fitness exercises, such as jogging,
trail walking, etc.
Off-highway driving / using an ATV
Baseball or softball
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt
biking
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A
l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=181)
Intermittent (n=168)
Ex (n=205)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.4 (Part 1). The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Hunting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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112 Responsive Management
Q100. What were the activities that took time that
you previously used for hunting? (Asked of those
who participated in activities that took time awaythat they previously used for hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
1.90
0.63
2.13
0.08
2.57
1.92
1.92
2.59
1.08
0.00
0.00
13.69
1.410.50
12.74
0.00
0.66
0.50
1.40
0.90
2.60
0.80
0.30
1.31
3.57
3.16
0.72
10.09
1.27
1.24
0.50
1.24
1.11
0.60
0.90
0.78
1.05
5.38
2.92
0 20 40 60 80 100
Gardening
Swimming outdoors in a pool or
natural body of water
Horseback riding / horse-related
activities
Visiting a state or national park
Cruising / driving / site-seeing by
automobile
Shooting
Basketball
Scouting (boy, cub, girl, etc.)
Auto racing / auto repair / auto
restoration
Church activities
Photography
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=181)
Intermittent (n=168)
Ex (n=205)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.4 (Part 2). The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Hunting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 113
The shooter survey likewise asked about recreational activities that may have taken time awayfrom target shooting, as shown in Figure 6.5. Target shooters’ most common “other” activities
are nearly the same as hunters’ common activities. Target shooters’ activities include fishing
(the top answer by far), camping, hiking, golf, boating and related activities, and “family-oriented activities” (a perhaps somewhat odd activity that was, nonetheless, named by many
target shooters in this open-ended question). A few named ATV-riding, and a few namedhunting.
Q100. What were the activities that took time that
you previously used for shooting? (Asked of those
who participated in activities that took time away
that they previously used for shooting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
4
4
4
44
15
13
11
9
6
3
3
3
2
2
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Camping
Hiking
Golfing
Boating or water skiing or water tubing
Family-oriented activities
Off-highway driving / riding an ATV
Hunting
Baseball or softball
Basketball
Bicycling or mountain biking
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt biking
Gardening / landscaping
Snow sports
Fitness exercises, such as jogging, trail
walking, etc.
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n
s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=340)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.5 (Part 1). The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Target
Shooting
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114 Responsive Management
Q100. What were the activities that took time that
you previously used for shooting? (Asked of those
who participated in activities that took time awaythat they previously used for shooting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.46
0.71
0.82
1.90
1.32
1.07
1.06
1.02
0.96
0 20 40 60 80 100
Auto racing / repair / restoration
Swimming outdoors in a pool or
natural body of water
Field sports, such as football, soccer,
or lacrosse
Horseback riding / horse-related
activities
Training dogs
Archery
Site-seeing in automobile / cruising
around
Home improvement
Visiting a state or national park
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=340)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.5 (Part 2). The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Target
Shooting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 115
The crosstabulation did not find great differences among groups on this question. Golf wasnamed by slightly more ex-target shooters than active target shooters, whereas boating and
boating-related activities as a category was named by active target shooters more often than by
ex-target shooters (Figure 6.6).
Q100. What were the activities that took time that
you previously used for shooting? (Asked of those
who participated in activities that took time away
that they previously used for shooting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
5
5
5
42
17
15
7
13
7
1
2
3
2
22
1
4
5
6
1
3
6
5
5
12
43
15
14
3
4
1
3
3
4
4
2
6
4
10
14
47
15
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Camping
Hiking
Golfing
Boating or water skiing or water tubing
Family-oriented activities
Baseball or softball
Off-highway driving / riding an ATV
Hunting
Fitness exercises, such as jogging,
trail walking, etc.
Bicycling or mountain biking
Basketball
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt
biking
Snow sports
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=114)
Intermittent (n=88)
Ex (n=138)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.6 (Part 1). The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Target
Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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116 Responsive Management
Q100. What were the activities that took time that
you previously used for shooting? (Asked of those
who participated in activities that took time awaythat they previously used for shooting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.00
0.76
1.13
2.78
2.06
1.68
0.04
1.47
1.13
0.71
1.13
2.35
1.103.15
1.95
1.10
0.85
0.00
0.00
1.35
1.20
0.05
2.20
1.35
0.00
2.55
1.16
2.73
3.58
0.00
1.68
1.32
0.61
0.75
1.32
0.00
2.11
2.39
1.50
0 20 40 60 80 100
Gardening / landscaping
Auto racing / repair / restoration
Field sports, such as football, soccer,
or lacrosse
Site-seeing in automobile / cruising
around
Swimming outdoors in a pool or
natural body of water
Horseback riding / horse-related
activities
Training dogs
Archery
Home improvement
Visiting a state or national park
No answer / did not name outdoor
activity
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=114)
Intermittent (n=88)
Ex (n=138)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.6 (Part 2). The Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Target
Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 117
Each survey also asked respondents about activities that may have become more interesting tothem than hunting (in the hunting survey) and target shooting (in the shooting survey), among
those who did not name hunting or target shooting as one of their three top activities. The survey
first asked those respondents if any activity had become more interesting than hunting or targetshooting, then it asked the follow-up question wherein respondents named those more interesting
activities. In the initial question, 41% of hunters and 33% of target shooters indicated thatanother activity had become more interesting (Figure 6.7).
Figure 6.7. Whether Another Activity Became More Interesting to Respondent Than
Hunting or Target Shooting
The crosstabulation did not find much of a difference between groups defined by their
participation status (active, intermittent, and ex) in the hunting survey, but in the shooting
survey, ex-target shooters were the most likely to say that another activity had become more
interesting (Figure 6.8).
Q104. Would you say that another
activity became more interesting to you
than shooting? (Asked of those who did
not name shooting as a top activity.)
33
65
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent (n=1,407)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Q104. Would you say that another
activity became more interesting to you
than hunting? (Asked of those who did
not name hunting as a top activity.)
41
58
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent (n=1,133)
HUNTER
SURVEY
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118 Responsive Management
Figure 6.8. Whether Another Activity Became More Interesting to Respondent Than
Hunting or Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
The results regarding the particular activities reiterate those results shown above regarding
activities that took time away from hunting and target shooting. These more interesting activitiesare shown in Figures 6.9 through 6.12.
Q104. Would you say that another
activity became more interesting to you
than shooting? (Asked of those who didnot name shooting as a top activity.)
26
72
3
33
65
2
3
57
40
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=421)
Intermittent (n=435)
Ex (n=551)
SHOOTERSURVEY
Q104. Would you say that another
activity became more interesting to you
than hunting? (Asked of those who didnot name hunting as a top activity.)
36
63
0
37
62
1
2
56
42
0 20 40 60 80 100
Yes
No
Don't know
Percent
Active (n=98)
Intermittent (n=372)
Ex (n=663)
HUNTERSURVEY
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 119
Q107. What were the activities that became more
interesting to you than hunting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interestingto them than hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
3
4
4
40
10
7
6
5
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Golfing
Camping
Bicycling or mountain biking
Hiking
Family-oriented activities
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt biking
Gardening
Shooting
Boating or water skiing or water tubing
Off-highway driving / using an ATV
Snow sports
Baseball or softball
Travel / site-seeing / RV
Fitness exercises, such as jogging, trail
walking, etc.
M u l t i p
l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=442)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.9 (Part 1). The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than
Hunting
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120 Responsive Management
Q107. What were the activities that became more
interesting to you than hunting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interestingto them than hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.48
0.69
0.73
1.72
1.65
1.53
1.28
1.24
0.83
0.45
0.36
0.36
5
6
0 20 40 60 80 100
Playing music
Field sports, such as football, soccer, or
lacrosse
Horseback riding / horse-related
activities
Auto racing / auto repair / restoration
Photography
Basketball
Swimming outdoors in a pool or natural
body of water
Woodworking
Computer games / video games
Landscaping / working on house
Visiting a state or national park
Flying planes
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p
l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=442)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.9 (Part 2). The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than
Hunting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 121
Q107. What were the activities that became more
interesting to you than hunting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interestingto them than hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
0
4
7
24
10
11
14
7
7
7
8
0
0
0
4
3
1
4
4
2
5
4
3
5
3
2
9
29
12
9
1
3
2
2
3
2
4
4
3
4
5
6
10
43
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Golfing
Camping
Bicycling or mountain biking
Hiking
Family-oriented activities
Gardening
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt
biking
Shooting
Off-highway driving / using an ATV
Boating or water skiing or water
tubing
Snow sports
Baseball or softball
Travel / site-seeing / RV
Field sports, such as football, soccer,
or lacrosse
M u l t i p l e
R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=35)
Intermittent (n=130)
Ex (n=277)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.10 (Part 1). The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than
Hunting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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122 Responsive Management
Q107. What were the activities that became more
interesting to you than hunting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interesting
to them than hunting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.00
0.00
2.52
6.56
3.73
6.91
7.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.14
10.815.20
10.96
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.65
0.00
1.89
0.20
1.81
1.17
2.01
2.08
5.82
4.75
0.44
0.44
0.59
0.90
0.75
0.82
0.26
1.50
1.00
1.50
1.62
0.71
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fitness exercises, such as jogging,
trail walking, etc.
Playing music
Horseback riding / horse-related
activities
Auto racing / auto repair / restoration
Photography
Landscaping / working on house
Basketball
Woodworking
Swimming outdoors in a pool ornatural body of water
Computer games / video games
Visiting a state or national park
Flying planes
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p l e
R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=35)
Intermittent (n=130)
Ex (n=277)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.10 (Part 2). The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than
Hunting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 123
Q107. What were the activities that became more
interesting to you than shooting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interestingto them than shooting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
2
2
2
2
5
5
7
7
11
45
4
3
3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Golfing
Hunting
Camping
Hiking
Boating or water skiing or water
tubing
Family-oriented activities
Bicycling or mountain biking
Snow sports
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt
biking
Gardening / landscaping
Fitness exercises, such as
jogging, trail walking, etc.
Archery
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=473)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.11 (Part 1). The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than
Target Shooting
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124 Responsive Management
Q107. What were the activities that became more
interesting to you than shooting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interestingto them than shooting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.88
0.88
0.93
1.96
1.78
1.50
1.38
1.28
0.95
0.63
0.30
9
2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Auto racing / repair / restoration
Basketball
Swimming outdoors in a pool or natural
body of water
Baseball or softball
Off-highway driving / riding an ATV
Training dogs
Site-seeing in automobile / cruising
around
Field sports, such as football, soccer, or
lacrosse
Walking
Horseback riding / horse-related activities
Visiting a state or national park
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=473)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.11 (Part 2). The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than
Target Shooting
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 125
Q107. What were the activities that became more
interesting to you than shooting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interestingto them than shooting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 1)
3
2
5
41
6
8
10
5
8
0
2
2
3
31
1
2
2
4
5
3
2
5
7
6
44
12
8
2
2
3
3
3
2
4
4
3
5
6
14
48
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fishing
Golfing
Hunting
Camping
Boating or water skiing or water
tubing
Hiking
Family-oriented activities
Bicycling or mountain biking
Snow sports
Fitness exercises, such as jogging,
trail walking, etc.
Archery
Gardening / landscaping
Motocross / motorcycle riding / dirt
biking
Auto racing / repair / restoration
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=106)
Intermittent (n=141)
Ex (n=226)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.12 (Part 1). The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than
Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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126 Responsive Management
Q107. What were the activities that became more
interesting to you than shooting? (Asked of those
who said another activity became more interestingto them than shooting.)
(Open-ended.) (Part 2)
0.00
0.71
0.92
3.46
2.54
1.42
1.63
0.00
1.62
0.00
2.04
10.04
2.751.31
10.08
4.60
0.54
0.00
1.53
0.54
1.56
0.77
0.80
0.86
1.56
0.00
2.07
8.42
3.18
0.45
1.62
0.35
1.11
0.35
1.77
1.91
0.49
0.84
1.27
0 20 40 60 80 100
Basketball
Baseball or softball
Swimming outdoors in a pool or
natural body of water
Off-highway driving / riding an ATV
Site-seeing in automobile / cruising
around
Training dogs
Field sports, such as football,
soccer, or lacrosse
Horseback riding / horse-related
activities
Walking
Visiting a state or national park
No answer / did not name outdoor
activity
Other
Don't know
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=106)
Intermittent (n=141)
Ex (n=226)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.12 (Part 2). The Recreational Activities That Became More Interesting Than
Target Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 127
While the above questions asked about recreational activities, another question asked aboutnon-recreational activities. For hunters and target shooters, typical non-recreational activities
that take time away from hunting or target shooting primarily include work and family
obligations, with little difference found in the crosstabulations by participation status. Thesegraphs are shown in Figures 6.13 through 6.16.
Q103. What were the non-recreational activities that
took time that you previously used for hunting?
(Asked of those who indicated that
non-recreational activities took time away that they
previously used for hunting.) (Open-ended.)
0.31
0.33
0.44
62
16
6
6
3
0.60
4
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Work
Family obligations
School
Landscaping / working on yard /
working on house / home
improvement
Church-related activities
Gardening
Altruistic activities / volunteering
Cutting firewood / forestry-related
activities
Cooking / baking
Other
No answer / don't know / did notname non-recreational activity
M u l t i p l e R e s p
o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=760)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.13. The Non-Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Hunting
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128 Responsive Management
Q103. What were the non-recreational activities that
took time that you previously used for hunting?
(Asked of those who indicated thatnon-recreational activities took time away that they
previously used for hunting.) (Open-ended.)
0
0
0
65
16
6
3
4
0
5
109
3
1
1
1
2
4
6
63
17
7
11
5
0
0
1
0
1
5
15
59
8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Work
Family obligations
School
Landscaping / working on yard /
working on house / home
improvement
Church-related activities
Altruistic activities / volunteering
Gardening
Cutting firewood / forestry-related
activities
Cooking / baking
Other
No answer / don't know / did not
name non-recreational activity
M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=269)
Intermittent (n=261)
Ex (n=230)
HUNTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.14. The Non-Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Hunting,
Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 129
Q103. What were the non-recreational activities that
took time that you previously used for shooting?
(Asked of those who indicated that
non-recreational activities took time away that they
previously used for shooting.)
(Open-ended.)
4
65
21
6
1.82
1.47
5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Work / business
Family activities / obligations / household chores
Gardening / landscaping / home
improvement
Church
School
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e
R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent (n=438)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.15. The Non-Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Target
Shooting
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130 Responsive Management
Q103. What were the non-recreational activities that
took time that you previously used for shooting?
(Asked of those who indicated thatnon-recreational activities took time away that they
previously used for shooting.)
(Open-ended.)
5
5
64
21
5
2
1
4
3
6
3
0
3
67
19
6
4
6
2
4
7
21
63
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Work / business
Family activities / obligations /
household chores
Gardening / landscaping / home
improvement
School
Church
Did not name non-recreational
activity
Other
No answer / don't know
M u l t i p l e
R e s p o n s e s A l l o w e d
Percent
Active (n=153)
Intermittent (n=137)
Ex (n=148)
SHOOTER
SURVEY
Figure 6.16. The Non-Recreational Activities That Took Time Away From Target
Shooting, Crosstabulated by Participation Status
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CHAPTER 7: IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
The findings point to many strategies that can be undertaken in the overall effort to recruit andretain hunters and target shooters in those sports. Many of the strategies aim at very specific
markets, while other strategies are more broad. Note that, because there exist many different
target markets within the overall population, no one single strategy will suffice for all people.
The implications will be examined within the five major topic areas defined by the previous
chapters. These include the following:
o Participation in Outdoor Activities, Including Hunting and Target Shooting
o Specific Aspects of Participation in Hunting and Target Shooting
o Motivations for Participating in Activities, Satisfactions Derived From Them, and
Reasons for Increased Avidity
o Constraints to Participating in Activities, Dissatisfactions With Activities, and Reasons
for Decreased Avidity
o Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting
While this implications chapter examines many of the major issues, it is important that all
professionals involved in recruitment and retention should consult all the data contained herein.
There are many nuances of the data that may not be mentioned in this section.
PARTICIPATION IN OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING HUNTING AND TARGETSHOOTING
The surveys asked all respondents to name their top three outdoor activities, and the
questions were open-ended, meaning that no response set was read to respondents.
In each survey, this question preceded any questions about hunting or target shooting soas to not bias the results, allowing an accurate look at the activities in which sportsmenand sportswomen participate.
What is immediately clear is that nature-based outdoor recreation is of great importance tothese respondents. For both groups, hunters and target shooters, the top four activities are
nature-based: fishing, hunting, hiking, and camping.
For both the hunters and the target shooters who were surveyed, their top activities are
fishing and hunting. Fishing was named by a majority of hunters and target shooters, and
hunting was named by a near-majority of hunters and a majority of target shooters.
A second tier of activities consists of hiking and camping. In both the hunter and shooter
survey results, hiking and camping were named by substantially more respondents thanthe next activity in the ranking.
Furthermore, many of the lesser activities are nature based:
o Activities named by respondents include gardening/landscaping, visiting a state ornational park, wildlife viewing/wildlife photography, cutting/splitting firewood and
forestry work, SCUBA diving, rock/mountain climbing, trapping, crabbing/clam
digging, and wild harvesting (e.g., mushrooms)
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While certainly some amount of hunting and target shooting participation is lost to hikingand camping, it may be that many of these intermittent and ex-hunters and target shooters
were hiking and camping all along. Nonetheless, the data suggest that other outdoor
recreationists, particularly anglers, constitute a quite important target market.
The findings described above suggest that the act of hunting or target shooting itself may not
be the primary goal for many participants. Hunting and target shooting may be a means to
enjoy and experience nature. If true, then hunting and target shooting could be easilysubstitutable with other activities that also provide benefits associated with being outdoors
and close to nature. Factors that detract from hunting and target shooting or make it more
costly or complicated are likely to encourage some hunters and target shooters to increasetime spent in other outdoor pursuits.
One marketing strategy is to market hunting and target shooting as part of a total outdoor
experience. The “total outdoor experience” is a potential campaign theme, or part of one.
Identify and stress the unique selling points of hunting and target shooting. While part of atotal outdoor experience, there are unique aspects of and satisfactions derived from hunting
and target shooting that differentiate them from the other outdoor activities. The lack of
hunting and target shooting, with their unique selling points, would leave out a couple of the
pieces of the “total outdoor experience.”
Also of moderate importance as a competing activity is boating, as well as snow sports and
golfing. Note that participation levels in these activities, however, is not high. The data does
not support the contention that hunters and target shooters are leaving hunting and target
shooting in droves in favor of these other activities.
The surveys explored another aspect of participation in outdoor recreation, askingrespondents about the types of hunting and target shooting that they would like to try.
Of foremost interest is that a majority of hunters and target shooters indicate no interestin trying hunting/shooting outside of their regular hunting and shooting activities. This
leaves no more than about 2 in 5 participants indicating any interest in other types of activities within their sport.
In general, many of the hunters who wanted to try a different type of hunting named adifferent species from their typical game.
o For instance, elk is a top interest, which is certainly out of the realm of most hunters’typical experience. Other types of hunting named included hunting for such things as
moose, boar, bighorn sheep, antelope, caribou, cougar, alligator, and wolf.
In general, target shooters named various other types of shooting that they would like totry rather than naming different types of firearms. In a finding that may be counter to the
prevailing perception of target shooters among non-shooters, the survey did not find thattarget shooters simply wished to shoot bigger and more powerful firearms; rather, they
showed interest in different types of shooting.
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Note that changes in participation tend to be subtle. One does not go from being an activehunter to an ex-hunter in a single day—one doesn’t simply wake up and declare that he/she is
quitting hunting. Rather, the changes in participation level are gradual, not typically
triggered by a single event or by the sudden discovery of another type of outdoor recreation.
SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF PARTICIPATION IN HUNTING AND TARGET SHOOTING This section explores some aspects of hunting and target shooting trips, including likely
companions. These questions pertain to the decision-making process when hunters andtarget shooters decide whether to go hunting or target shooting.
The first aspect explored in this section is hunting and target shooting companions. Bothsurveys asked respondents about the amount of time that they hunt and target shoot with
others and the amount of time that they hunt and target shoot alone. Clearly, these activities
are predominantly done in groups rather than alone.
Very low percentages always hunt/target shoot alone.
A majority of each group always go hunting/target shooting with a companion.
Overall, hunting and target shooting are, for most participants, social activities,suggesting that other outdoor activities that can be shared with others could likely drawhunters and target shooters away from those sports. Efforts to encourage hunters and
target shooters to invite friends along, such as Step Outside, are important.
The next question concerns with whom these people engage in these activities.
For both activities, family plays an important role (more so with hunting than targetshooting): a large majority of hunters who hunt at least some of the time with somebody
else typically hunt with a family member (not exclusive of also having a friend along),and a slightly smaller majority of target shooters who target shoot at least some of the
time with somebody else typically target shoot with a family member.
This is not to say that friends are not important, as a near-majority of hunters who huntwith others and a solid majority of target shooters who target shoot with others namedfriends as typical companions.
Another aspect related to planning of hunting and target shooting trips is how far aheadpeople plan trips. Spontaneity is important to target shooting and, to a lesser extent, hunting.
Less than a third of hunters plan their hunting trips more than a month ahead of time.Additionally, about a third say that all of their trips are planned with less than 2 weeks
notice.
Among target shooters, less than 1 in 10 plan their target shooting excursions more than a
month ahead of time. Also, a majority of target shooters say that all of their trips are
planned with less than 2 weeks notice.
MOTIVATIONS FOR PARTICIPATING IN ACTIVITIES, SATISFACTIONS DERIVEDFROM THEM, AND REASONS FOR INCREASED AVIDITY
It is important to not forget the “fun” part of hunting and target shooting. This is the top
motivation for hunting and target shooting.
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For hunters, being close to nature is an important motivation, as is getting meat.
When asked about why they hunt, more than a quarter of hunters gave an answer relatedto being outdoors or being close to nature.
Although other studies have found that hunting for the meat is not a primary reason for
hunting among many hunters when they are asked to choose their single primary reason
for hunting, the motivation of hunting for meat is, nonetheless, important. In an open-ended question asking about motivations for hunting that allowed for more than oneresponse, hunting for meat was named by nearly a quarter of hunters.
For target shooters, increasing skills is an important motivation for going target shooting.
This includes increasing skills related to hunting. A substantial percentage of targetshooters mentioned hunting in their answer regarding reasons that they go target shooting
(in an open-ended question in which respondents can say anything that comes to mind).
Finally, for both hunters and target shooters, camaraderie is an important motivation for
participating in hunting and target shooting. Related to this is the fact that being asked to go
hunting or target shooting can increase one’s interest in the activities, as well as increase thelikelihood that he/she will go.
Marketing and advertising should stress the social aspects of hunting and target shooting.
Efforts to encourage hunters and target shooters to invite friends and family are asimportant as ever. Programs such as Step Outside that focus on this very theme are
important.
Compared to rural and urban hunters, suburban hunters appear to be more influenced by
friends and family members: of the three groups, suburban hunters were more likely tosay that being with friends and family is a motivation for hunting. Marketing the friends
and family aspects of hunting should be effective among suburban hunters.
There is some evidence that multiple satisfactions promote avidity. In other words, a personwho tries only one type of hunting and does not like that one type will desert the sport.
Another person who tries multiple types of hunting will be less likely to desert the sportsimply because one type was not well liked. The satisfactions that the latter person seeks
may be provided by some other type of hunting, if the first did not do so. Therefore, it is
important to address many motivations in overall recruitment and retention efforts rather thanfocusing too much on one motivation at the expense of other motivations. In short,
encourage hunters and target shooters to diversify when at all possible.
While specialization has its place in hunting and target shooting, particularly for those
who wish to specialize or who really like a certain type of hunting and target shooting,
too much early specialization to the exclusion of other types hunting and target shooting
in recruitment efforts may not be effective and risks losing the person if that onespecialized type of hunting or target shooting is not to his/her liking.
There are obviously cross-marketing (between hunting and target shooting) opportunities,
particularly to get hunters to go shooting outside of hunting.
Recruitment of young hunters and target shooters is important, as evidence suggests that
more avid hunters and target shooters are those who started at a younger age than did the lessavid (the mean starting age is higher for ex-participants than for intermittent or active
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participants). It appears that hunters and target shooters who started at a young age derivemore satisfactions from hunting and target shooting, compared to those who started later in
life—in other words, some satisfactions become ingrained. Many hunters, for instance,
responded that a motivation for hunting is tradition—that their father and their grandfatherdid it. Some responded with, “I’ve always done it,” as the reason that they go hunting or
target shooting. Apprentice licenses are important to allow young people to try hunting at an early age,
perhaps even before requiring them to take hunter safety courses. (Those courses wouldstill be required to get a regular license; such an exception would apply only to apprentice
licenses.)
CONSTRAINTS TO PARTICIPATING IN ACTIVITIES, DISSATISFACTIONS WITHACTIVITIES, AND REASONS FOR DECREASED AVIDITY
Social constraints are of the most importance, rather than losing interest in hunting or target
shooting as well as rather than because other activities seem more interesting. Those who didnot participate in all of the past 5 years were asked about constraints.
More than a third of hunters who do not hunt every year cite time constraints/otherobligations as a reason for not hunting in some years. More than a quarter of target
shooters who do not target shoot every year cite time constraints/other obligations as areason for not target shooting in some years.
o One strategy aimed at the time issue is to encourage hunters and target shooters to put
their plans to hunt or target shoot on the calendar. In other words, encourage them tomake hunting and target shooting a structured activity. In a busy person’s life, things
that are on the calendar are more likely to be done; things not on a calendar easily fall
by the wayside.
For both groups, age/health reasons cut into potential participation—the second-ranked
item in both surveys on this question. Consider alternative forms of participation for
hunters and target shooters who are older or not in optimum health, such as mentoring, tokeep them involved.
In short, because hunting and target shooting are often social activities—most hunting and
target shooting is done in groups—they are also prone to social constraints.
One of the top non-social constraints, and a constraint over which agencies and industry may
have more control than those cited above, is access. This is a constraint in both hunting and
target shooting.
The non-social constraint of access is of much less importance than the social constraint
of time (in both cases, “time constraints” was named over “access” by about 5 to 1);
however, keep in mind that there is some amount of correlation between access and time.The research suggested that ex-target shooters typically had to travel farther to go target
shooting (when they went target shooting in the past) than do active target shooters (when
they go shooting now). In answer to how long it takes them to get to where they typicallyshoot, the mean amount of time was higher among ex-target shooters than among active
target shooters. This suggests that more distant access (measured in minutes) is
correlated to a higher drop-out rate in target shooting. (An analogous question was notasked in the hunter survey because of concerns over survey length, but one would
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intuitively conjecture that time to get to a hunting area may also be correlated toparticipation in hunting.)
o Although access was not one of the top constraints, as noted, it is a constraint over
which agencies have considerable influence. It is important to provide potentialhunters nearby places to hunt and target shooters nearby places to target shoot. If
time is a constraint, then a shorter time to get to a place to hunt or target shoot willhelp boost participation. (Assuming those nearby places are publicized.)o Promote under-utilized hunting and target shooting areas. One way to do this is to
connect private landowners with interested hunters through lease arrangements,
walk-in access, and so forth.
o Promote types of hunting with seasons that are relatively long, particularly relative todeer season, which is the season with which most hunters are most familiar.
o The findings of a previous NSSF-sponsored study, Issues Related to Hunting Access
in the United States: National Results, have important findings to help address access.
ACTIVITIES THAT COMPETE WITH HUNTING AND TARGET SHOOTING
The greatest competition to hunting and target shooting are other outdoor activities,particularly nature-based activities, such as fishing, camping, and hiking.
Fishing in particular is an activity that competes with hunting and target shooting. Whenasked to name the three outdoor activities in which they participate the most, respondents
named fishing quite often. Clearly, anglers are very important in marketing hunting and
target shooting.
However, that seeming competition can be used in the “total outdoor experience,” withthose activities complementing each other instead of competing.
Crossover participation between hunting and target shooting remains important. Animportant market segment for hunting consists of target shooters. Likewise, an important
market segment for target shooting consists of hunters. This latter market segment isparticularly important, as it seems likely that many hunters could be encouraged to goshooting outside of hunting on a regular basis, especially older hunters for whom hunting
may be too strenuous.
Events that combine these activities should do well, encouraging more crossover
participation.
While golfing had some participation that may have taken away from hunting and target
shooting, golfing was not taking vast numbers of hunters and target shooters away fromhunting and target shooting.
Furthermore, the data suggested that some of those who now prefer golf over hunting and
target shooting are doing so because of age/health reasons: in short, golfing may be lessstrenuous for many people. As stated previously, these people are a good market
segment for target shooting, an activity that may be less strenuous for some people.
Hunting and target shooting compete with more than just other activities. Hunting and target
shooting also compete against the benefits that those other activities provide relative to
hunting and target shooting, particularly if those benefits address social constraints.Therefore, other activities that are less constraining in certain areas will compete well against
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hunting and target shooting. For instance, because time constraints are a problem to huntersand target shooters, other activities that take less time will have an advantage over hunting
and target shooting. The biggest constraints and the activities that would take advantage of
them are listed below:
Time constraints. Fortunately for hunting and target shooting, many of the other
activities in which respondents participate take much time: camping, hiking, boating,golfing, and snow sports all are time-consuming. Nonetheless, activities that are
generally less time-consuming offer some competition to hunting and target shooting,such as fitness exercises, gardening, swimming, and fields sports, for instance.
Family-related constraints. Activities that involve the whole family may offer somecompetition to hunting and target shooting: camping, hiking, boating, snow sports, and
swimming, for instance.
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APPENDIX A: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES
The computer code associated with these questionnaires has been removed, leaving only thequestions and statements made to respondents. Note that Questionnaire Programming Language
(QPL) software automatically numbers each computer “statement,” which include the actual
questions and statements read to respondents, as well as skip controls, error checkers, andcomputation statements. For this reason, some question numbers are skipped. For readability,
an indication of who was asked the question in included in brackets [ ] in place of the computer
skip controls, for those questions that were not asked of all respondents. Other notes explainingthe questions, such as indications of open-ended questions, are included in brackets, as well.
The order of the questions in series, meant primarily for assessing each question relative to the
others in that series, were randomized so that respondents received questions in different orders,
thereby eliminating “order bias” on these questions. Order bias is the effect that one questionhas on subsequent questions.
Some questions use wording substitutions to tailor the question to each respondent, and these are
automatically inserted by QPL. These substitutions are indicated by braces { } in the questionwording.
Additional wording within the questions and instructions to the interviewers, which appear onthe screen during the survey, are shown in parentheses ( ).
In summary:
[ ] brackets are for explanations to the reader; these did not appear to the interviewer
{ } braces are for wording substitutions that QPL inserted into the interviewer based onprevious responses; interviewers saw only the appropriate words, depending on the
respondent’s previous responses to questions( ) parentheses are for instructions to the interviewer; these appeared on the screen to
the interviewer
There were separate surveys administered to hunters and to target shooters. The hunter survey is
shown first, followed by the shooter survey. Following the surveys is a tabulation showingquestions that are similar in the two surveys.
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NSSF SHOOTING/HUNTING COMPETITION SURVEY: HUNTER SURVEY
4. Hello, my name is ____________, and I'm calling to conduct a survey in participation with the
National Shooting Sports Foundation. We are calling about outdoor recreation. We are notselling anything, or asking for donations. Do you have a few minutes to answer some questions
for me? Your answers are entirely confidential.
13. Can you please tell me the three outdoor activities you have participated in most often for
fun, relaxation, or health during your non-work time in the past 2 years? (CHECK UP TO
THREE; PROMPT FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION)
16. Have you done any hunting in the past 2 years? (IF NOT) In the past 5 years? (IF NOT)
Ever?
20. How many of the past 2 years have you gone hunting? [ASKED OF THOSE WHO WENT
HUNTING WITHIN THE PAST 2 YEARS.]
21. How many of the past 5 years have you gone hunting? [ASKED OF THOSE WHO WENT
HUNTING WITHIN THE PAST 5 YEARS; NOTE THAT QUESTIONS 16, 20, AND 21
WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE PARTICIPANT STATUS—ACTIVE,INTERMITTENT, AND EX-. THESE QUESTIONS ALSO WERE USED TO SCREEN
SOME PEOPLE OUT OF THE SURVEY, AS EXPLAINED IN THE BODY OF THIS
REPORT.]
24. Is there a specific reason why you hunt in some years but not others? [OPEN-ENDED;
ASKED OF THOSE WHO HUNTED FEWER THAN 5 OF THE PAST 5 YEARS.]
25. What would you say are your most important reasons for participating in hunting? In other
words, what are your motivations? [OPEN-ENDED.]
26. Has your amount of hunting increased, decreased, or stayed the same over the past 5 years?
27. Why did it increase? (PROBE FOR SPECIFICS) (Why did your amount of sport hunting
increase?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO SAID THEIR AMOUNT OF
HUNTING INCREASED.]
28. Why did it decrease? (PROBE FOR SPECIFICS) (Why did your amount of sport hunting
decrease?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO SAID THEIR AMOUNT OF
HUNTING DECREASED.]
32. Which species did you hunt in the past {5 years / when you’ve gone hunting}?
36. What types of firearms did you hunt with in the past {5 years / when you’ve gone hunting}?
38. Are there types of hunting that you don't do now but that you would be interested in trying?
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39. What species or types of equipment? (What types of hunting that you don't do nowwould you be interested in trying?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO SAID THAT
THERE ARE OTHER TYPES OF HUNTING THAT THEY WOULD BE INTERESTED IN
TRYING.]
40. What percentage of time that you go hunting do you go with friends or family?
43. What percentage of the time do you go hunting alone?
47. What are the advantages of going hunting with somebody else? [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED
OF THOSE WHO GO HUNTING WITH FRIENDS OR FAMILY AT LEAST PART OF THETIME.]
48. With whom (do/did) you typically hunt? [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO GOHUNTING WITH FRIENDS OR FAMILY AT LEAST PART OF THE TIME.]
49. In the past 5 years, how often would you say you were invited to go hunting by a friends orfamily member?
50. About what percentage of the time would you say you went hunting when invited by thosefriends or family? [ASKED OF THOSE WHO WERE INVITED TO GO HUNTING BY
FRIENDS OR FAMILY WITHIN THE PAST 5 YEARS.]
53. How old were you when you first went hunting?
56. Which species did you first hunt? [OPEN-ENDED.]
57. Have you done any target or sport shooting in the past 2 years, including just plinking or
sighting firearms, but excluding hunting? (IF NOT) In the past 5 years? (IF NOT) Ever?
58. Do you consider yourself more of a target shooter or more of a hunter? [ASKED OF THOSE
WHO HAVE DONE ANY TARGET OR SPORT SHOOTING, IN ADDITION TO THEIRHUNTING, WITHIN THE PAST 5 YEARS.]
59. Over the past 5 years, would you say the non-work time you spend at and around home hasincreased, remained about the same, or decreased?
60. How far in advance do you start planning a typical hunting trip?
61. What percentage of your hunting trips are planned less than 2 weeks in advance?
64. Do you have children 17 years or younger living in your household? (We are asking so youdon't get questions about children if you don't have any living with you.)
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===========================================================65. Now I'm going to ask about things that might encourage you to go hunting, and I'd like to
know if each would strongly, moderately, or not encourage you to go hunting or to hunt more.
FOR EACH ITEM: Would this encourage you to go hunting or to hunt more?Answer set:
Strongly encourage
Moderately encourageNot encourage
[THE STARTING POINT WITHIN THIS SERIES OF QUESTIONS WAS RANDOMIZED SO THAT NOT
EVERY SURVEY WAS EXACTLY THE SAME IN PRESENTING THIS LIST, THEREBY ELIMINATING
“ORDER BIAS,” WHICH REFERS TO THE EFFECT THAT ONE QUESTION HAS ON SUBSEQUENT
QUESTIONS.]
67. What about some type of family license package?68. What about if you got coupons for equipment discounts with your hunting license?
69. What about if you could mentor a family member or relative using a special discounted
license?70. What if you could get an extra tag or take additional game so that the meat could be donated
to a Hunters for the Hungry campaign?
71. What if the purchase of a hunting license automatically entered you in a drawing for a newfirearm?
72. What about receiving information on under-utilized hunting locations near your home?
73. What about if the hunting seasons provided additional days for hunting each year?74. What about regulation changes that make it easier to take youth hunting, like areas limited to
youth and mentors?
75. What about a program that allowed public access to private lands?
76. What about having a GPS unit that can tell you if you are on land where hunting is allowed?77. What about if daily bag limits were increased?
78. What if you could attend skill seminars for species that you have not hunted?79. What if you could meet members of a local rod and gun club who are familiar with the area
for hunting trips or social gatherings?
80. What if hunting opportunities were offered through your church, workplace, or club?81. What about a directory to local hunt clubs you could join?
82. What about more wildlife management areas managed specifically for trophy animals?
83. What about wildlife management areas managed specifically to allow hunters to see a lot of game?
84. What about wildlife management areas managed for wilderness experiences?
85. What about having convenient access to the public hunting area manager to discuss questionsabout regulations, license requirements, places to hunt, and nearby businesses?
86. What about having an online directory to guides, outfitters and game preserves where user
reviews were posted to help you choose the best opportunity?
87. What if an experienced hunter was available to partner with you on the hunt?88. What about if your state wildlife agency had shooting ranges in your area where you could
practice before the hunting season?
89. What if you could be connected with private landowners in your area who are looking forhunters?
90. What if you could borrow equipment, such as tree stands or decoys, to try different types of
hunting?===========================================================
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91. We're interested in any activities that you might do instead of hunting. With that in mind...
93. You mentioned that you went hunting but did not mention hunting as being one of your top
three outdoor activities. What are the reasons that hunting is not one of your top activities?[OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO DID NOT NAME HUNTING AS ONE OF
THEIR TOP THREE ACTIVITIES IN QUESTION 13.]
94. You mentioned that hunting is one of your top activities. Can you tell me any reasons that
you might do other activities instead of hunting? [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO
NAMED HUNTING AS ONE OF THEIR TOP THREE ACTIVITIES IN QUESTION 13.]
95. Thinking about activities other than hunting, are there any advantages that those other
activities have over hunting for you?
96. What advantages do those other activities have over hunting? [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF
THOSE WHO INDICATED THAT OTHER ACTIVITIES HAVE ADVANTAGES OVER
HUNTING.]
97. Do recreational activities other than hunting take time that you previously used for hunting?
100. What were the activities? (What other recreational activities other than hunting take time
that you previously used for hunting?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO
INDICATED THAT OTHER RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES TAKE TIME THAT THEY
PREVIOUSLY USED FOR HUNTING.]
102. Do non-recreational activities take time that you previously used for hunting?
103. What were the non-recreational activities? (What other non-recreational activities take time
that you previously used for hunting?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHOINDICATED THAT NON-RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES TAKE TIME THAT THEY
PREVIOUSLY USED FOR HUNTING.]
104. Would you say that another activity became more interesting to you than hunting?
107. What were the activities? (What other activities became more interesting to you thanhunting?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO INDICATED THAT ANOTHER
ACTIVITY BECAME MORE INTERESTING TO THEM THAN HUNTING.]
109. What were the reasons that these other activities won out over hunting? [OPEN-ENDED;ASKED OF THOSE WHO INDICATED THAT ANOTHER ACTIVITY BECAME MORE
INTERESTING TO THEM THAN HUNTING.]
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112. Some activities are preferred over hunting because they offer greater benefits or thrills,while others are preferred because they have fewer hassles associated with them. Compared to
hunting, please tell me if you regularly do other recreational activities that... (READ LIST)
1. Offer more thrills?2. Offer more benefits?
3. Offer more exercise?4. Are cheaper?5. Are more challenging?
6. Offer new or different experiences?
7. Don't have as many hassles?
8. Are safer?9. Allow you to be with people you're more comfortable with?
10. Don't involve as much travel?
11. Have fewer seasonal restrictions?12. Are preferred by family members or friends?
113. You said that you do recreational activities other than hunting that have fewer hassles. Whathassles are associated with hunting? [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO INDICATED
IN QUESTION 112 THAT ANOTHER ACTIVITY IS PREFERRED OVER HUNTING
BECAUSE IT HAS FEWER HASSLES ASSOCIATED WITH IT—RESPONSE #7.]
118. Do you consider your place of residence to be a large city or urban area, a suburban area, a
small city or town, a rural area on a farm or ranch, or a rural area NOT on a farm or ranch?
119. Do you consider the area in which grew up to be a large city or urban area, a suburban area,
a small city or town, a rural area on a farm or ranch, or a rural area NOT on a farm or ranch?
120. How long have you lived in your current state of residence?
123. The last time you moved, how far did you move? [ANSWERS GIVEN IN MILES]
125. May I ask your age?
129. What is the highest level of education you have completed?
133. (OBSERVE AND RECORD RESPONDENT'S GENDER.)
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NSSF SHOOTING/HUNTING COMPETITION SURVEY: SHOOTER SURVEY
4. Hello, my name is ____________, and I'm calling to conduct a survey in participation with the
National Shooting Sports Foundation. We are calling about outdoor recreation. We are notselling anything, or asking for donations. Do you have a few minutes to answer some questions
for me? Your answers are entirely confidential.
10. Can you please tell me the three outdoor activities you have participated in most often for
fun, relaxation, or health during your non-work time in the past 2 years? (CHECK UP TO
THREE; PROMPT FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION)
13. Have you done any recreational shooting in the past 2 years, excluding hunting? (IF NOT) In
the past 5 years? (IF NOT) Ever?
17. For the rest of the survey, make sure you don't include hunting in your responses when
talking about shooting.
18. How many of the past 2 years have you gone shooting? (Not including hunting.) [ASKED
OF THOSE WHO WENT SHOOTING WITHIN THE PAST 2 YEARS.]
19. How many of the past 5 years have you gone shooting? (Not including hunting.) [ASKED
OF THOSE WHO WENT SHOOTING WITHIN THE PAST 5 YEARS; NOTE THAT
QUESTIONS 13, 17, AND 18 WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE PARTICIPANT
STATUS—ACTIVE, INTERMITTENT, AND EX-. THESE QUESTIONS ALSO WEREUSED TO SCREEN SOME PEOPLE OUT OF THE SURVEY, AS EXPLAINED IN THE
BODY OF THIS REPORT.]
22. Is there a specific reason why you shoot in some years but not others? [OPEN-ENDED;
ASKED OF THOSE WHO WENT SHOOTING FEWER THAN 5 OF THE PAST 5 YEARS.]
26. I'd like to know the types of shooting that you have done in the past {5 years / when you’ve
gone shooting}, other than hunting. Have you shot a rifle? A handgun? A shotgun? Amuzzleloader?
29. When you shot a rifle in the past {5 years / when you’ve gone shooting}, what shootingactivities did you do with a rifle? (Not including hunting.) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE
WHO INDICATED SHOOTING A RIFLE IN QUESTION 26.]
33. When you shot a handgun in the past {5 years / when you’ve gone shooting}, what shootingactivities did you do with a handgun? (Not including hunting.) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF
THOSE WHO INDICATED SHOOTING A HANDGUN IN QUESTION 26.]
37. When you shot a shotgun in the past {5 years / when you’ve gone shooting}, what shooting
activities did you do with a shotgun? (Not including hunting.) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF
THOSE WHO INDICATED SHOOTING A SHOTGUN IN QUESTION 26.]
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 145
39. What would you say are your most important reasons for participating in shooting? In otherwords, what are your motivations? [OPEN-ENDED.]
40. What type of shooting do you do the most? (OPEN-ENDED; ENTER ONLY ONEACTIVITY)
42. What is your favorite type of shooting? (Even if you don't do it the most.) (OPEN-ENDED;ENTER ONLY ONE ACTIVITY)
46. Are there types of shooting that you don't do now but that you would be interested in trying?
(IF YES: What types?) [OPEN-ENDED.]
48. Has your amount of sport shooting increased, decreased, or stayed the same over the past 5
years?
49. Why did it increase? (PROBE FOR SPECIFICS) (Why did your amount of sport shooting
increase?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO SAID THEIR AMOUNT OFSHOOTING INCREASED.]
50. Why did it decrease? (PROBE FOR SPECIFICS) (Why did your amount of sport shootingdecrease?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO SAID THEIR AMOUNT OF
SHOOTING DECREASED.]
51. What percentage of time that you go shooting do you go with friends or family?
53. What percentage of the time do you go shooting alone?
56. What are the advantages of going shooting with somebody else? [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED
OF THOSE WHO GO SHOOTING WITH FRIENDS OR FAMILY AT LEAST PART OF THETIME.]
57. With whom (do/did) you typically shoot? [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO GOSHOOTING WITH FRIENDS OR FAMILY AT LEAST PART OF THE TIME.]
58. In minutes, how long does it take you to get to where you typically go shooting? (One way,not round trip.)
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60. In the past 5 years, how often would you say you were invited to go shooting by a friends orfamily member?
61. About what percentage of the time would you say you went shooting when invited by thosefriends or family? [ASKED OF THOSE WHO WERE INVITED TO GO SHOOTING BY
FRIENDS OR FAMILY WITHIN THE PAST 5 YEARS.]
64. Do you currently have a membership at a range?
65. Have you done any hunting in the past 2 years? (IF NOT) In the past 5 years? (IF NOT)
Ever?
66. Do you consider yourself more of a target shooter or more of a hunter? [ASKED OF THOSE
WHO HAVE DONE ANY HUNTING, IN ADDITION TO THEIR TARGET OR SPORTSHOOTING, WITHIN THE PAST 5 YEARS.]
67. Over the past 5 years, would you say the non-work time you spend at and around home hasincreased, remained about the same, or decreased?
68. How far in advance do you start planning a typical shooting trip?
69. What percentage of your shooting trips are planned less than 2 weeks in advance?
72. Do you have children 17 years or younger living in your household? (We are asking so youdon't get questions about children if none live with you.)
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 147
===========================================================73. Now I'm going to ask about things that might encourage you to go shooting, and I'd like to
know if each would strongly, moderately, or not encourage you to go shooting or to shoot more.
(FOR EACH ITEM: Would this encourage you to go shooting or to shoot more?)|__| 2. Strongly encourage
|__| 3. Moderately encourage
|__| 4. Not encourage[THE STARTING POINT WITHIN THIS SERIES OF QUESTIONS WAS RANDOMIZED SO THAT NOT
EVERY SURVEY WAS EXACTLY THE SAME IN PRESENTING THIS LIST, THEREBY ELIMINATING
“ORDER BIAS,” WHICH REFERS TO THE EFFECT THAT ONE QUESTION HAS ON SUBSEQUENT
QUESTIONS.]
75. What about some type of family day at a range?
76. What about if you got coupons for equipment discounts with the purchase of a pass at a
range?
77. What about if the fee you paid to use a range allowed you to get a discount for ammunitionor other shooting supplies?
78. What about if more shooting instruction or self-defense courses were available at a
convenient range?
79. What if loaner firearms were available at a range for you to try, including types you haven'tshot before?
80. What if a nearby range offered additional types of target shooting activities?81. What if nearby shooting areas were less crowded or had more shooting lanes?
82. What if you could reserve a private time or place at the range for your family or friends?
83. What if there was a competitive shooting league offered nearby?84. What if there were opportunities to shoot clay targets in a non-competitive environment at
your leisure?
85. What if there were opportunities to take a youth shooting?
86. What if shooting opportunities were offered through your church, workplace, club?87. What if a shooting range encouraged you to attend and made you feel welcome to be there?
88. What if a shooting range was clean, neat, and well run?89. What if there was no cost to use a range?90. What about if your local parks and recreation department offered a target shooting group
class?
===========================================================
91. We're interested in any activities that you might do instead of shooting. With that in mind...
93. You mentioned that you went shooting but did not mention shooting as being one of your topthree outdoor activities. What are the reasons that shooting is not one of your top activities?
[OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO DID NOT NAME SHOOTING AS ONE OF
THEIR TOP THREE ACTIVITIES IN QUESTION 10.]
94. You mentioned that shooting is one of your top activities. Can you tell me any reasons that
you might do other activities instead of shooting? [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHONAMED SHOOTING AS ONE OF THEIR TOP THREE ACTIVITIES IN QUESTION 10.]
95. Thinking about activities other than shooting, are there any advantages that those other
activities have over shooting for you?
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148 Responsive Management
96. What advantages do those other activities have over shooting? [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OFTHOSE WHO INDICATED THAT OTHER ACTIVITIES HAVE ADVANTAGES OVER
SHOOTING.]
97. Do recreational activities other than shooting take time that you previously used for
shooting?
100. What were the activities? (What other recreational activities other than shooting take time
that you previously used for shooting?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO
INDICATED THAT OTHER RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES TAKE TIME THAT THEY
PREVIOUSLY USED FOR SHOOTING.]
102. Do non-recreational activities take time that you previously used for shooting?
103. What were the non-recreational activities? (What other non-recreational activities take time
that you previously used for shooting?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO
INDICATED THAT NON-RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES TAKE TIME THAT THEYPREVIOUSLY USED FOR SHOOTING.]
104. Would you say that another activity became more interesting to you than shooting?
107. What were the activities? (What other activities became more interesting to you than
shooting?) [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO INDICATED THAT ANOTHER
ACTIVITY BECAME MORE INTERESTING TO THEM THAN SHOOTING.]
109. What were the reasons that these other activities won out over shooting? [OPEN-ENDED;ASKED OF THOSE WHO INDICATED THAT ANOTHER ACTIVITY BECAME MORE
INTERESTING TO THEM THAN SHOOTING.]
112. Some activities are preferred over shooting because they offer greater benefits or thrills,
while others are preferred because they have fewer hassles associated with them. Compared to
shooting, please tell me if you regularly do other recreational activities that...1. Offer more thrills?
2. Offer more benefits?
3. Offer more exercise?4. Are cheaper?
5. Are more challenging?
6. Offer new or different experiences?
7. Don't have as many hassles?8. Are safer?
9. Allow you to be with people you're more comfortable with?
10. Don't involve as much travel?11. Have fewer seasonal restrictions?
12. Are preferred by family members or friends?
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 149
113. You said that you do recreational activities other than shooting that have fewer hassles.What hassles are associated with shooting? [OPEN-ENDED; ASKED OF THOSE WHO
INDICATED IN QUESTION 112 THAT ANOTHER ACTIVITY IS PREFERRED OVER
SHOOTING BECAUSE IT HAS FEWER HASSLES ASSOCIATED WITH IT—RESPONSE #7.]
117. Do you consider your place of residence to be a large city or urban area, a suburban area, asmall city or town, a rural area on a farm or ranch, or a rural area NOT on a farm or ranch?
118. Do you consider the area in which grew up to be a large city or urban area, a suburban area,
a small city or town, a rural area on a farm or ranch, or a rural area NOT on a farm or ranch?
119. How long have you lived in your current state of residence?
122. The last time you moved, how far did you move? [ANSWERS GIVEN IN MILES]
124. May I ask your age?
128. What is the highest level of education you have completed?
132. (OBSERVE AND RECORD RESPONDENT'S GENDER.)
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150 Responsive Management
ANALOGOUS QUESTIONS IN HUNTER AND SHOOTER SURVEYHUNTER SURVEY SHOOTER SURVEY
13. Can you please tell me the three outdoor
activities you have participated in most oftenfor fun, relaxation, or health during your non-
work time in the past 2 years? (CHECK UPTO THREE; PROMPT FOR OUTDOOR
RECREATION)
10. Can you please tell me the three outdoor
activities you have participated in most oftenfor fun, relaxation, or health during your non-
work time in the past 2 years? (CHECK UPTO THREE; PROMPT FOR OUTDOOR
RECREATION)
16. Have you done any hunting in the past 2years? (IF NOT) In the past 5 years? (IF
NOT) Ever?
20. How many of the past 2 years have you
gone hunting?21. How many of the past 5 years have you
gone hunting?
13. Have you done any recreational shootingin the past 2 years, excluding hunting? (IF
NOT) In the past 5 years? (IF NOT) Ever?
18. How many of the past 2 years have you
gone shooting? (Not including hunting.)19. How many of the past 5 years have you
gone shooting? (Not including hunting.)
24. Is there a specific reason why you hunt in
some years but not others? [OPEN-ENDED]
22. Is there a specific reason why you shoot
in some years but not others? [OPEN-ENDED]
25. What would you say are your most
important reasons for participating in hunting?
In other words, what are your motivations?[OPEN-ENDED]
39. What would you say are your most
important reasons for participating in
shooting? In other words, what are yourmotivations? [OPEN-ENDED]
26. Has your amount of hunting increased,decreased, or stayed the same over the past 5
years?
48. Has your amount of sport shootingincreased, decreased, or stayed the same over
the past 5 years?
27. Why did it increase? (PROBE FORSPECIFICS) (Why did your amount of sport
hunting increase?) [OPEN-ENDED]
49. Why did it increase? (PROBE FORSPECIFICS) (Why did your amount of sport
shooting increase?) [OPEN-ENDED]28. Why did it decrease? (PROBE FOR
SPECIFICS) (Why did your amount of sport
hunting decrease?) [OPEN-ENDED]
50. Why did it decrease? (PROBE FOR
SPECIFICS) (Why did your amount of sport
shooting decrease?) [OPEN-ENDED]
38. Are there types of hunting that you don't
do now but that you would be interested intrying?
39. What species or types of equipment?
(What types of hunting that you don't do nowwould you be interested in trying?) [OPEN-
ENDED]
46. Are there types of shooting that you don't
do now but that you would be interested intrying? (IF YES: What types?) [OPEN-
ENDED]
40. What percentage of time that you gohunting do you go with friends or family?
51. What percentage of time that you goshooting do you go with friends or family?
43. What percentage of the time do you gohunting alone?
53. What percentage of the time do you goshooting alone?
47. What are the advantages of going huntingwith somebody else? [OPEN-ENDED]
56. What are the advantages of goingshooting with somebody else? [OPEN-
ENDED]
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 151
HUNTER SURVEY SHOOTER SURVEY
48. With whom (do/did) you typically hunt?
[OPEN-ENDED]
57. With whom (do/did) you typically shoot?
[OPEN-ENDED]
49. In the past 5 years, how often would yousay you were invited to go hunting by a
friends or family member?
60. In the past 5 years, how often would yousay you were invited to go shooting by a
friends or family member?50. About what percentage of the time would
you say you went hunting when invited by
those friends or family?
61. About what percentage of the time would
you say you went shooting when invited by
those friends or family?
57. Have you done any target or sport
shooting in the past 2 years, including justplinking or sighting firearms, but excluding
hunting? (IF NOT) In the past 5 years? (IF
NOT) Ever?
65. Have you done any hunting in the past 2
years? (IF NOT) In the past 5 years? (IFNOT) Ever?
58. Do you consider yourself more of a target
shooter or more of a hunter?
66. Do you consider yourself more of a target
shooter or more of a hunter?
59. Over the past 5 years, would you say thenon-work time you spend at and around home
has increased, remained about the same, ordecreased?
67. Over the past 5 years, would you say thenon-work time you spend at and around home
has increased, remained about the same, ordecreased?
60. How far in advance do you start planninga typical hunting trip?
68. How far in advance do you start planninga typical shooting trip?
61. What percentage of your hunting trips areplanned less than 2 weeks in advance?
69. What percentage of your shooting tripsare planned less than 2 weeks in advance?
64. Do you have children 17 years or younger
living in your household? (We are asking soyou don't get questions about children if you
don't have any living with you.)
72. Do you have children 17 years or younger
living in your household? (We are asking soyou don't get questions about children if none
live with you.)67. What about some type of family license
package?
75. What about some type of family day at a
range?
68. What about if you got coupons for
equipment discounts with your hunting
license?
76. What about if you got coupons for
equipment discounts with the purchase of a
pass at a range?
74. What about regulation changes that make
it easier to take youth hunting, like areaslimited to youth and mentors?
85. What if there were opportunities to take a
youth shooting?
80. What if hunting opportunities were
offered through your church, workplace, or
club?
86. What if shooting opportunities were
offered through your church, workplace,
club?90. What if you could borrow equipment,such as tree stands or decoys, to try different
types of hunting?
79. What if loaner firearms were available ata range for you to try, including types you
haven't shot before?
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152 Responsive Management
HUNTER SURVEY SHOOTER SURVEY
93. You mentioned that you went hunting but
did not mention hunting as being one of your
top three outdoor activities. What are thereasons that hunting is not one of your top
activities? [OPEN-ENDED]
93. You mentioned that you went shooting
but did not mention shooting as being one of
your top three outdoor activities. What are thereasons that shooting is not one of your top
activities? [OPEN-ENDED]94. You mentioned that hunting is one of your
top activities. Can you tell me any reasonsthat you might do other activities instead of hunting? [OPEN-ENDED]
94. You mentioned that shooting is one of
your top activities. Can you tell me anyreasons that you might do other activitiesinstead of shooting? [OPEN-ENDED]
95. Thinking about activities other than
hunting, are there any advantages that those
other activities have over hunting for you?
95. Thinking about activities other than
shooting, are there any advantages that those
other activities have over shooting for you?
96. What advantages do those other activitieshave over hunting? [OPEN-ENDED]
96. What advantages do those other activitieshave over shooting? [OPEN-ENDED]
97. Do recreational activities other than
hunting take time that you previously used forhunting?
97. Do recreational activities other than
shooting take time that you previously usedfor shooting?
100. What were the activities? (What otherrecreational activities other than hunting take
time that you previously used for hunting?)
[OPEN-ENDED]
100. What were the activities? (What otherrecreational activities other than shooting
take time that you previously used for
shooting?) [OPEN-ENDED]
102. Do non-recreational activities take time
that you previously used for hunting?
102. Do non-recreational activities take time
that you previously used for shooting?
103. What were the non-recreational
activities? (What other non-recreationalactivities take time that you previously used
for hunting?) [OPEN-ENDED]
103. What were the non-recreational
activities? (What other non-recreationalactivities take time that you previously used
for shooting?) [OPEN-ENDED]104. Would you say that another activity
became more interesting to you than hunting?
104. Would you say that another activity
became more interesting to you than
shooting?
107. What were the activities? (What other
activities became more interesting to you than
hunting?) [OPEN-ENDED]
107. What were the activities? (What other
activities became more interesting to you than
shooting?) [OPEN-ENDED]
109. What were the reasons that these other
activities won out over hunting? [OPEN-ENDED]
109. What were the reasons that these other
activities won out over shooting? [OPEN-ENDED]
112. Some activities are preferred over
hunting because they offer greater benefits orthrills, while others are preferred because they
have fewer hassles associated with them.Compared to hunting, please tell me if you
regularly do other recreational activities that...
(READ LIST)
112. Some activities are preferred over
shooting because they offer greater benefitsor thrills, while others are preferred because
they have fewer hassles associated with them.Compared to shooting, please tell me if you
regularly do other recreational activities
that... (READ LIST)
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Understanding Activities That Compete With Hunting and Target Shooting 153
HUNTER SURVEY SHOOTER SURVEY
113. You said that you do recreational
activities other than hunting that have fewer
hassles. What hassles are associated withhunting? [OPEN-ENDED]
113. You said that you do recreational
activities other than shooting that have fewer
hassles. What hassles are associated withshooting? [OPEN-ENDED]
118. Do you consider your place of residenceto be a large city or urban area, a suburban
area, a small city or town, a rural area on afarm or ranch, or a rural area NOT on a farmor ranch?
117. Do you consider your place of residenceto be a large city or urban area, a suburban
area, a small city or town, a rural area on afarm or ranch, or a rural area NOT on a farmor ranch?
119. Do you consider the area in which grew
up to be a large city or urban area, a suburban
area, a small city or town, a rural area on afarm or ranch, or a rural area NOT on a farm
or ranch?
118. Do you consider the area in which grew
up to be a large city or urban area, a suburban
area, a small city or town, a rural area on afarm or ranch, or a rural area NOT on a farm
or ranch?
120. How long have you lived in your current
state of residence?
119. How long have you lived in your current
state of residence?123. The last time you moved, how far did
you move? [IN MILES]
122. The last time you moved, how far did
you move? [IN MILES]
125. May I ask your age? 124. May I ask your age?
129. What is the highest level of educationyou have completed?
128. What is the highest level of educationyou have completed?
133. (OBSERVE AND RECORDRESPONDENT'S GENDER)
132. (OBSERVE AND RECORDRESPONDENT'S GENDER)
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