ulcers of the oral cavity

Ulcers of the oral Cavity

Dr: Arshad M.MalikAssociate Professor Surgery

LUMHS

ORAL CAVITY• LIPS• TEETH• GINGIVA• ORAL MUCOUS MEMBRANES• PALATE• TONGUE• ORAL LYMPHOID TISSUES

Oral Ulcers• Definations• Classifications• Causes

Definition• Injury to the oral mucosa may result

in a localized defect of the surface in which the covering epithelium is destroyed leaving an inflammed area of exposed connective tissue. Such defects or erosions are called Ulcers.

Classification• Traumatic• Recurrent apthous stomatitis (RAS).• Ulcers associated with systemic

diseases and vesicolobulous disease(Pemphigus,pemphigoid,erythema multiform)

• (Dermatitis herpetiformis epidermolysis bullosa)

Causes of Oral ulceration1. Infective, viral, bacterial, fungal.2. Traumatic.• Mechanical• Thermal• Chemical• Factitious injury• Radiation• Eosinophilic ulcer or traumatic granuloma3. Idiopathic• Recurrent apthous stomatitis (RAS)• Minor apthous ulcers• Major apthous ulcers• Herpitiform ulcers

Causes contd;4. Associated with systemic diseases• Hematological diseases• Gastrointestinal diseases• Behcet syndrome• HIV infection• Other diseases5. Associated with dermatological conditions• Lichen Plannus• Chronic discoid lupus erythromatous• Vesiculobullous dseases6. Neoplastic• Squamous cell carcinoma• Other malignant tumors

Traumatic UlcersCheek Biting

Trauma:• Ill-Fitting dentures

Trauma:Chemical Burns

Trauma:Abrasions from Teeth

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis(RAS)

• Most common ulcerative lesion of oral cavity

• Recurrent, painful ulcers• Confined to soft mucosa• Subdivided into three types:–Minor aphthae–Major aphthae– Herpetiform aphthae

Apthous ulcers contd:• Etiology• A. Not understood but damaging immune response in

increasingly implicated. Some of the factors are related to the cause

1. Immunological factors2. Heredity factors3. Microbiological factors4. Emotional stress5. Nutritional deficiencies6. Allergic disorders7. Hematological factors8. Gastrointestinal factors.

Recurrent apthous ulcer stomatitis contd:

• C/F Minor apthous ulcers1. Prodromal signs appear hours before with

burning and itching.2. Comprise more than 80%3. May be shallow and round affecting the4. Non-keratinized part of the oral epithelium.5. Diameter of ulcer is less than 10mm with red

margin.6. Heal without scarring within 7-10 days. 7. Tend to recur with in 1-4 months.8. Site is usually the tongue, buccal mucosa, soft

palate.

Minor apthous ulcer

Recurrent apthous stomatitis Contd:

• Major apthous ulcer1. Larger than the minor ulcers more than 10

mm in diameter.2. Site is usually similar to minor pathos ulcer.3. Also involves the keratinized part of oral

mucosal epithelium.4. Vary in number from 1-10.5. Take 4-6 weeks to heal6. Heal with scarring.7. Recur in less than a month time.

Major apthous ulcers

Recurrent apthous ulcer contd:• Herpitiform ulcers1. Multiple small pin head size. Each ulcer 1-2 mm

in size.2. Can occur at any part of the oral cavity and as

many as hundreds of small ulcers may be present.

3. The ulcers are present in the form of clusters or crops and some times they join to form a big ulcer.

4. The also heal with scarring.5. Recur in less than a month time6. Associated with extreme pain and discomfort.

Herpetiform ulcers

Recurrent appthous ulcer contd:• Histopathology( Minor, Major, Herpetiform)1. Mononuclear cells are found in the sub

mucosa in the pre-ulcerative stage.2. These mono-nuclear cells are the T4

lymphocytes and soon are outnumbered to T8 lymphocytes when ulcerative stage develops.

3. Macrophages and mast cells are also present in the base of ulcer.

Treatment• Major,Minor,Herpetiform ulcers.1. Minor apthous ulcers require no treatment only

topical gels are used to minimize the pain, as the ulcer is self limiting and heals with in 7-10 days.

2. Anti inflammatory gels and mouth washes are also used to prevent any further infection and to control the inflammation caused by the ulcer.

3. For major apthos ulcers topical steroids may be used.

4. In extreme severe cases systemic steroids such as prednisolone in doses 20-40 mg daily have giving promising results.

Behcet’s• Symptom complex of:– Recurrent aphthous ulcers of the mouth– Painful genital ulcers– Uveitis or conjuctivitis

Herpesvirus Infection• HSV-1 and/or HSV-2– Primary Infection– Secondary Infection

• Varicella zoster virus (HHV-3)

Herpesvirus Infection• Primary Infection– Herpetic gingivostomatitis– Younger patients– Often asymptomatic–May be associated with fever, chills,

malaise– Vesicles-ulcers-crusting– Anywhere in the oral cavity

Herpesvirus Infection

Primary Infection

Herpesvirus Infection• Secondary Infection– Reactivation of latent virus– Not associated with systemic symptoms– Small vesicles – Occur only on the hard palate and

gingiva– Prodromal signs

Herpesvirus Infection

Secondary infection

Secondary infection• Varicella zoster

virus (HHV-3)– Latent infection– Oral ulcers– Dermatomal

distribution

Infection• Rare• HIV/AIDS patients• Bacterial• Deep mycotic infection• Candida

Infection• Bacterial– Usually secondary infection– Primary infection: syphilis, tuberculous,

or actinomycosis

Infection

Bacterial-Syphilis

Infection• Mycotic– Blastomycosis– Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis

Infection• Candida– Candida albicans–Most common– Normal flora– Predisposing

factors–White creamy

patches – Nystatin oral

suspension

Infection• Candida

Neoplasm• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) –Most common– Irregular ulcers with raised margins–May be exophytic, infiltrative or

verrucoid–Mimic benign lesions grossly

Neoplasm• Squamous cell carcinoma

Dermatologic Disorders• Erythema multiforme– Rapidly progressive– Antigen-antibody complex deposition in

vessels of the dermis– Target lesions of the skin– Diffuse ulceration, crusting of lips,

tongue, buccal mucosa– Self-limited, heal without scarring

Dermatologic Disorders

Erythema multiforme

Dermatologic Disorders• Lichen planus– Chronic disease of

skin and mucous membranes

– Destruction of basal cell layer by activated lymphocytes

– Reticular: fine, lacy appearance on buccal mucosa (Wickman’s striae)

– Hypertrophic: resembles leukoplakia

– Atrophic or erosive: painful

Dermatologic Disorders• Benign mucous

membrane pemphigoid– Tense subepithelial bullae

of skin and mucous membranes

– Rupture, large erosions, heal without scarring

– Sloughing (Nikolsky sign)• Bullous pemphigoid

– Cutaneous lesions more common

• Both show subepithelial clefting with dissolution of the basement membrane– IgG in basement

membrane

• Pemphigus vulgaris– Severe, potentially

fatal– Jewish and Italians– Intraepithelial

bullae and acantholysis

– Nikolsky’s sign– Loss of intracellular

bridges– Autoimmune

response to desmoglein 3

– Intraepithelial clefting

Thanks for your attention