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The Heat Storage
Santokh GataoraTechnical DirectorM: +44 (0)7795 171 248O: +44 (0)1875 610 001sandy.gataora@Sunamp.com
info@sunamp.co.uk
@sunampltd
UKERC Conference
How do UK heat industry market players fit into a sustainable future?
15th May 2018
The Heat Opportunity
Electricity 17.5%
Transport 27.5%
Others 9%
Heat 46%
Heating without global warming,IEA, 2014.
World energy consumption x2.5• Space Heat• Hot Water• Process Heat• Cooling
Electrical storage:
✗ Over invested✗ Overcrowded✗ High entry barriers✗ Materials questions
Heat storage:✓ Has not changed in centuries
✓ Ripe for improvement✓ More heat storage needed✓ Low cost, sustainable materials
Source: IEA
Specific Focus on Heat Storage: Residential Example
time
ener
gy
Intermittent input
time
ener
gy
Controlled output
Heat storage
CHPSolar ThermalSolar PVHeat PumpsBiomassWaste HeatOff-peak Elec.…..
heating
hot water
Need to time-shift from when energy is available to when it is needed
3
The Basic Idea
High Energy Density
Melting and freezing a PCM (Phase Change Material) stores 3-4 times as much energy as heating and cooling hot water
Hand warmer (melts at 58°C)
High Power
High power heat exchanger inside, so heat can be rapidly charged into the heat battery and equally quickly extracted – high rate discharge
Modular
Cuboid and able to stack like Lego®
Cost-Effective Comparable price to Hot Water TanksLower Total Cost of Ownership
4
Sunamp heat storage material
High Energy Density
•Sunamp PCMs (Phase Change Materials) are safe and reliable hydrated salts;
•Melting and freezing a PCM stores 3-4 times as much energy as heating water
•The classis hand warmer is unstable and fails in less than 100 cycles. Sunamp needed a >10,000 cycles reliability
Hand warmer (melts at 58°C)
Sunamp & University of Edinburgh Collaboration: Technical Innovations
Overcame instability of original material <100 cycles before failure
• Patented SU58 >35,000 cycles (so far)
Wouldn’t always solidify (no heat)
• SU58 always solidifies and releases heat
Slow heat transfer (no showers!)
• Heat exchanger inside = high flow rate hot water
Key materials & HB team:
Proven via cycle testing – latest results
July 2015January 2018
Courtesy of Dr David Oliver (Edinburgh), Materials Scientist & Dr Kate Fisher (Edinburgh), Composite Materials Scientist at Sunamp
Previously undetectable degradation rate just becoming apparent after ~2.5 years and ~35,000 cycles.
Peak rate 120 cycles/day (5 minute charge, 7 minute discharge & repeat)
Average lowered to ~35 cycles/day due to periods when cycle rig was inactive (e.g. Moving premises).
Further testing expected to confirm trendline.
-5(23)
0(32)
5(42)
15(59)
28(82)
43(109)
T, °C (°F)
Cold storageAir conditioning
Waste heat recovery Hot water pre-heat
Low temp heat pumpSolar thermal
Hot waterSpace heating
Industrial process heatSteam generation
High temp heat pumpBoilers/Furnaces (biomass, gas, propane, oil)CHP/Co-Gen
Sunamp Heat and Cool Batteries can be filled with different PCMs to optimise each application
Sunamp PCMs are internally developed, and generally inorganic, non-flammable materials. Values indicate phase change temperature. Operating temperature range typically 40 … >100 °C (90 … >200 °F) around phase change temperature - consult Sunamp.
Wide Range of Storage Temperatures
-14(7)
-10(14)
-21(-6)
Freezing
Waste Heat,Thermal Buffering
Chiller
253(487)
-15(5)
-25(-13)
118(244)
188(370)
58(136)
Current commercial products (Space Heat & Hot Water) Near-term introduction (Q2 … Q4 2018)
32(90)
-26(-15)
11(52)
34(93)
81(178)
83(181)
88(190)
73(163)
-18(0){
Acc
eler
ated
Co
mm
erci
alis
atio
n
Electricity & Heat Co-StorageThermoelectric, CAES,Organic Rankine Cycle, Steam Turbines
Note: PCMs at different level of development and not all commercially available today
From material to system – in production Today
High Power
High power heat exchanger inside, so heat can be rapidly charged into the heat battery and equally quickly extracted – high rate discharge.
This means can deliver 20+ litres per minute hot water for showers
This means can rapidly warm a heating system (comfort & energy efficiency points)
Modular
Cuboid and able to stack like Lego®
Cost-EffectiveComparable price to Hot Water TanksLower Total Cost of OwnershipMuch lower cost than electric batteries
Gen 2 Heat
Battery
High Energy Density
Retains PCM compactness when scaling to heat battery size (non-trivial).
• Trial in seven homes funded by DECC
• Off-peak Economy 10 electricity
• Air source heat pump (2.5-3x COP efficiency)
• Heat Battery compact storage provides time-shift: run heat pump when its cheap, use heat/HW at any time
• Easy retrofit installation
• In service for 5 winters (some still with Gen 1 heat batteries, some upgraded to Gem 2)
Heat Pump
SunampStack
Central Heating
Hot Water
Gen 1 - Proven by long duration trial (2013 to date)
Results and Benefits:
• typical running costs savings range from 45% to 57%
• carbon emission reductions range from 17% to 36%
This is a 2-bedroomed housewith 2 working occupants.They are heavy hot waterusers having 2 deep baths inthe morning and 2 deepbaths in the evenings
Annual Savings on Heat and Hot Water
kWhsaving
Bill savingCO2
Saving
59% 56% 29.1%
8,404 KWh £602.171259
KgCO2
CASE A – From Electric Heat and Water
This is a 3 bedroomedhouse lived in by a youngworking couple, their heatand hot water usage isnormal. This householdhad night storage heater.Comfort has improved.
CASE B – From ETS and Electric Hot Water
This is a one-bedroom house,semi detached bungalow.The occupier is an retiredman who looks after hisgrandchildren in the earlyevening so the house must bewarm - Achieved
Annual Savings on Heat and Hot Water
kWhsaving
Bill saving
CO2
Saving
49% 57%Not Available
3,291KWh
£325.91Not
Available
CASE C – From Electric Heat and Water
This is a 5-bedroomedhouse with 2 workingoccupants, 1 teenager and 1visiting young adult.Previously mains gas heated
Annual Savings on Heat and Hot Water
kWhsaving
Bill savingCO2
Saving
77% 50% 46%28,476KWh
£926.773645
KgCO2
CASE D – From Gas Heating & Hot Water
Annual Savings on Heat and Hot Water
kWhsaving
Bill savingCO2
Saving
40% 45% 36%
4,921KWh £414.781596
KgCO2
Gen 1 - Trial Results
Spec40 kWh Sunamp heat storeAir Source Heat Pump (Daikin)Works to -25C
Gen 2 - Proven via large scale trial (hot water focused)
Over 1000 tenants positively impacted with 20%+ bill and energy savings
766 Gen 2 Heat Battery Products installed in over 600 homes by Q1 ‘2016
4.4 MWh total storage in 2028 Heat Battery 'Red Cells'
In daily service for two years with high reliability providing hot water to circa 2000 people
Products developed and manufactured by Sunamp near Edinburgh
Gen-3 (‘UniQ’) – A modular and scalable product
*height for models including stand-by electric heaters
• Complete portfolio includes these capacities: 2, 3, 6, 9, 12kWh (residential), 30, 60kWh (C&I) • Multiple modules can be easily integrated to each other to achieve the required storage capacity and functionality
(thermally or electrically charged, or both)• All residential products (UniQ 3 to 12) have the same footprint (370x575mm) and different heights, depending on capacity
and functionality (thermally or electrically charged, or both)• Cubic form factor ensures best utilisation of space• Depending on installation requirements, 9kWh can be achieved by 1x UniQ 9 or by combining a 1x UniQ 6 + 1x UniQ 3• Hydraulic connections to source / sink can be placed on each major surface, e.g. front / back / side
Examples of UniQ architecture:
UniQ 3
UniQ 6
UniQ 9
UniQ 60
PV or ST
Fossil Fuel or Biomass
Boiler
Solar Energy
Grid Electricity
PV DC Electricity
Thermal
Third Party HVAC CompatibilityBoiler (Gas, Combi, Oil, Biomass, …)Heat Pump (Air, Ground, Water, …)Controllers (Nest, Honeywell, …)Solar Panels (PV or Solar Thermal)PV AC Controller (Power Diverter, Solic 200, …)
Heat Pump
Sunamp ControllersUniQ System ControllerUniQ PV DC ControllerUniQ PV AC ControllerSunampOS (DSM)
Heat Battery OptionsCapacity (2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 30, 60 kWh)AC or DC elements (various kW)
InverterPV AC Controller
Mains AC Electricity
PV AC Electricity
Natural Heat
Hot Waterand/or Heat
Gen-3 (‘UniQ’) A mature and cost effective product demand side ready from the beginning
Launched Q1 2018
Full volume production by
end of Q2
DSM / ToU controller [1]
[1] forthcoming functionality under the Sunamp OS brand
Sunamp Heat Batteries demand side ready from the beginning.
Also at C&I scale
← Palletised
• Up to 80 kWh in <2 Tonnes• Easy to transport, deliver, install
(Palletways, pallet truck, forklift)• First orders delivered Q1 2018
H
W
D
1 2
3
4
• Multiple temperatures (refrigeration, cooling, hot water, space heat, process heat)
• Meets key needs in upgrading existing plant (no increase in system water, minimum space, more energy efficiency, waste heat re-use)
• New system designs possible ( e.g. artificial stratification in minimal height – impossible with water, district heating optimisation)
• Transportable heat (also known as MTES – Mobile Thermal Energy Storage) at multiple scales and distances, rail, road, barge, ship
Containerised→• Up to 15 MWh in 20-foot ISO
Container (using new materials in development by Sunamp/UoE)
• Easy to transport, deliver, install• Scale-up pathway defined
Application of Cold Batteries with Heat BatteriesDemand peak shaving and Energy Efficiency Mains water
• Renewable electricity: Can be directly driven from solar PV or wind
• Peak shaving: Avoid peak-time loads on electricity grid by storing cool at off-peak time
• Energy Efficient: 1 MWh electricity can provide both 4 MWh hot water and 3 MWh cooling
SU58(58°C)
SU8(8°C)
Hot Water
Air Con loop
Small-scale concept illustrated. Scales up well to provide cooling and hot water for leisure complex, hotel, district cooling, etc
One single storage appliance can prepare air-conditioning, cold water and hot water
Electric Battery vs. Heat Battery
81% final household energy consumption is heat
130mm38kg
26.5dm3
2.5kWh35kW
>37,000 cycle life(to >95% capacity)
16% final household energy consumption is electricity
Appliances 12%Lights 4%
Cooking 3%
% household final energy consumption in UKUnited Kingdom housing energy fact file, 2012
Sunamp Heat BatteryBYD Lithium-ion battery
Space heating 62%Hot water 19%
30.7dm3
2.5kWh2.5kW
6,000 cycle life (to 70% capacity)
16
Sunamp OS connects aggregators to small devices
SunampOS• Runs in its own processor with memory,
security and communications • Links via API to the Heat Battery controller
for state of charge, state of health and to issue commands (e.g. “Charge now at 7kW“)
• Aggregators can plug in their own Apps via an API to offer their services (the world doesn’t need another aggregator) and aggregate up hundreds of small units securely to their larger aggregation scale
• Control monitoring and provisioning platform• Sunamp are inviting partnerships around this
needed piece with other vendors including aggregators and energy storage companies e.g. Electric batteries
Transmission System Operators
(TSO)
Distribution System Operators
(DSO)
Aggregator (e.g. Open Energi)
Ele
ctri
city
Gri
dA
gg
rega
tors
Th
e G
AP
‘la
rge
’ lo
ad
s (1
00
kW+
)‘s
ma
ll’ l
oa
ds
(< 1
00
kW)
Aggregator (e.g. Open Utility)
Aggregator (e.g. Vcharge/OVO))
Micro Aggregator
Aggregator 1 Aggregator 2 Aggregator 3
Typically, Sunamp Heat Batteries
Utilities
Tuned for Sunamp Heat Batteries to make them aggregator agile
System / IP Layers
PCM Heat Battery (cells) TES System
Electronics +
Firmware
Grid flexibility platform
API + OS
Housing +
input/output
18
Note: TES = thermal energy storage
Service business(1)
1) Possible (currently unfunded) business models
Not Required??
Not Required??
Not Required??
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