uct eee4101f 2015 introduction 20150206.2139 ... - physics · basic nuclear physics 00-00-00...

UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction 20150206.2139

UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWNEEE4101F / EEE4103F

Basic Nuclear Physics00-00-00 Introduction

February - April 2015

Emeritus Professor David AschmanRoom 4T7, Physics DepartmentUniversity of Cape Townmailto:david.aschman@uct.ac.za

http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/eee4101f/current/ .*

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Reading and referencesEEE4101F Reading list: Reading list on course website

Bennet D and Thomson J, El. of Nuclear Power, Longman 3e

Lewis E, Fund. of Nuclear Reactor Physics, Academic Press

Martin B, Intro to Nuclear and Particle Physics, Wiley (2006)

Lilley J, Nuclear Physics, Wiley (1986). Chapter 10

Knight R, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson 2e.Stewart J Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Brooks-Cole 4e

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What is nuclear power?Convert nuclear binding energy to electricity.

Q: Where does the energy come from?

A: Errr . . . uranium ?

Q: And where does the energy in the uranium come from?

A: Hmmmm . . . Ultimately . . . gravitational energy??

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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction Lilley NP fig 01-05 *

Segre chart of nuclei

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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction Lilley NP fig 01-01 *

Curve of binding energy

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EEE4101F Course Outline- Concepts needed to understand physics of nuclear reactors.

- Review of basic physics concepts:mathematics for physics; mechanics; thermal physics; electro-magnetism; modern physics (relativity and quantum mechan-ics); basic nuclear physics.

- Introduction to nuclear physics:properties of nuclei; ; liquid drop model; nuclear shell model;nuclear decay modes; nuclear reactions; nuclear fission.

- Nuclear radiation and its detection: . . .

- Simple view of physics of nuclear reactors:fission, moderators, neutron economy, neutron capture, neutronkinetics . . .20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 6

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Are lectures useful?

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What must I do in physics module?1. Consult the course website daily.2. Do the in-course (pre-lecture) reading.3. Come to lectures4. Read the course material5. Discuss with the lecturer, the tutor, your friends, . . .6. Do the problem sets well7. Check course website often for news, readings, useful info,. . .8. Lectures are a guide to what you need to understand - fill inthe gaps yourself9. [Tutorials and practicals - info to follow later]

READ THINK LISTEN THINK ASK DISCUSS . . . repeat

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Thinking like a physicistUndergraduate to postgraduate

3-dimensions

Be quantitative: calculate using mathematics

Computer programming

Decide what is (not) relevant

Simple models

Interpret results (formulae, graphs . . . )

Keep note-book/log-book/journal

Verbal communication: clear, concise, correct, confident.

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What is physics?Physics (Greek φυσισ physis, nature) is . . .a description of the world in terms of a small number of abstractideas (principles and theories). These can be applied to a widerange (may be ALL) things, and allow description / explanation /prediction of natural phenomena.

Physics uses mathematics as the language of description.

Matter and radiation obey THE LAWS OF PHYSICS

A fundamental idea is that of symmetry and conservation laws.

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Domain of physics

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Physics view of the universe

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Symmetry and conservation lawsOne fundamental idea in physics: most things are conserved

In a closed system, energy, momentum, angular momentum,charge, . . . are conserved [with a bit of fine print to consider].

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Charge conservation in e+e− production

Conservation of charge, energy and . . .

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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction New Scientist *

Background reading - see web page

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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction cpep *

The four interactions

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The four interactions

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History of the Universe

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Universe after the big bang

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Bosons

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Fermions

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Mesons

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Baryons and antibaryons

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What is in the universe?

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Great engineering: plutonium for bomb

USA 1943-5: Plutonium produced in uranium fission reactors,separated. Critical mass determined.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 25

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Great engineering: cavity magnetron

Britain 1940: high power short wavelength (10 cm) oscillator forradar.

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Great engineering: Russian T-34 tank

WW2 really won with T34 tanks, Red Army and 20 million Rus-sian lives.

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Great engineering: Hoover dam

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Great engineering: BMW 3 Series

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Great engineering: Nokia cellphone

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Great engineering: Pentium processor chip

25 percent of US GDP based on physics discoveries (computersand electronics, transistor, solid-state, quantum mechanics)20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 31

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Great engineering: the human being

Brain, body, hand. Evolved to (optimum?) skill/strength mix.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 32

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Great engineering: the human being

Human beings: use gifts to make abetter life for all.

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World needs engineering, and more . . .

Africa and world need engineering, science, technology, eco-nomics, sociology, education, democracy, freedom, and respectfor human diversity and dignity.

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What is Physics?

Physics attempts to provide a description of the fundamentalprinciples of the universe.

Physics is based on experiment and measurement.

Experimental observation is unified by building up quantitativemodels and theories.

Physics provides transparent and reliable, yet still tentative,knowledge.

Physics provides a basis for other sciences to build on.

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Powers of ten

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10+0 m: One metre square

Bee on lily flower inpond

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10+1 m: Pond with lily pads

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10+2 m: Japanese tea garden

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10+3 m: Golden Gate Park

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10+4 m: San Francisco

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10+5 m: San Francisco Bay Area

Marin,San Francisco,Oakland,Stanford,Silicon Valley,San Jose

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10+6 m: California

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10+7 m: North and Central America

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10+8 m: Earth

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10+9 m: Earth and Moon

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10+10 m: Four days in July

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10+11 m: Venus, Earth and Mars

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10+12 m: The orbit of Jupiter

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10+13 m: The Solar system

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10+14 m: Sol

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10+15 m: Sol (2)

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10+16 m: Oort cloud

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10+17 m: Nearest stars

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10+18 m: Stars within 50 lightyears

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10+19 m: Stars within the arm of galaxy

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10+20 m: Spiral arm of our galaxy

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10+21 m: Milky Way

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10+22 m: Local Group

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10+23 m: Virgo cluster

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10+24 m: Clusters of galaxies

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10+25 m: Clusters of clusters

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10+0 m: One metre square

Bee on lily flower inpond

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10−1 m: Lily and a bee

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10−2 m: Head of a bee

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10−3 m: Eye of a bee

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10−4 m: Pollen

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10−5 m: Bacteria

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10−6 m: Virus on a bacterium

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10−7 m: Virus

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HIV and AIDS: Microbiology is knownThe structure and working of the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is known.

It is great engineering:

simple design

efficient operation

Seehttp://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/HIVAIDS.htm

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HIV: structure

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HIV: life cycle

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Animation of HIV life cyclefile://c:../images/retrolif.gif

file://c:../images/hivinfec.gif

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10−8 m: Structure of DNA

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10−9 m: DNA molecule

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10−10 m: Carbon atom

Central electrons ininner shell.4 outer electrons.

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10−11 m: Inner atomic electron shell

Almost isotropic.

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10−12 m: Within the electron cloud

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10−13 m: Nucleus of the atom

12C nucleus shown.

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10−14 m: Carbon nucleus

6 protonsand6 neutrons

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10−15 m: Proton

Abstract represen-tationof quark matter

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10−16 m: Quarks

No known internalstructure

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End of powers of ten

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Domain of Physics

Physics seeks toexplain everything

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Aims of EEE4101F course

Achieve an understanding of the laws of physics, at an intro-ductory level.

Appreciate the mathematical language used to express phys-ical ideas, which leads to the quantitative nature of physics.

Apply this knowledge to the solution of physical problems

Understand the physics of nuclear reactors

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PhysicsBasic areas of physics:

Classical mechanics

Thermodynamics

Electromagnetism

Relativity

Quantum mechanics

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Physics: four interactions

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Physics: structure of matter

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Physics: atomic structure

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Physics: quantum mirage

STM image of 37 cobalt atoms on copper substrate.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 91

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Physics: AFRODITE gamma ray detector

Gamma-ray detector at iThembLABS, Faure20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 92

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Physics: search for Higgs particle

Expected event in ALEPH detector at CERN. Discovered!20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 93

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Physics: Hubble space telescope

View into far space and early time.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 94

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Physics: Hubble space telescope

View into far space and early time.20150206.2139 uct-physics-dga 95

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Concepts needed for nuclear powerNuclei: neutrons and protons. Isotopes.Binding energy.Nuclear stability and radioactive decay.Fission. Fission cross-sections. Fast and slow neutrons.Neutron moderation. Neutron absorption.Nuclear chain reaction. Criticality and control. Control.Radioactive fission products. Fuel integrity. Safety and nuclearwaste.. . . and lots of engineering, management and (?)politics.

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UCT EEE4101F 2015 Introduction Knight: Physics for Scientists and Engineers *

Nuclear Physics in a first year textbookWe look at a first year text book

Knight R, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson 2e 2006

Knight Ch 43 Nuclear Physics

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Bits of physics that will be neededTo understand nuclear physics, we shall need

mathematics

mechanics

thermal physics

electromagnetism

modern physics (relativity and quantum mechanics)

nuclear physics at NQF level 7 and 8

*

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End EEE4101F 00-00-00 Introduction

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