types of genetic disciplines robert f. waters, phd cytogenetics mendelian genetics molecular...

Types of Genetic DisciplinesRobert F. Waters, PhD

Cytogenetics

Mendelian genetics

Molecular genetics

Population genetics

Immunogenetics

Oncogenetics

Evolutionary genetics

Medical genetics and genetic counseling

Genetics Review

HistoryMedieval Concepts

VaporsDisease

Paternal Society

Genetics Review Continued

MendelHomunculusOvistsDarwin (Pangenesis)Lamarck and LysenkoJohannsen

“gene” (1909) Johannsen + genotype + phenotype

Bateson“genetics” (1905) Bateson

T.H. Morgangenes -chromosomes

Others

Watson Crick Wilkins FranklinNobel Prize Physiology 1962

James Watson

Francis Crick

Maurice Wilkins

Rosalind Franklin

Linus PaulingMolecular shapes

Genes

Genotype + Environment = Phenotype

One gene one phenotype

One gene one enzyme

One gene one polypeptide

So what is a gene?

Genes Continued:

Dominant

Recessive

Complete dominance

Incomplete dominance

Additive (Quantitative Genes)

Inheritance

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Inheritance of acquired characteristicsWeisman experiment

Mendel’s LawsLaw of Independent Assortment

Law of Segregation

ChromosomesMitosisMeiosis

Crossing-Over

Numbers of chromosomes (Human 46)GenomePloidy

AneuploidyMonosomy (2n-1)Trisomy (2n+1)

Polyploidy Wheat (hexaploid 42 chromosomes) T. aestivum (6n)Allopolyploidy (genomes different) vs. autopolyploidy

Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Chromosomes Continued:NucleusNucleolusSex ChromosomesAutosomal ChromosomesChromatin vs. ChromosomesChromosome regionChromosome bandShort arm Long armCentromereTelomerep = short armq = long arm (9q34-Ch 9, long arm, reg 3, band 4)

One of the genes for ABO blood types

Chromosomes Continued:

Homologous chromosomesPaternal and maternal

Zygote

Homozygote

Heterozygote

Allele

Gametes

Pedigree

Mitosis

P/M/A/T

G1/S/G0 phases

Metaphase plate

Somatic cells

MTOC & Centriole

Spindle Fibers

Chromatids

Tetrads

Meiosis

Germ cellsMeiosis I and Meiosis IIGametogenesis

Oogenesis (Plants:Megasporogenesis)Spermatogenesis (Plants:Microsporogenesis)

Crossing Over – RecombinationChiasmata (Chiasma)Synaptonemal Complex

Mendelian GeneticsGenerations

ParentalFilial

Punnett’s SquaresGametesGenotypic frequencyPhenotypic frequency

MonohybridDihybridTrihybridLinkageKaryotype

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

Genome differences

Nucleus or not

Number of genes

Transcriptional differences

Translational differences

hRNA and mRNAPoly A tails on mRNA (eukaryotes)

DNA and RNADNA Structure

Base pairingReplication

Meselson and Stahl proof of semi-conservative replicationTranscriptionTranslationRepair

RNA StructurehRNAmRNA

codontRNA

Anti-codonrRNA

Mitochondrial DNA and RNA (mt)

Expressivity of GenesPenetranceExpressivityMutations

SomaticGermMorphological mutations (you can see)

Albinism

Caused by:Toxins, radiation

– Clastogens (ionizing radiation that causes mutations)– Mutagens (substances that cause mutations)

DNA missense codons (base substitution)Sickle cell anemia

Viruses and BacteriaRetrovirusesReverse transcriptionBacterial plasmids

Genetic engineering

ecoRI Bacterial EndonucleaseRFLP

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

PCR

Oncogenetics

CarcinogenCancer causing substance

Oncogenic viruses

Oncorepressor genesBreast cancer

Population GeneticsEvolutionGenetic driftGenetic loadHardy-Weinberg EquilibriumInbreedingGenetic polymorphismsGenetic diversity

Asexual vs. sexual reproduction

Natural selection

Discussion Topics

Genetic engineeringTurning off or on genes

Diabetes

Vectors and hostsPlants producing animal proteins

Herbicide resistant varieties

Cloning