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Trends and Technologies in Hydrological Modeling
Sharad K JainNIH Roorkee
s_k_jain@yahoo.com 1
Data ObservationUse of Advanced Technology
• Ground based sensors including radars• Space based sensors
Generating Data by Use of Advanced Instruments
Nagani(1000m)
Kanatal(2390m)
Source:Eswar, Sekhar, Bhattacharya(2016). International Journal ofRemote Sensing.
COSMOS SENSOR NETWORKCOSMOS SENSOR NETWORK In India, about 06 COSMOS
sensors have been installedunder different projects bydifferent institutions.
Most of these sensors are incollaboration with Centre forEcology and Hydrology(CEH), Wallingford, UK alongwith the Indian institutesnamely:
NIH, Roorkee –Henval, Bhopal
IISc, Bangalore IITM, Pune UAS, Dharwad IIT, Kanpur SAC, Ahmedabad.
• Others
Topography• DEM, LIDAR• Geological features• Land use land cover• LAI, Albedo
Inputs from Space for Hydrologic Modeling
Meteorology• Cloud cover• Precipitation• Cloud top temperature• Outgoing Longwave Radiation• Wind vector• LST
Hydrology• Snow cover area properties• Soil moisture - SMAP• Water body mapping and monitoring• Water level (Saral)
Indian Earth Observation Satellites
Cartosat-2E 0.65 m PAN, 2 MX
Megha -TropiquesSAPHIR, SCARAB & ROSA
Resourcesat – 2 LISS III, LISS IV, AWiFS
Oceansat-2OCM, SCAT, ROSA
RISAT-1C-band
Oceansat-3 OCM, SCAT
SARALAltika & Argos
Resourcesat -2A LISS III, LISS IV, AWiFS
INSAT-3D Imager, Sounder
GISAT-1 MX, Hyperspectral, Thermal
INSAT-3DR Imager, Sounder
Cartosat-3 (2019)0.25 m PAN, 1m MX, HYSI
Scatsat
RISAT-1AC-band
Resourcesat-3 LISS III, LISS IV, AWiFS
Cartosat-1
Cartosat-2
Resourcesat – 1 LISS III, LISS IV, AWiFS
INSAT- 3A VHRR, CCD
KALPANA-1VHRR
Courtesy: Dr SP Agrawal
Public Domain Spatial Data SetEarth Explorer – for Remote Sensing and DEM products https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
GLOBAL RIVER DISCHARGE DATA
https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/DischargeAccess.htmlSatellite River Discharge
https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/Summary5.htm
METEOROLOGICAL DATASET - PrecipitationDataset Name Technical Information Source/Web-Link
Aphrodite Rainfall Datasets Gridded - Daily - 25km2 scale - Updated Version, 1951 to 2015
http://search.diasjp.net/en/dataset/APHRO_MA
TRMM+GPM Satellite Datasets
Gridded - Measured (Sattelite+Gauge) -Daily, 10 Daily - 25km2 scale - 1998 to present
https://pmm.nasa.gov/data-access/downloads/trmm
Terrestrial Hydrology Research Group (Princeton University) Datasets
Gridded - Observational Precipitation (Satellite + Gauge) - Daily - 25km2 scale - 1948 to 2013
http://hydrology.princeton.edu/getdata.php?dataid=1
CRU Datasets Gridded - Observational Precipitation (Satellite + Gauge) - Monthly - 50km2
scale - 1901 to 2016
https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/
CMORPH (CPC MORPHING TECHNIQUE) Datasets
Gridded - Measured Precipitation (satellite microwave) - Subdaily, Daily -25km2 scale - 2002 to 2017
https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/cmorph-cpc-morphing-technique-high-resolution-precipitation-60s-60n
AgMERRA – NASA (Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project)
Gridded - Measured Precipitation (NASA MERRA + NCEP + CFSR + Observations + Satellites) - Daily - 25km2 scale - 1980 to 2010
https://data.giss.nasa.gov/impacts/agmipcf/#updates
HYDROLOGICAL DATA
SI. No. Parameter Description Dataset Web link
1 NetEvapotranspiration/PET
Global - 8 Daily, Yearly – 500m – 2001 to Present
MOD16A2/A3 (MODIS Satellite Dataset) https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/datas
et_discovery/modis/modis_products_table/mod16a2_v006
2 Land Cover Maps-Glob Cover (Bontemps et al., 2010)
Global – 2004 & 2009 Input observations from the 300m MERIS sensor on board the ENVISAT satellite mission
http://due.esrin.esa.int/page_globcover.php
3 Lakes and River Water Level Data
Indian Rivers/Lakes –Daily, Monthly –Historical to Present
ERS 2 and ENVISAT radar altimetry missions
http://www.legos.obs-mip.fr/soa/hydrologie/hydroweb/Page_2.html
4 Global Surface Water - Data Access through Python scripting
1984-2015
High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes
https://global-surface-water.appspot.com/download
5 Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) -Germany
Multiple time scales, Daily and Monthly time
scales
Discharge datasets for global rivers including India –available on request
https://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/02_srvcs/21_tmsrs/riverdischarge_node.html
• Great innovations in observation of hydrological variables (streamflows, ET, soil moisture, snow water equivalent, …) by space based sensors.
• Such data are filling gaps in hydrological data.
• May diminish importance of ground based sensors or conventional gauge-discharge data and overcome hurdles caused by secrecy, …
HYDROLOGICAL DATA FROM SPACE
Hydrological Models/ Software
SI. No.
Hydrological ModelName Nature Time
Steps Notes
1 SWAT Model – updated version by TMAU USA(developed in 1998) https://swat.tamu.edu/
Physical & Meteorol. parameter based, Deterministic , Semi-distributed, Lumped and Time/Space Variant at HRU scale
Daily, Monthly,
Yearly
• User-friendly• Auto-calibration• GUI & Source code are available• Sediment components is available at
HRU scale• Able in future forecasting
2 AGNPS– -Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=1918
Stream corridor model, based on RUSLE2 database
Daily • capabilities to enter in an unlimited number of climate stations
• hydrologic & hydraulic parameters that can be calculated from DEM
• Sediment components is available
3 QUAL2K (or Q2K) is a river and stream water quality model http://www.qual2k.com/
Q2K is implemented within the MS Windows environment. It is programmed in the Windows macro language: Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).
• One D; the channel is well-mixed vertically and laterally.
• Steady state hydraulics. Non-uniform, steady flow is simulated.
• Diurnal heat budget. The heat budget and temperature are simulated as a function of meteorology on a diurnal time scale.
• Diurnal water-quality kinetics. All water quality variables are simulated on a diurnal time scale.
Hydrologic Models in Public Domain
Hydrologic Models – HEC SeriesHydrological Model Name Features Notes
HEC-HMS – US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/
Simulate hydrologic processes of dendritic watersheds. Gridded runoff simulation using the linear quasi-distributed runoff transform. forecasting streamflow,
• Event infiltration, UH and hydrologic routing.
• Procedures for continuous simulation – ET, snowmelt, and soil moisture accounting.
• Sediment yield, Reservoir sedimentation and transportation
• Assessing model uncertainty, erosion and sediment transport, and WQ.
HEC-RAS river analysis system https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/
An advection-dispersion module is included in new version
• Steady flow water surface profile computations
• One- and two-D unsteady flow simulation• Movable boundary sediment transport
computations• Water quality analysis.
HEC-Reservoir System Simulation https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ressim/
Models operation of one or more reservoirs for a range of operational goals and constraints. It simulates reservoir operations for flood management, low flow augmentation and water supply for planning studies, and detailed reservoir regulation plan investigations. It can simulate single events or a full period-or-record.
• Model can represent large and small scale reservoirs and systems through a network of elements (junctions, routing reaches, diversion, reservoirs).
• Can also be used as a decision support tool that meets the needs of modelers performing reservoir project studies as well as meeting the needs of reservoir regulators during real-time events.
https://water.usgs.gov/software/lists/alphabetical
Hydrological Models by USGS
MODFLOW, MODFLOW-2005, and related programs Three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater model.
MODFLOW-GUI Graphical Pre- and post-processor for use with the MODFLOW and related models
MT3D-USGS (Win) Groundwater solute transport simulator for MODFLOW GSFLOW (Linux/Win) Coupled Groundwater and Surface-water FLOW model
based on the USGS Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and Modular Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW-2005)
HyDroDSS (Windows) Hydrologic Drought Decision Support System PRMS (Win/Linux) Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) QSTATS (Windows) Obtaining and analyzing daily mean streamflow data from
USGS National Water Information System Web Site: Streamflow (Q) Statistics SEAWAT Simulation of 3-D variable-density groundwater flow and transport SUTRA and related programs
2D, 3D, variable-density, variably-saturated flow, solute or energy transport SWB A modified Thornthwaite-Mather Soil-Water-Balance code for estimating
groundwater recharge
PYTHON – LIBRARIES & SOURCE CODES
http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/2018/02/python-general-resources-for.html
Python resources for Hydrologists http://greenteapress.com/pythonhydro/pythonhydro.pdfhttps://github.com/topics/hydrology
Hydrological Models/ Software - Commercial
A number of versatile and useful hydrological models are available in commercial domain
Examples Mike Suit of models by DHI Models by DELTARES Water Modelling System (WMS),
http://www.aquaveo.com/software/wms-watershed-modeling-system-introduction
DWSM (Dynamic Watershed Simulation Model) www.woolpert.com
Branded Vs Generic medicines !
• Open source datasets• Remote sensing• Reporting• Standardized sheets
Water Accounting Plus (WA+): Water Accounting Plus (WA+): a water accounting procedurea water accounting procedure
WAWA++
whywhy WATER ACCOUNTING PLUS (WA+) ? WATER ACCOUNTING PLUS (WA+) ?
• Data un-availability/scarcity
• Water withdrawals •Natural and man-made withdrawals•Partitioning in surface water and groundwater withdrawals
• Non-consumed/Return flows
• Recoverable and non-recoverable flows
• Agricultural water consumption
• Beneficial and non-beneficial consumption
• Partitioning of ET into E, T, and I
• Land Productivity and Water Productivity
• Surface water availability
• Groundwater recharge and withdrawals
Independent
estimate
Pixel based
Fact-sheet
s
Green & Blue
water
Open source Easy to
understand
Satellite based
Input data
WaterPix Model: Water balance approach
Output data
Computational Aspects
• Easy to write code by use of better compilers/ scripts/ software
• More robust numerical schemes – global search methods, finite difference schemes, …
• ANN, Fuzzy technique, • Matlab, R, Spreadsheets, …• Faster processors • Better graphical visualization and animation
tools.
21
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Way Forward• Create shareable databases of extreme events,
particularly for flood prone basins.• Special attention is needed for flash floods and
ungauged catchments.• Flood prone area delineation GIS + thematic
maps• Expand network of instrumented catchment to
generate data for R&D and other applications• Current modeling efforts are fragmented – enhance
capacity of users, consolidate, and expand.• Networking –modelers with associated experts
including with community of “space-hydrologists”.• Identification of role and responsibility – same as
in Australia (for example).
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National arrangements for flood forecasting and warning
http://www.bom.gov.au/water/floods/document/National-Arrangements.pdf
The National Arrangements outline the general roles and responsibilities of each level of government in providing and supporting an effective flood warning service …..
• National Flood Warning Arrangements – National Summary and Roles of Each Level of Government
• Interpretation of warnings and role of cummunities
• Roles of each State Government are defined.
Courtesy: Dr Narendra Tuteja, BOM
Collaborative streamflow forecasting study with BOM, Australia
• Objective: to demonstrate a contemporary streamflow forecasting system capable of running in near real-time in the Godavari Basin
• Will make use of Station data with TRMM/GPM and IMD gridded data, Forecast data from IMD, NCMRWF & IITM
• Going beyond simple recommendations on water forecasting systems
• Supported by– Ministry of Water Resources– Other Ministries of Govt. of India– WMO
• Should continue beyond the ‘pilot stage’ !! Courtesy: Dr Narendra Tuteja, BOM with some inputs from SKJ
Way Forward - Floods• Precipitation – most critical – quantity, type,
flood, Forecasting of flash floods – data latency • Best results with Rain gauge + Radar data• Quality control of raw data• QPF – phase and magnitude errors
Floods - challenges• Flash floods• Ungauged Basins, • Data assimilation• Ensemble prediction• Uncertainty -– assessment, communication
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Way Forward – NHP for Floods• NHP can and should play an important
role as a: Unifier Pan-India database creator/ custodian Pan-India platform for network of
modelers in India and beyond• Indian model• India-WRIS may be transformed to cover
features of Google Earth Engine• Expansion of RTDSS• Flood Management Group – prepare
plans, carry out, learn from each other
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Collaborative streamflow forecasting study with BOM, Australia
• Objective: to demonstrate a contemporary streamflow forecasting system capable of running in near real-time in the Godavari Basin
• Going beyond simple recommendations on water forecasting systems
• Supported by– Ministry of Water Resources– WMO
• Continue beyond the ‘pilot stage’
Courtesy: Dr Narendra Tuteja, BOMThanks
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