trellising of grapevines increasing yield and quality andrew teubes viticultural consultant
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TRELLISING OF GRAPEVINES
INCREASING YIELD AND QUALITY
Andrew Teubes
Viticultural Consultant
In this presentation
• Different types of trellising systems used in the world
• Factors influencing long term grape fruitfulness
• Reasons for trellising or non-trellised cultivation
• Advantages of trellising• Comparison between yields of different
trellis systems
Grape fruitfulness• Fruitfulness=potential of vine to yield fruit
• Two main factors– Sunlight on leaves of basal buds during spring
period, especially during flowering and fruit set
– Temperature during flowering and fruit set
• Any trellis system that will increase the sunlight exposure of the leaves will result in increased fruitfulness
Types of trellis systems
• Bush vines (traditional) – no trellis
• Vertical Shoot Positioning (VSP) – I-trellis
• Semi-horizontal Shoot Positioning– Y-trellis– Double Gable– Trentina (Factory roof)
• Horizontal shoot positioning– T-trellis– Pergola (Spanish Paron, Roof system)
• Unconventional systems
Traditional bush vine
Afghanistan
Shomali
Mazar
Traditional bush vine
Egypt(Nile delta)
Traditional bush vineSpain South Africa
Traditional bush vine
Uzbekistan
Why bush vine and not trellis?
• Reasons for bush vine cultivation– Soil potential medium, therefore do not expect
high vigour in plants (shoot growth stops naturally at 70-80 cm)
– No irrigation or Low availability of irrigation water
• Bush vines naturally yield smaller crops than trellised vineyards
– No capital available for installation of trellising materials (poles, wires, anchors)
Advantages of bush vines
• Low cost– No expensive capital investment required
Disadvantages of bush vines• Low yield potential
– Not suitable for cane pruning (increased bud load)– No support for shoots under high vigour situations
• Disease control not effective– Poor penetration of sprays into canopy
• Weed control very difficult (only by hand)• Grape clusters have lower quality
– Temperature of clusters higher close to soil surface– Physical damage to clusters close to soil– More dust on clusters
• All labour activities problematic– Pruning, shoot removal, leaf removal, harvesting
Grape clusters very close to soil
Sun exposure – sun burn
Dust
Advantages of trellising
• Vine has natural climbing growth habit; trellis provides larger surface area for growth and fruiting
• Increase yield potential– Allows differential pruning techniques (spurs and
canes)• Increase quality of fruit
– Above soil surface, no dust or physical damage– Better micro climate around clusters
• Easy management and mechanization– Weed control– Disease- and pest control– Labour
Management advantages
Easy control of weeds
Comfortable height for workingand picking grapes
Clusters have protection-sun-dust-physical damage
Vertical Shoot Positioning
(I-trellis)
ChileSouth Africa
Semi Horizontal (Y-trellis)
Turkey
Mexico
Semi Horizontal
(Double Gable)
South Africa
Semi Horizontal (Trentina)
SouthAfrica
Horizontal (T-trellis)
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
Pergola (Roof trellis)
South Africa
Chile
Unconventional systems• When are they used?
– When trellis materials are not available or too expensive (poles, wires)
– When climatic factors limit the use of conventional systems
• Continental climates with extreme winter chilling– Vines must be covered with soil in winter to protect from
freezing
• Parts of Northern China, old USSR, Afghanistan, Korea
Egypt Reeds from Nile River is used astrellising material
Afghanistan(Samangan
region)
China
Deep ditchplantation to
resist winter freezeof roots
Close vine spacing to increase vines per hectare
Uzbekistan
Comparison of performance of trellising systems(Chenin blanc/R99, 1980)
Treatment Bush vines
Bush vines
Single
wire
Two
wire
Three
wire
Four
Wire
Five
Wire
1.5 m
Slanting
(5 wire)
Plant spacing
2.6 x
1.3
1.3 x 1.3
2.6 x
1.3
2.6 x
1.3
2.6 x
1.3
2.6 x
1.3
2.6 x
1.3
2.75 x
1.3
Plants/ha 2 959 5 917 2 959 2 959 2 959 2 959 2 959 2 797
Material costs
(Rand/ha)
- - 480 750
5.4 t
900 1430 1720
12.3 t
2400
Yield (ton/ha)
12.50%
22.9 26.1 27.5220%
30.3 32.7 33.6270%
42.6
Yield (kg/plant)
4.2 3.9 8.8 9.3 10.2 11.1 11.4 14.4
Income
(Rand/ha @ R140/t)
1750 3206 3654 3850 4242 4578 4704 5964
Bush vines pruned with short spurs
4.2 kg per vine
Soil surface
Wire
Post70 c
m
Single wire system
.
Soil surface
Shoot growth
Wireposition
Single wire trellis
8.8 kg per vine
Soil surface
Wire 1
70 c
m
Two (2) wire system
Wire 2
30 c
m
.
.Soil surface
Two wire trellis
9.3 kg per vine
Soil surface
Wire 1
70 c
m
Three (3) wire system
Wire 2
30 c
mWire 3
Parallel
.
Soil surface
Three wire trellis
. .Position of parallel wires
10.2 kg per vine
Soil surface
Wire 1
70 c
m
Four (4) wire system
Wire 2
30 c
mWire 3
Parallel
Wire 4
30 c
m
.
Soil surface
Four wire trellis
. ..
.11.1 kg per vine
Soil surface
Wire 1
70 c
m
Five (5) wire system
Wire 2
30 c
mWire 3
Parallel
Wire 4
30 c
m
Wire 5Parallel
.
Soil surface
Five wire trellis
. . .
. . 11.4 kg per vine
Single slanting trellis5 wires
140
cm
Soil surface
Wires
. .. .
.
14.4 kg per vine
Soil surface
Single slanting trellis
Summary
• Trellis systems will always increase yield potential, because– Creates larger area for vine to grow– Allows better sunlight penetration into canopy,
increasing fruitfulness
• Long term high yield will only be sustainable together with– Correct pruning practices– Effective summer shoot management (shoot thinning,
shoot positioning, leaf thinning)
• Regular maintenance of trellis sytem
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