trees, water and health_water,_and_health.pdf · 2018-04-01 · 10% increase in tree-canopy cover...

Trees, Water and Health :: Green Infrastructure Co-Design for Co-Benefits

Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D.Research Social Scientist

University of Washington (Seattle)School of Environmental and Forest Sciences

US Forest Service, Pacific NW Research Station

ASCA Annual ConferenceSkamania, WA :: November 2017

Outline

trees & stormwater attenuationthe evolution

green infrastructure spaces & placeshuman health - performanceco-design exampleseconomic value

credit: EPA: Stormwater to Street Trees

credit:newgenerationplantations.net

measure the canopy of a city

credit: Middle Fork Crow River Watershed District

credit: Shane Carpani, LinkedIn

credit: Raise the Balloon

credit:ladstudios.com

credit: georgetownclimate.org

credit: Low Impact Development: A Design Manual for Urban Areas, 2010

credit: Cliff Mass

Green Stormwater Infrastructure :: Hermosillo, Mexico (6 inch rainfall)

SYSTEMS THINKING

AIRQUALITYSTORMWATER

WASTEWATER

SOLIDWASTE

CULTURALHERITAGE

BIOTA

EXERCISE&FITNESS

ACTIVEMOBILITY

CARBON

ENERGY

HEATISLAND

CONNECTVITY

SOCIALCAPITALALLERGENS

BMP’S

COMMUNITYIDENTITY

PUBLICART

NOISE

credit: American Planning Association

stormwater retention

green infrastructure tools & strategies

= mini parks?

credit: Seattle Public Utilities

stormwater management

management for co-benefits - retail

credit: SvR | MIG

credit: SvR | MIG Winslow Way, Bainbridge Island, WA

Thornton Creek Water Quality Channel (Seattle, SvR Design)1 hectare, treats runoff from 275 hectares (1 hectare = 2.47 acres)

Stormwater Management

Tanner Springs Park

Portland OR

linked to active living network

neighborhood social cohesion

environmental education & social learning

Clear Creek Basin, 2 acre stormwater detention lake, 17 acres of greenspace & parks amenities

Historic Fourth Ward, Atlanta

Outline

trees & stormwater attenuationthe evolution

precipitation dynamicssingle treesgreen stormwater infrastructurenovel ecosystemsplace and identity

Outline

trees & stormwater attenuationthe evolution

green infrastructure spaces & placeshuman health - performanceco-design exampleseconomic value

WHO Health Definition

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

and not merely the absenceof disease or infirmity (1946)

Determinants of Health

Sponsors: USDA Forest Service, U&CF ProgramUniversity of WashingtonNGO partners

Thanks! to U of WA students:Katrina FloraMary Ann RozanceSarah Krueger

www.greenhealth.washington.edu

Research Reviews & Summaries

Green Cities: Good Health

design:

co-author

co-author & printing:

Hartig, T., R. Mitchell, S. de Vries, and H. Frumkin. 2014. Nature and Health. Annual Review of Public Health 35, 1: 207-228.

strength of evidence; causal mechanisms?

Frumkin, Bratman, Breslow, Cochran, Kahn, Lawler, Levin, Tandon, Varanasi, Wolf, Wood. 2017. Nature contact and human health: A research agenda. Environmental Health Perspectives 125, 7, 075001.

Landscape

Community

Gardencredit: Ignacio Bunster-Ossa

Frumkin, Bratman, Breslow, Cochran, Kahn, Lawler, Levin, Tandon, Varanasi, Wolf, Wood. 2017. Nature contact and human health: A research agenda. Environmental Health Perspectives 125, 7, 075001.

Outline

trees & stormwater attenuationthe evolution

green infrastructure spaces & placeshuman health - performanceco-design exampleseconomic value

co-benefit design opportunities

Stormwater Report, online April 2014 (search health)

place making: vertical + horizontal surfaces

design concept

design concept

bring people in!

design concept

orient seating to nature!

enablebiodiversity &soft fascination

design concept

TKF Foundation :: Nature Sacred initiative

spatial linkages:the city becomes a park

Outline

trees & stormwater attenuationthe evolution

green infrastructure spaces & placeshuman health - performanceco-design exampleseconomic value

Forest Economics 101

Economic Value of City NatureMethods Challenges

Forest Products = market goodsexcludableidentifiable ownershipexpenses-revenues= profits

Trees/Green in Cities= public goodsnon-excludablemultiple “owners”expenses-returns?

-profits?

Yard & Street TreesValue Increase Condition2% mature yard trees (greater than 9-inch dbh)

3% larger street trees (up to 100’ away)

3-5% trees in front yard landscaping 6-9% good tree cover in a neighborhood10-15% mature trees in high-income

neighborhoods

multiple studies: Green Cities: Good Health > Local Economics

Tree Retention In DevelopmentValue Increase Condition18% building lots with substantial mature tree

cover22% tree-covered undeveloped acreage19-35% lots bordering suburban wooded

preserves37% open land that is two-thirds wooded

Parks & Open Spaceproximate principle

Value Increase Condition10% inner city home located within 1/4 mile of

a park17% home near cleaned-up vacant lot20% home adjacent to or fronting a passive

park area32% residential development adjacent to

greenbelts

Local Government BenefitsCivic Investment – Public Goodslike schools, emergency response, roads

l street trees average positive effect on house valuesl added up across Portland, Oregonl yields a total value of $1.35 billion USDl potentially increasing annual property tax revenues

$15.3 million USDDonovan & Butry. 2010Landscape and Urban Planning

Trees & Retail Environments Research

Wolf, K.L. 2005. Business District Streetscapes, Trees, and Consumer Response. Journal of Forestry 103, 8: 396-400.

Place Marketing

Relationship Marketing3. Product Pricing

• higher willingness to pay for all types of goods

• higher in districts with trees – 9-12%

1. Place Perceptions• Place Character• Interaction with Merchants• Quality of Products

2. Patronage Behavior• travel time, travel distance• duration & frequency of visits• willingness to pay for parking

the Chenoggye freeway in Seoul~ 1970-2005

Cheonoggyecheon Stream Restoration

8.4 km, $900 M

The High Line :: June 2009

1.45-mile-long (2.33 km)

elevated linear park, greenway

and rail trail

credit: NY City Parks

credit: NY City Parks

former New York Central Railroad spur,

Manhattan

Economic Impacts� between 2003 and 2011

� nearby property values increased 103% (despite deep recession)

� $2 billion USD was invested in nearby properties development

hedonic analysis of propertiesstudies of trees in business districtsurban open space conversions

deeproot.com

economic value

urban forests = human habitat

What are the economic values of nature and human health benefits?

source.wisegeek.com

• What are the benefits?

• Who experiences nature and gets benefits?

• What is the green condition or situation that provides benefits?

• Scale of value question (i.e., community, province/state, nation)

• What are the costs/income gained/lost associated with these benefits?

Elements of Economic Valuation

• scale of individual to community

screen for benefits

• urban forestry, parks, gardens, etc.

green condition • market &

non-market

valuation strategy

Analysis Process

process #1: screen for benefits

10% increase in tree-canopy coverwithin 50m of a house

= lower number of low weight births (1.42 per 1000 births)

Donovan et al., Health & Place 2011; Hystad et al., Env Health Perspectives 2014

Urban Forests and Newbornsthe natural environment may affect pregnancy outcomes . . .

Hygiene Hypothesis

71

presence of soil bacteria in body, Mycobacterium vaccae = increased seratoninboost immune functionmay alleviate depression (dirt or Prozac?)

Lowry et al. 2007. Neuroscience

Eat Dirt!

ADHD and nature contact• 17 children aged 7-12 with

diagnosed ADHD• 20-minute guided

walks• Park• Neighborhood• Downtown

• Pre-walk puzzles• Post-walk cognitive test

Faber Taylor & Kuo. 2009. Journal of Attention Disorders

America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc

% of Americans Ages 20-44 on ADHD Meds

2001 - 2010

parks, active living, active transit 75

CDC moderate activity recommendations

Parks Prescription

Parks Prescription

Dr. Robert Zarr ‘walk with a doc’

Shinrin yoku (forest bathing)

• extensive research

• restorative experiences

• workers retirees

• networkedsystem, 52 bases in Japan

complexity - productivity

20 adults with major depression walk in a park setting and an urban setting

50-minute walks one week apartbefore-after testing:

Mood: Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS)Cognition: Backward Digit Span (BDS)

Improving Depression Berman et al. 2012. Journal of Affective Disorders

cognitive and affective improvements after walking in a nature setting

America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc

% of U.S. Population Using Mental Health Medications

2001 vs 2010

Alzheimer’s Disease & DementiaProvide wander gardens & horticulture therapy

10.5% reduction in amount of medications used in dementia facility30% fewer falls, accompanied by a reduction in fall severity

Detweiler et al. 2009. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias

www.rph.org/eden.html

Tim Lynch Associates

process #2: understand green condition

Diversity in Metro Nature

Frumkin, Bratman, Breslow, Cochran, Kahn, Lawler, Levin, Tandon, Varanasi, Wolf, Wood. 2017. Nature contact and human health: A research agenda. Environmental Health Perspectives 125, 7, 075001.

Prison Inmates :: nature videossolitary confinement, video room/exercise option

Nadkarni et al. 2017. Impacts of nature imagery on people in severely nature-deprived environments. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.

• felt significantly calmer, less irritable, more empathetic

• committed 26% fewer violent infractions

process #3: apply valuation strategy

• factor income

• avoided or replacement cost

• burden of illness

• hedonic pricing

• stated preference/contingent valuation

• revealed preference (e.g., travel cost)

• quality adjusted life years

• benefit/cost

Valuation StrategiesBenefits Transfer approaches

Natural Resources Valuation

travel cost income loss

hedonic margin willingness to pay

Valuation SourcesBenefit x Nature x Health Outcome

common values: avoided costs & burden of illness

What is the Value?

• scale of individual to community

screen for benefits

• urban forestry, parks, gardens, etc.

green condition • market &

non-market

valuation strategy

Analysis Process

Millions of U.S. Dollars (2012)

Wolf, K.L., M.K. Measells, S.C. Grado, A.S.T. Robbins. 2015. Economic values of metro nature health benefits: A life course approach. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.

Summary Table

design:

author:

printing:

contributing analysts: Dr. Stephen Grado & Marcus Measells, MSU; Dr. Alicia Robbins, Weyerhaueser

Summary

• trees as a green infrastructure element

• co-design for co-benefits

• eco + human health performance

• health outcomes evidence

• economic consequences, return on investment

Avoided Costs Potential?$3 trillion

17% of US GDP

$222 billion $134 billion $57 billion

Donovan. 2017. Including public-health benefits of trees in urban forestry decision making. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening

cost + market, income approachesenvironmental/economic benefitscontext (site use, heritage, location)

Arborist News, October 2016

Urban Forests for Human Health:A Focused Economic Valuation

Support arboriculture researchwith a donation to the TREE Fund

Healthy trees are rooted in research!Donate now at www.treefund.org

Cultivating Innovation in Arboriculture and Urban ForestryTREE Fund٠ 552 S. Washington St., Ste. 109, Naperville, IL 60540

www.naturewithin.info