translation’s stuffs

TRANSLATION’S STUFFS

Hj. Dihliza Basya, S.S., M.Pd.ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER

12Translation

Transmitting Culture

Revitalizing Language

Figuring out the meanings of the

text

Interpreting text

Contributing towards between

nations

Adaptation

Free Translation

Semantic Translation

Idiomatic Translation

Word For Word Translation

Auto-Translation

Faithful Translation

Literal Translation

Communicative Translation

13Methods of Translation

What things do you pay attention in translating text?

Grammatical Structure

Terms

Topic of the text?

?

EVERY TEXT (TO BE TRANSLATED) GIVES US:

Form

Meaning

FORM-BASED TRANSLATIONSATTEMPT TO FOLLOW THE FORM OF THE SOURCE LANGUAGE AND ARE KNOWN AS LITERAL TRANSLATION

MEANING-BASED TRANSLATIONSMAKE EVERY EFFORT TO COMMUNICATE THE MEANING OF THE SOURCE LANGUAGE TEXT IN THE NATURAL FORMS OF THE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE, WHICH IS CALLED AS IDIOMATIC TRANSLATIONS

LITERAL TRANSLATIONS

Chuave (Papua New Guinea) : kan daroLiteral Translation : your-name call !

Nyaman

a

Name

LITERAL TRANSLATION SHOULD BE??

?????????????????

What is your name?

Madame Odette, passenger with destination Douala, is demanded on the telephone

Ms. Odette, passenger for Douala, you are wanted to phone.

A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It

sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language.

WHAT IS TRANSLATOR’S GOAL?

Very Literal

Literal

Modified literal

Inconsistent mixture

Near idiomatic

Idiomatic

Unduly free

The translator’s goal should be to reproduce in the receptor language

a text which communicates the same message as the source

language but using the natural grammatical and lexical choices of

the receptor language.

SENTENCE FORMULA

NOUN +

(AUX VERB)

PREPOSITION /NOUN

ADVERBCONJUCTION

EXCLAMATION

ADJECTIVE

VERB TO + V1 /V1+ ING (ACTIVE)

TO BE /LINKING VERB

VERB III (PASSIVE)

SUBJECT PREDICATE OBJECT / EXPLANATION

COMPLEMENT

He canDia bisa

survivebertahan

during the crisis.selama krisis.

Could be translated

He

Dia

(Ayahnya sudah meninggal dunia sejak sepuluh tahun yang lalu)

survives

ditinggal mati

His father for ten years.

oleh ayahnya sepuluh tahun yang lalu.

Could be translated

My labour

???

does not

???

fruit at all

???

Could it be translated?

Address

1. His address is No. 18, Jalan Dewi Sartika.

2. His address about human right yesterday, was so impressing, that the audience applauded.3. Don’t address him a boy anymore, as he has been 20 years old now!

4. It’s time for us to address our business more seriously.

5. Please address yourself in good manners.

6. You may address your anger to me, as it is my fault.

7. Why do you address me as if I were not human being?

8. Please address him to his talent, not to what you want!

9. The president will address business leaders in Bali.

10. I want to address you something for your mother.

3 Main Aspects To Be Considered in The Real Context of English Sentence.

Basic Pattern of Sentence

Sentence Model

Dialect

TOP SOIL THEORY

KATA BENDA / NOUN

Induk/Superordinate: animal, vehicle, building, etc.

Turunan/Subordinate I: reptile, insect, car, bicycle, house, etc.

Turunan/Subordinate II: snake, crocodile, ant, mosquito, jeep, sedan, bike, office, etc.

Kata Kerja/Verb

Induk/Superordinate: to be (is, am, are, was, were), stay, move, exist, know, take, participate, etc.

Turunan/Subordinate I: sit, go, lay, turn

Turunan/Subordinate II: sit up, go on/ahead, lay on/off, etc

I need something to protect me from rain.

I met a lecturer whose glasses-frame are white and who always bring her son in class.

I want to eat the fruit whose peel is thorny.

I live in the capital of Indonesia.

I need something to protect me from rain.

I need an umbrella.

I met a lecturer whose glasses-frame are white and who always bring her son in class.

I met Mrs. Dihliza

I want to eat the fruit whose peel is thorny.

I want to eat durian.

I live in the capital of Indonesia.

I live in Jakarta.

PART 2 : THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE

SURFACE STRUCTURE

DEEP STRUCTURE

FORM AND MEANING

SURFACE

GrammaticalLexical

Phonological

DEEP

Semantic

Meaning Components

Semantic Structure is more nearly universal than Grammatical Structure

MEANING COMPONENTS group together to form CONCEPTS

THINGS(nouns, pronouns)

boy ghost angel galaxy idea

EVENTS(verbs)

eat run think melt stretch

ATTRIBUTES(adjectives, adverbs)

rough strong soft suddenly few

RELATIONS(conjunctions, prepositions, particles, enclitics,etc)

with by since after therefore

Morgan called SyahriniCALLED is an EVENT semantically and a VERB grammatically

The structure of the sentence indicates that Morgan, the AGENT, is the SUBJECT and Syahrini, the AFFECTED, is the OBJECT.

SEMANTIC CONFIGURATIONS GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES

Meaning Component Morpheme (Roots and Affixes)

Concept Word

Complex Concept (Concept Cluster) Phrase

Proposition Clause

Propositional Cluster Sentence

Semantic Paragraph Paragraph

Episode Section

Episode Cluster Division

Semantic Part Part

Discourse Text

SEESHESEABEGBAGBECKBACK

BARONCLIFF

LANGUAGE IS AN ARBITRARY SYSTEM

PART OF SPEECHPARTICULAR SENTENCE

I EATI’M EATING

I ATEI WILL EAT

I’M GOING TO EAT

Translation is communicating the same meaning in a target language.

Discovering the meaning of the text to be translated includes consideration of

both informations:Implicit

Explicit

KINDS OF MEANING

SITUATIONAL

ORGANIZATIONAL

REFERENTIAL

REFERENTIAL MEANING

REFERENTIAL MEANING

THING EVENT

ATTRIBUTION RELATION

REFERENTIAL ORGANIZATIONAL

Both propositions include Mary as the AGENT and Apple as the AFFECTED. (Referential Meaning)

Mary peeled an apple and then she ate it. (if they are the same, the surface structure in English would be like that).

Mary peeled an apple, and the other Mary eat it. (Organizational Meaning of references to two Mary and only one apple)

Mary peeled an apple and Mary ate an apple

SITUATIONAL MEANING

The message is produced in given communication situation.

Very crucial

The relationship between speaker/writer and addressee will affect the communication.

sex

Where & when the com takes place

Cultural background

PROF. DR. H. SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO, MSI.

Mr. President

•General•Bos

SBY

•Bapak•Prof

Pak SBY•Pak Dhe•Nak

SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEXICAL ITEMS

Generic-Specific

SEMANTIC CONTENT OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY

ADULT

SHEEP HORSE CHICKEN DOG DEER

MALE ram stallion rooster dog Buck

FEMALE ewe mare hen bitch Doe

YOUNG lamb Colt/foal chick puppy fawn

ANIMAL

SHEEP HORSE CHICKEN DOG

ramewe

lamb

stallionmare colt

rooster henchick

(dog) bitchpuppy

PLANT

TREESflowersshrubs

grass ferns

palm pine gum oak birch

_ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _

betelnutcoconut sago limbum

SPEAK

command rebuke ask reply announce

beg plead implorepray

prepare

cook

roast boil broil fry

_ _ _ _

NationNational

Nationalism

OrganOrganize

Organization

-ion, -ment, -ness, (NOUN)

EntertainEntertainment

TranslateTranslationTranslator

equivalenceequivalent

produceproduced

productionproducer

experienceexperiment

expert

Amina Wadud was born September 25, 1952 in Bethesda, Maryland and is an Islamic feminist and scholar with

a progressive, feminist focus on Qur'an exegesis. Wadud was born as Mary Teasley. Her father was a Methodist minister and

her mother descended from Muslim slaves of Arab, Berber and African ancestry dating back to the 8th Century. She

received her B.S, from The University of Pennsylvania, between 1970 and 1975. In 1972 she pronounced the

shahadah and accepted Islam, not knowing of her maternal ancestry and by 1974 her name was officially changed to

Amina Wadud to reflect her chosen religious affiliation. She received her M.A. in Near Eastern Studies and her Ph.D. in

Arabic and Islamic Studies from the University of Michigan in 1988. During graduate school, she studied advanced Arabic in

Egypt at the American University in Cairo, continued with Qur'anic studies and tafsir at Cairo University, Egypt, and took

a course in Philosophy at Al-Azhar University.

How does a translator make his translation as dynamic as the original

text?

For the translation to have the same dynamics as the original, it will need to natural and easy to understand so that the readers will

find it easy to grasp the message, including both the information and the emotional effect

intended by the source language writer.

Lexical Equivalents When Concepts Are Shared

SL: The wealthy live here.

RL: People who have lots of money live here

SL: The wolf snatched them and scattered them.

RL: The savage animal snatched them and scattered them.

SL: No fewer than ten people came last night.

RL: At least ten people came last night.

SL: Marry borrowed the book from James.

RL: James loaned the book to Mary.

SL: Everybody is talking about what is happening.

RL: Everybody is talking about the high enrollment at the college. (understood from the text).

Three Problems in Translation Related to Generic-Specific Words (Beekman and Callow 1974:185-186)

The source language text may use a generic term, but the receptor language may only have a more specific term in that semantic area.

The source language uses specific term but receptor language only has a generic word available in that semantic area.

The receptor language word used in the translation is intended to be understood in a generic sense but is interpreted by the receptor language speakers in a specific sense.

Generic Components – Shelter, used for religious purposes

Generic Class – kinds of shelters used for religious purposes

Specifying Components:

Church – Used by Christians

Mosque – Used by Muslims

Synagogue – used by Jews

Generic Components – Shelter, used for religious purposes for Jews

Generic Class – kinds of shelters used for religious purposes by Jews

Specifying Components:

TABERNACLE TEMPLE SYNAGOGUE

a) Place where God met the people

a) Place where God met the people

a) Place where Jewish people met for religious teaching

b) Temporary (Portable) b) Permanent c) Permanent

c) Only One c) Only one d) Many in different places

d) People went to make sacrifices

d) People went to make sacrifices, pray teach, learn, burn incense

d) People went for reading of the law teaching, prayer

1. His words accuse (show up, bring out , betray) a great ignorance.

2. There’s no sense wasting one’s time discoursing (talking, making speeches)

3. His engagements (commitments, involvements, obligations) do not permit him to join the organization at this time.

4) The attendant tied an etiquette (label, tag ticket) on my luggage.

5) Anyone who owns a car ought to be insured against eventual (possible, potential) accidents.

6) What are your projects (plans, affairs, works) for next year?

7) Last year the textile industry made great progress in rationalization (efficiency streamlining its production processes, introducing labor-saving methods).

8) We always managed to get tickets for interesting spectacles (events, exhibitions, happenings).

1) The ambassador did not hesitate to express the disgust (displeasure, annoyance) of his government.

2) The was a great discrepancy (disagreement, divergence, difference) between the two delegations on the subject of disarmament.

3) In actuality (at the present time, right now) there is a serious housing problem.

4) In the statistics of world armament, it appears as the most heavily armed country of the world in appreciation of (considering, in relation to) its dimensions (size territory, measurements).

5) Eleven million children are unable to assist in (come to, be present at, attend) school.

THE ROLE OF TRANSLATOR

ADMIRATION OF FORMAL FEATURES OF TRANSLATED

FIELDS

RESPECT FOR THE CONTENT OF THE TEXT

WILLING TO EXPRESS CREATIVITY

1. “Untuk lebih meramaikan acara, malam tadi saya ikut menyumbangkan suara dengan menyanyikan sebuah lagu.”

2. “Habis kita mau usaha apa lagi sekarang? Modalnya sudah habis padahal kita sudah kerja habis-habisan. Kalau begitu, barang yang tersisa kita jual habis. Habis perkara.”

3. “Bagi kebanyakan negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, era globalisasi akan merupakan sebuah tantangan berat.”

4. Jangan-jangan dia sudah ada di sana sekarang. Mendingan kita susul aja, yuk!”

5. “Setibanya di airport, ternyata sudah banyak orang yang menunggu pesawat dengan tujuan yang sama dengan saya.”

1. “Untuk lebih meramaikan acara, malam tadi saya ikut menyumbangkan suara dengan menyanyikan sebuah lagu.”

“ To cheer up the party last night, I took participation (by) singing a song.”

2. “Habis kita mau usaha apa lagi sekarang? Modalnya sudah habis padahal kita sudah kerja habis-habisan. Kalau begitu, barang yang tersisa kita jual habis. Habis perkara.”“So what else can we do now? We’ve had no more assets to run business, despite we have been working hard. So now we had better just selll out all the remaining stocks. That’s all!”

3. “Bagi kebanyakan negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, era globalisasi akan merupakan sebuah tantangan berat.” “For most developing countries like Indonesia, the globalization era will be a hard challenge.”

4. Jangan-jangan dia sudah ada di sana sekarang. Mendingan kita susul aja, yuk!”“I’m afraid he has been there now, just let’s go there after.”

5. “Setibanya di airport, ternyata sudah banyak orang yang menunggu pesawat dengan tujuan yang sama dengan saya.”“Once I arrived at the airport, in fact there had been many people waiting for the same flight and destination as mine.”

I Come Late Because it was rain.

I come late because of the heavy rain.

KINDS OF READING TEXTPopular English News-Paper, Magazine, Novel, Leaflet,

Brochures, etc.

Legal English Laws and Regulations, Notarial Deed MoU, etc.

Technical English Engineering, Tool/Equipment Guide, Manufacturing Instruction, etc.

Scientific English Medical, Pharmaceutical, Laboratory Guide, Education, etc.

Popular-Scientific English Management, Banking, Economy

VOCABULARIES MAIN IDEAS

LEXICAL MEANINGS STYLISTIC VALUES

In one-way translating activity from English to Bahasa Indonesia,

the most difficult thing to understand the source language text is particularly not caused by the limited VOCABULARIES, but

often by their disabilities of grasping ‘THE MAIN IDEAS’ of the

text they read.

“Dalam istilah manajemen terkadang ada pengertian

pimpinan. Dan dalam pengertian pimpinan ada pemimpin dan yang

dipimpin. Namun untuk lebih jelasnya tentang apa yang

dikatakan manjemen, sehingga dapat diterapkan secara baik sesuai

dengan situasi masing-masing.”

8 Parts of Speech NOUN PRONOUN

VERBADJECTIVE

ADVERB PREPOSITION

CONJUNCTION

INTERJECTION/EXCLAMATION

MUST BE COMPREHENDED PERFECTLY

NOUN and PRONOUN as the subject or object of sentence.

VERB and TO BE as the predicate.

ADVERB

ADJECTIVE

One can much more easily analyze and describe the cognitive

equivalence of content than the formal equivalence of language.

MOST ELEMENTAL COMPONENTS OF SENTENCE

NOUN, as a subject or object

VERB / TO BE as a predicate

ADJECTIVE to explain the quality or the characteristic of noun

PROBABLITY THEORYNOUN VERB ADJECTIVE

0 0 01 1 12 2 23 3 34 4 45 5 56 6 67 7 78 8 89 9 9

NOUN MAY CHANGE INTO VERB

NOUN VERBShe likes swimming She is swimming in the pool now.

Thanks for your visit! Visit me once a while!

Her eyes are shinning. He eyes her passing this way everyday.

Eye never grows bigger. We eye our business prospect in the future better than now.

I have a nice chair. I chair my son to run my business.

This chair is made of rattan. I had better chair my own business instead of being employed by another.

NOUNNOUN AS SUBJECT Silence is golden.

All I know is you.

NOUN AS OBJECT I like dancing.

He has stopped smoking now.

NOUN AS EXISTING The table sheet is made of 100% cotton.

There is a new model of tooth brush.

NOUN AS POSSESSIVE

Its power is not enough to run the hand-held video game.

That is not his responsibility.

NOUN AFTER PREPOSITION

We look forward to seeing you soon.

Learning by doing is the best way of studying.

CONCRETE NOUNCOMMON NOUN Dog, man, table, fish, foot, etc.

PROPER NOUN Indonesia, Widya, Wafiq, Mr. June, Roxy.

COLLECTIVE NOUN The Team, The Crowd, Little Monsters.

OCCUPATION NOUN Teacher, Driver, artist, manager, etc.

ABSTRACT NOUN

-’cy’ Efficacy, autocracy, vacancy, etc.

-’ty’ Beauty, charity, opportunity, difficulty, safety personality, etc.

-’ce’ Appearance, performance, experience, existence, excellence, etc.

-’ness’ Cleanliness, business, loneliness, sharpness, faithfulness, etc.

-’ion’ Opinion, dedication, reduction, improvisatio negotiation, etc.

-’ment’ Excitement, management, experiment, improvement, etc.

-’dom’ Boredom, freedom, kingdom, etc.

-’ing’ Meeting teaching gambling, understanding, crying, etc.

-others Width, length, depth, height, sight, seat, thought, etc.

PRONOUN

Morgan is a clever boy. He is the first rank at his school.

•Morgan = Noun (Proper Noun)* He = Pronoun (for single-third person of a

female gender

PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE ADJ/PRONOUN REFLEXIVEPRONOUN

SUBJECT OBJECT ADJECTIVE OBJECT

I Me My + Noun Mine Myself

You You Your + Noun Yours Yourself/selves

She Her Her + Noun Hers Herself

He Him His + Noun His Himself

It It Its+ Noun Its Itself

We Us Our + Noun Ours Ourselves

They Them Their + Noun Theirs Themselves

Name Name Name’s + Noun Name’s Himslef/herself

I am happy, if you are happy. I am happy if you are.

Are youer going somewhere? Going somewhere

She is beautiful. But she is fussy. She is beautiful but fussy.

The house is located on the hill and it is surrounded by kinds of tree.

The house is located on the hill and is surrounded by kinds of tree.

If he had come yesterday, I would have told him off, but he didn’t come.

If he had come yesterday, I would have told him off, but he didn’t.

Principally, verb is any word notifying about movement, act, effort or intention of both a living subject.

Linking Verb is a verb whose function is equal to ‘to be’, because of having no obvious meaning as a ‘real verb’ and it is also cannot complete a sentence to have meaning.

VERB AND LINKING VERB

SUBJECT PREDICATE OBJECT/EXPLANATORY

COMPLEMENT

My mother Feels-----------------

is

happy Now

My mother feels the weather in Jakarta terribly hot

She gets----------

is

wet

She gets the first prize

SUBJECT TRANS.VERB OBJECT

I tell/told her.

They visited us.

We eat rice

He drinks coffee.

I do my job

SUBJECT INTRANSITIVE VERB PREP OBJECT

I talk/talked to him

They come to us

They sit/sat on chairs

she Goes/went To Bogor

They quarreled with us

AUX VERB

PREP. NOUNADJECTIVE

TO + V.I /V.ING (ACTIVE)VERB III (PASSIVE)

ADVERBCONJUNCTIONEXCLAMATION

NOUN VERB-------------

TOBE/LINKING VERB

Kami mengundang mereka untuk datang ke kampus kami, karena mereka juga sering mengundang kami untuk datang ke kampus mereka.

SUBJECT

often

PREDICATE OBJECT/EXPLANATORY COMPLEMENT

We invite them (to visit our campus) ,and also

They invite us (to visit theirs)

First compose the main structure of the subject, predicate, and object prior to writing the other complements.

‘Possessive Adjective’ or preposition ‘of’ can alternatively be applied in a compound word to indicate ‘ownership’, e.g.:

Phrase ‘my book’ may be replaced with its comparable meaning ‘the book of mine’ where the use of preposition ‘of’ means ‘a part of’ (a smaller one of a bigger one).

My friend = a friend of mine

Bogor City = The City Of Bogor

GUIDANCE

AUX VERB

PREP. NOUNADJECTIVE

TO + V.I /V.ING (ACTIVE)VERB III (PASSIVE)

ADVERBCONJUNCTIONEXCLAMATION

NOUN VERB-------------

TOBE/LINKING VERB

Teman ayah saya menyukai mobil ayah teman saya.

SUBJECT PREDICATE OBJECT/EXPLANATORY

CPMPLEMENT

My Father’s friend

A friend of my father

likes

likes

my friend’s father’s car

the car of the father (‘s) of my friend’s

or

SUBJECT PREDICATE OBJECT/EXPLANATORY COMPLEMENT

My car paint

(The paint

has been mixed

belongs

together with thinner.

to me, not to the car)

My car’s paint

(The paint

is

belongs

metallic blue.

to the car).

His computer monitor

(The monitor

is

belongs

to him.

to the computer).

His computer color

(The color

is

belongs

white

to the computer)

My mother tongue

(The tongue

is

belongs

Javanese

to me, not my mother)

My mother’s tongue

(The tongue

bruises

belongs

to cause mouth ulcer.

to my mother).

EXERCISE

1. Sekretaris Asisten Ketua Asosiasi Pengusaha Tekstil Indonesia Cabang Jember.

2. Direktorat Jendral Tanaman Pangan Departemen Pertanian Kabinet Reformasi Pembangunan Republik Indonesia.

USING ‘OF’

Sekretaris Asisten Ketua Asosiasi Pengusaha Tekstil Indonesia Cabang Jember.

Secretary of the Assistant of the chairperson of Indonesian Textile Entrepreneurs Association of Jember Branch

Direktorat Jendral Tanaman Pangan Departemen Pertanian Kabinet Reformasi Pembangunan Republik Indonesia.

Directorate General of Food Crop of Agriculture Department of Development Reform Cabinet of the Republic of Indonesia

ADJECTIVEPure Adjectives are all labeled by ‘adj’ in dictionary, i.e.: good, clever, smart, curious, high,

many, much, etc.

1) Adjectives coming from noun. Tooth brushGovernment building

2) Adjectives coming from verb + ing Sleeping beautyDrying machine

3) Adjectives coming from ‘passive verbs’

Educated personVisited area

4) Adjectives coming from ‘noun’ of ‘gerund’

Swimming poolWaiting list

Causative Adjective

VERB + ING(ACTIVE)

Educating personExamining teamVisiting people

Smoking personWaiting passengersLearning trainees

Killing troopsDriving person

Speaking Professor

Verb III(PASSIVE)

Educated personExamined matters

Visited area

Smoked fishWaited flight

Learned matters

Killed victimsDriven car

Spoken subject

Modified Adjective

GERUND

Educating roomExamining classVisiting program

Smoking areaWaiting room

Earning systems

Killing fieldDriving licenseSpeaking hall

NOUN

Tooth brushTable sheet

Ring fingerFinger ring

Government building

City governement

The Distinctiveness of Adjectives

Ending with ‘-able’, namely the adjective derived from verb that means ‘possible to be’ : understandable, solvable, adorable, touchable, believable, etc.

It will oppositely mean negative if initiated by prefix ‘un’ to mean ‘impossible to be’, for example: unbelievable, unbearable, untouchable.

Ending with ‘ous’ : continuous, famous, serious, efficacious, curious, nervous.

Ending with ‘y’, ‘al’, and ‘ful’, namely the adjective derived from noun: funny, rainy, dusty, muddy, national, traditional, optional, factual, beautiful, successful, useful, truthful, etc.

The Distinctiveness of AdjectivesInitiated by ‘To Be’The host is open-hearted.We are satisfied.Don’t be lazy. (You are lazy.)

Initiated by Linking VerbJeny becomes rich.It smells nice.I feel so happy now.She got wet because of the heavy rain.

When it lies side by side with a noun in a compound word, adjective will always precede or lie in front of the noun, for examples:Demonstrative : this book, that man, those people, etc.Distributive : each side, every one, take either half, etc.Quantitative : some body, any time, many people, etc.Possessive : my opinion, your turn, his responsibility, etc.Qualitative : clever boy, dry season, fat man, red flower.Interrogative : which book is yours? What time is it now?

Some adjective don’t follow previous rules, they don’t lie before noun, but

after it, namely for those prefixed by a letter “a”, for example:

the stock available, those alike, etc.

You can’t say: afraid personavailable stockaware one, etc.

Many people think that English composition is contradictory in the form of writing form that of Indonesian language, whereas it is not, as both English and Indonesian language use the same concept of SPO pattern (Subject Predicate Objet). But only in compound word or compound noun (subject or object composed by more than one word), the adjective will always lie in front of a noun and the noun will oppositely lie after the adjective or at the end of the compound word.

The Fastcepat

Electriclistrik

Trainkereta

Kereta Listrik Cepat

The Highlytinggi

Educatedberpendidikan

PeopleOrang-orang

Orang-Orang Terpelajar

The Funniestterlucu

Homerumah

Videovideo

Video rumah paling lucu

Nation Building Pembangunan bangsa

National Building Bsngunan yang memiliki nilai kebangsaan (*national anthem = lahu yang memiliki nilai kebangsaan)

National Problem Masalah yang memiliki cakupan nasional

Nation Problem Masalah Bangsa

Electricity Supply Pasokan Listrik

Electric Car Mobil Listrik

Electrical Appliances Barang-barang yang berhubungan dengan listrik

Electricity Problem Masalah Aliran Listrik (Short Circuit=Korsleting)

Electrical Problem Masalah Kelistrikan (Berhubungan Dengan Listrik , Manajemen Listrik)

That is an educative book.

There will be an attractive show.

Dynamite is an explosive material.

Those are only decorative matters.

OrdinaryAdjective

ORDINARY ADJECTIVE

That is an educative book. Possible to educate/memiliki daya didik.

There will be an attractive show. Possible to attract/memiliki daya tarik.

Dynamite is an explosive material. Possible to explode/memiliki daya ledak.

Those are only decorative matters. Possible to décor/memiliki daya hias.

CAUSATIVE ADJECTIVE or CAUSAL ADJECTIVEthe adjective modified from VERB because of causal influence

ACTIVE-CAUSATIVE ADJECTIVE

PASSIVE-CAUSTIVE ADJECTIVE

ACTIVE-CAUSATIVE ADJECTIVEderived from VERB + ING, also identified as ‘CAUSING ADJECTIVE’

My father is an educating person.

She is a very attracting presenter.

What is the exploding thing?

You are very disappointing.

There are so many decorating matters in this room.

ACTIVE-CAUSATIVE ADJECTIVEderived from VERB + ING, also identified as ‘CAUSING ADJECTIVE’

My father is an educating person. Active in educating, despite he isn’t a teacher.

She is a very attracting presenter. Active to attract, despite she is not attractive.

What is the exploding thing? Active to have exploded.

You are very disappointing. Causing disappointment.

There are so many decorating matters in this room.

Active to cause good looking.

PASSIVE CAUSATIVEderived from PASSIVE VERB or VERB III, also identified as

‘influenced adjective’.

We are educated people.

They feel very attracted.

The exploded thing is the rock hill.

I feel very disappointed with him.

The hotel has many exclusively decorated rooms.

PASSIVE CAUSATIVEderived from PASSIVE VERB or VERB III, also identified as

‘influenced adjective’.

We are educated people. Some people have made us intelligent and well-educated.

They feel very attracted. Something has made them pay attention.

The exploded thing is the rock hill. Something has exploded the rock.

I feel very disappointed with him. He has disappointed me.

The hotel has many exclusively decorated rooms.

Many things decorated the rooms.

MODIFIED ADJECTIVEadjective derived from noun.

A noun subject or object consisting of more than one word.

• Compound word

Consisting of more than one noun

• Compound noun

*noun is always written at the end of that composition, meanwhile all words written before noun are adjective

Heni is a beautiful long-haired girl.Marsha is a beautifully long-haired girl.

Robby William is an internationally famous singer.Giselle is an internationally-famous singer.

Full Pressed Body.Fully-Pressed Body.

Small Scale Business.Small-Scaled Business.

Special Fund Allocation.Specially-Allocated Fund.

Heni is a beautiful long-haired girl.Marsha is a beautifully long-haired girl.

Gadis centik Berambut Panjang.Gadis yang memiliki rambut panjang dan indah.

Robby William is an internationally famous singer.Giselle is an internationally-famous singer.

Penyanyi internasional.

Penyanyi lokal yang terkenal hingga mancanegara.

Full Pressed Body.Fully-Pressed Body.

Hampir sdemua bagian dipres.‘body’nya dipres sekuat tenaga

Small Scale Business.Small-Scaled Business.

Pengusaha kecil/pedangan asongan.Pegusaha modal lemah.

Special Fund Allocation.Specially-Allocated Fund.

Alokasi Dana Khusus.Dana Alokasi Khusus.

1. Snake is a frog eater. adj. noun

2. Snake is a frog-eating reptile. adj. noun

3. Eagle is a kind of fish-eating wild birds. noun adj. Adj. noun

4. Herbicide is a wild-grass-killing liquid. adj. noun

5. Telkom and PLN are two of the state-owned companies. noun adj. Noun

6. PDAM is a local-government-run company. adj. Noun

7. UIJ Printing is an Al-Qur’an-big-printing company. adj. noun

8. Al-Qur’an is the most valuable-printed material. adj. Noun

9. I have a new model of tooth brush. adj. Noun adj. noun

10. My mother has many kinds of big-sized cats. adj. Noun adj. noun

ADJ. + NOUN = COMPOUND WORDNOUN + NOUN = COMPOUND NOUN

Hyphen (-) Sign is used to combine words having close relation and to

is to hinder vagueness.

Adjective + Noun

My Golden Opportunity

His Stony House

Indonesian Economic Growth

Her Beautiful House

Our Religious Teacher

Noun + Noun

(Noun Elemental Adjective

My Gold Watch

His Stone House

Indonesian Economy Expert

Her Beauty House

Our Religion Teacher