trafficker responses to law enforcement policies
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WP2: The act of human trafficking
@TRACE_EU http://trace-project.eu
Changes in policies / legislation Consequences Methodology Crime displacement Findings Case of Romania
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Cyprus (attempt to fight human trafficking)
Decision of the Ministerial Committee, 2009
Abolition of special visas for artists (artiste visas)
working in cabarets and pubs
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2008 - 75 cabarets nationwide 2014 - 25 cabarets
(67 % decrease)
(2005 - 2008) 8650 artist visas issued (2009 – 2014) 3097 performing visas
(64% decrease)
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Prostitution is to some extent regulated
nuisances accrued from prostituted spaces
procurement
public soliciting for the purposes of prostitution
and all sorts of pertinent commercial undertakings are penalised
only individual and volitional prostitution is not illegal
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Cabarets live dancing shows with nude women
paid sex
customer accompaniment
Pubs (notorious)
paid sex
customer accompaniment
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Univariate statistical analysis of police intelligence 2004 – 2014 (N = 1103)
T-tests for independent samples
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police intelligence v police recorded crime
Police intelligence
▪ more impartial (private citizens report it)
▪ unaffected by political agendas
Recorded crime
▪ victims’ hesitation to report
▪ police’s overloading / lack of resources / unwillingness
▪ political sidestepping
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relocation of crime change of the conduits by which crime is
conducted shift in the times of crime commission shift in the types of venues which host crime shift in the actors who become involved in
crime
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In 2009 and after, due to the abolition of the artiste visa, the crime of human trafficking (including acts of prostitution) changed character:
shift in places and time where sexual exploitation/prostitution take place,
shift in the actors involved in such criminal endeavours
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Dependent variable Number of acts (sexual exploitation/prostitution)
Independent variables Nationality of offenders
Season
Conduit
Venue
Sex of offenders
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@TRACE_EU http://trace-project.eu
83.278.5
82.787.4
82.6
75.8
59
53.250,8 50.8 52.7
16.821.5
17.312.6
17.4
24.2
41
46.8
53,549,2
47.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Pimp
Individual
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81.2578
92
78.1
92.5
69.266.7 51,2
51.2
6057.1
18.7522
8
21.9
7.5
30.833.3
37
48,8
4042.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Native
Foreigner
Linear (Native)
Linear (Foreigner)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Male
Female
Both
Linear (Male)
Linear (Female)
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54
45.543.5
50
41.3
53.8
4344.7
33.3
46.546
54.556.5
50
58.7
46.2
5755.3
66.7
53.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Low season
High season
Linear (Low season)
Linear (High season)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Cabaret
Pub
Client's Plc
Htl Room
Rest/Café
Street
Massage Parlor
Apt/House
Romania
Laws for countering organized crime, provide for special techniques of investigation (e.g. wiretapping, undercover officers, etc.)
Implementation of Victims coordination program, by law enforcement and judicial authorities
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Traffickers using many phone devices Speaking on phone less Use codes in communication Individual or small numbered groups Control of entire process of THB
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Shifts in the crime of human trafficking:
male dominated unisex
indigenous offenders foreign offenders
organized groups individual offending
cabarets & pubs private flats & houses
all year round crime seasonal crime
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THANK YOU!
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