traffic monitoring
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Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Traffic Monitoring
Jan Breeman
Lecture presented at the International GMES-Workshop
“The Future of Remote Sensing”
Mol, Belgium
17-18 March 2003
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Introduction to NLR
Traffic monitoring– Traffic monitoring in the Netherlands– Current requirements– Application of Synthetic Aperture Radar
Road pricing– Description– Checking and enforcement– Application of airborne platform
Conclusions
Contents
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Introduction to NLR
Central institute for aerospace in the Netherlands
Involved in many international research projects
Staff of ~900 (of which ~700 scientists and engineers)
Technical assets– large windtunnels– research simulators– research aircraft– supercomputers– test facilities– calibration facilities
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Information and Communication Technology Division activities
information systems for physics simulation, dynamics of multi-body systems, control engineering
command, control, communication and intelligence systems
information (sub)systems for air traffic management
knowledge engineering and computer-based training
computer networking and co-operative environments
end-to-end data processing systems
software for spacecraft development and operations
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Why Traffic Monitoring?
Less traffic accidents (2001, all roads)– 993 deaths– 11,029 injured
Less time lost in traffic (2002)– number of traffic jams: 32.897– length of traffic jams: 104,000 km
Less environmental pollution
Better travel information promises 40% improvement in total trip time based on choice of route, modality, time of departure
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Goals
Collision warning
Incident detection and object control
Information gathering for policy decisions
Traffic information for drivers
Route planning and multimodal traffic advisory
Dynamic traffic management
evol
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Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Current organisation
Roadside equipment and sensors along all main roads (~ 1100 km)
Regional traffic centres
Central traffic information centre
Information providers (private enterprise)
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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V e h ic led e te c to rs
(in d u c tiv e lo o p s )
N ation alT raffic
In form ationC en tre(T IC )
In te rn e t
R D S /T M C
R ad ioB ro ad c as t
V id e oC am e ras
M e te oS e n s o rs
R o ad C o n d itio nS e n s o rs
R eg ion al T rafficC en tres
(5 )
G S M /G P R S
A lp h an u m e ricD is p lay P an e l
S pe e dA dv is o ry Pa n e l
O b je c t C o n tro l(b rid g e s , ram p s )
In form ationP rov id ers
Organisation in the Netherlands
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Current requirements Speed 1% accuracy
Vehicle flow 1% accuracy
Sample rate once per minute, every 500m
Vehicle type 3 length categories
Information per lane
Timeliness maximum three minutes
Availability ~ 99.9% all-weather operation!
Note: requirements are strongly dependent on specific application!
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Traffic monitoring using Synthetic Aperture Radar
Example: PHARUS SAR
co-operation between FEL-TNO, NLR, TUD
5.3 GHz coherent pulse radar
48 dual polarised patches
3m x 3m resolution
full polarimetric
Reference: van Rossum, van Halsema, Otten, Visser, Pouwels, “The PHARUS familiarisation program”, 4th international airborne remote sensing conference, Ottawa, 1999.
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Zoetermeer A12 west
Moving Target processing:– doppler processing based on
nominal traffic speed to focus moving vehicles
– deviation from known track yields velocity component lateral to flight vector
– transformation to road axes gives vehicle speed
Accuracy speed ~ 1%
Accuracy vehicle detection seemed reasonable, but was not verified
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Evaluation
Accuracy vehicle speed is sufficient
Accuracy vehicle detection is promising motorcycles?
All-weather operation is possible
Per lane information is a problem incidents!
Timeliness is a problem depending on flight pattern (only lateral velocity component)
Availability could be a problem
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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TU Delft Civil Engineering sponsored by Adviesdienst Verkeer en Vervoer
95% detection and tracking rate
UAV is considered for follow-up
Research into driving behaviour from a helicopter
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Road pricing
Toll plazas
Electronic toll collection– fixed lane– multi-lane
Kilometre charging– charge per kilometre driven– tariff differentiation based on time and place– issues: privacy and fraud
evol
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Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Kilometre charging
G S MN etw ork
G P S S a tellites
A ssis tan ce D a ta
P osit ion E stim ate
R oa dsideC heck ing
P osit ion E stim
ate
O n-B o a rd U nit(O B U )
D ed ica ted S h ort Ran ge
C om m un ication
(D S R C )
G S M /G P R S /U M T S
C h a llen ge
K ilom eter D eclara tionT ariffR esp on se
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Checking and enforcement
Checking– set-up communication with vehicle On-Board Unit via
secure DSRC link– check correct operation based on:
• OBU status history• comparison of reported position with known position• check of speed
– in case of discrepancy notify back-office
Enforcement– register license plate of offending vehicle
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Issues
Checking at fixed locations can be avoided by driver– by using alternate routes– by sending faked information during check
Checking at varying locations can be detected and the location can be broadcast via Internet or GSM/GPRS
Checking from moving vehicles in traffic is inefficient
Needed the element of surprise
Solution a low-flying airborne platform ! (manned/unmanned)
Reference: Prof. Wiebren de Jonge (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Example: FlyCAM
Small unmanned helicopter with gimballed camera
Co-operation between RDM-NLR-TUD
Specifications:– Endurance ~3-4 hours– Gyro Stabilised Sphere – Length: 1.80 m – Height: 0.75 m – Engine: 60 cc – Rotor diameter: 2.14 m – Weight: 9.0 kg – Payload+fuel: 10 kg
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Problem areas
Power needed for DSRC transmitter– infrared communication needs less power
Short range of DSRC radio communication (~30 m)– range of infrared communication is larger (~300 m)
Short range is also required for license plate readout– lighting could be a problem
Environmental concerns noise!
Collision risk at low altitude
Protection of privacy real and perceived!
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Conclusions
Traffic Monitoring– High/medium altitude UAV/SAR for traffic monitoring is
technically feasible– It does not add significantly to existing infrastructure on
main roads, but could be a viable solution for secondary roads
Road Pricing– Low altitude UAV with DSRC and camera could be a good
solution for checking and enforcement for Road Pricing– Several problems remain to be solved
Nationaal Lucht- en RuimtevaartlaboratoriumNational Aerospace Laboratory NLR
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Further readingTraffic Management: http://www.rws-avv.nl/testcentrum/
http://www.minvenw.nl/rws/mdi/home/index.htmhttp://www.tic-nl.org
PHARUS: http://www.tno.nl/instit/fel/os/fac/ra_fac_pharus.htmlhttp://www.nlr.nlhttp://irctr.its.tudelft.nl/
Driving Behaviour: http://www.rws-avv.nlhttp://www.citg.tudelft.nl
Road Pricing: http://wwww.ertico.com/activiti/projects/rci/rci_con.htmhttp://www.cs.vu.nl/~wiebren/TIP/
FlyCam: http://www.flycam.tudelft.nlhttp://www.rdmt.nl/index.html
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