traceability of marine lng
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Marine Technology and Standards WorkshopOctober 16-17, 2017October 16 17, 2017
Traceability of Marine LNGTraceability of Marine LNG Bunkering Measurementsg
Thomas Kegel, William JohansenColorado Engineering Experiment Station, Inc.
TopicsTopics
• LNG BunkeringLNG Bunkering• Bunkering sources
i d d• Primary standards• Traceability• System design
Traditional LNG ApplicationsTraditional LNG Applications
• First refrigeration system: 1873First refrigeration system: 1873• First commercial plant: 1917
k h i• Peak shaving• Pipeline transport alternative
Al i i liAlternative to pipeline transport
LNG BunkeringLNG Bunkering
BunkeringBunkering“the term bunker is generally applied to the storage of petroleum products in tanks, and the practice and business of refueling ships.”
Originates from ship‐board coal bunkers
First LNG fueled vessel, Glutra ferry, Norway, 2000
Marine Fuel LNGMarine Fuel LNG
• 2016: 77 vessels using LNG fuel mostly in2016: 77 vessels using LNG fuel, mostly in Norway
• 2022: 24 US (Jones Act) vessels• 2022: 24 US (Jones Act) vessels
LNG Fuel DriversLNG Fuel Drivers
• Environmental regulationEnvironmental regulation• Cost and availabilityG li i• Geo‐politics
Environmental Control AreasEnvironmental Control Areas
ECA SolutionsECA Solutions
• Scrubber system to remove sulfurScrubber system to remove sulfur• Dual fuel system, ECA vs non‐ECA
l f l• Natural gas fuel• Natural gas/diesel fuel mixture
ECA SolutionsECA Solutions
Likely requires LNG measurementLikely requires LNG measurement • Natural gas fuel
l /di l f l i• Natural gas/diesel fuel mixture
Bunkering SourcesBunkering Sources
“Current” LNG Bunkering SourcesCurrent LNG Bunkering Sources
• Truck transfer (33%)Truck transfer (33%)• Portable storage container (17%)
i d k ( %)• Fixed storage tank (17%)• Barge transfer (33%)• Multi‐drop truck transfer
LNG TruckBunkeringg
LNG BargeBunkeringg
Portable Storage
“Current” LNG Bunkering SourcesCurrent LNG Bunkering Sources
Direct mass (static) traceabilityDirect mass (static) traceability• Truck transfer
bl i• Portable storage containerIndirect mass (dynamic) traceability• Fixed storage tank• Barge transferBarge transfer• Multi‐drop truck transfer
Small Scale LNGSmall Scale LNG
Primary StandardsPrimary Standards
Primary StandardsPrimary Standards
• Gravimetric vs volumetricGravimetric vs volumetric• Static vs dynamic
Static Gravimetric StandardStatic Gravimetric Standard
“Startup” Operation
Static Gravimetric StandardStatic Gravimetric Standard
“Calibrate” Operation
Dynamic Gravimetric StandardDynamic Gravimetric Standard
Dynamic Volumetric StandardDynamic Volumetric Standard
Flow Provers
Static Volumetric Standards
Current Primary StandardsCurrent Primary Standards
• NIST LN2 SystemNIST LN2 System• VSL LNG SystemC i l i d fi ld• Commercial cryogenic prover under field test
NIST SystemNIST System
• Built in 1968Built in 1968• Operates with liquid nitrogenS f d l i h G• Safer and less expensive than LNG
• Reynolds number overlap• 1 – 10 kg/s, 0.5% uncertainty• Dynamic gravimetric standardDynamic gravimetric standard• Operated by CEESI, owned by NIST
VSL SystemVSL System
• VSL: Dutch national measurement instituteVSL: Dutch national measurement institute• Recently built (2010?)O i h li id l• Operates with liquid natural gas
• 1.3 – 4.5 kg/s, 0.12 – 0.15% uncertainty• Static gravimetric standard, inline 3‐way diverter valve, no free jet, j
TraceabilityTraceability
Typical TraceabilityTypical Traceability
Typical TraceabilityTypical Traceability
Typical TraceabilityTypical Traceability
Typical TraceabilityTypical Traceability
Typical TraceabilityTypical Traceability
System DesignSystem Design
Flowmeter ConsiderationFlowmeter Consideration
• Turbine metersTurbine meters– Traditional cryogenic meters
• Newer technology• Newer technology– Coriolis, low flow– Ultrasonic, high flow– No moving parts– Mass vs volume– Pressure drop– Transient response
Density and Heating ValueDensity and Heating Value
• Varies with pressure temperatureVaries with pressure, temperature, composition
• Requires sampling• Requires sampling• Requires state equation• Can vary with time
– boil of gas (BOG)– Multiple feeds into storage
Some FlowratesSome Flowrates
Important for flowmeter rangeImportant for flowmeter range• Highway truck refuel: 0.8 kg/s
k i b k /• Bunkering barge: 1.1 kg/s• LNG delivery truck pump: 0.3 – 1.8 kg/s• Locomotive refuel: 14.6 kg/s• Ferry terminal bunkering: 53 kg/sFerry terminal bunkering: 53 kg/s• LNG carrier cargo load: 670 – 2000 kg/s
Some UncertaintiesSome Uncertainties
Very rough estimates:Very rough estimates:• 40 ft ISO container, mass discharge: 0.44%S ll i di h 0 8 %• Smaller container, mass discharge: 0.81%
• LNG cargo volume: 0.20% ‐ 0.54%• LNG density: 0.46%• NIST system: 0 5% (0 18% target)NIST system: 0.5% (0.18% target)• VSL system: 0.12% ‐ 0.15% (0.10% target)
SummarySummary
• Natural gas use is expandingNatural gas use is expanding• Liquefaction is used for storage and transport
G li i• Many LNG applications are new:– Measurement methods are under development– Direct vs indirect traceability to mass– We can learn from traditional flow measurement
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