toyota and co2 policy - transport & environment and co 2 policy colin hensley ... ipcc95 annual...

Toyota Motor EuropeToyota Motor Europe

Toyota and CO2 Policy

Colin HensleyResearch & Development

Toyota Motor Europe

Contents

• Toyota’s principle and vision

• Context of the environmental challenge

• Toyota’s response

• Role of the policy makers

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Toyota’s principleand vision

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Toyota’s Principle

Pro-activityPrevention not reaction

Today for tomorrow

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Toyota’s Principle

Pollution Global Warming

• Recognise the desire and need for mobility

• Transport of goods brings economic growth

• Action to address the environment is essential

• Must not compromise future generations’ needs

That is Sustainable Mobility!

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Toyota’s Vision

Zeronise & Maximise

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The Environmental challenge

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Environmental challenges

Source: Toyota Motor Corporation

EnergySupply/Demand Oil, Nuclear,

Natural gas, CoalRenewable energy

2010 20202000

AmbientAir Quality

ClimateChange

Expansion to developing countries

Emissions increasing(NOx, CO, HC)

Standard of living

Energy mix required

CO2 increasing

Emission standard

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1. Energy supply/demand

Source: NEDO

2000 21002080206020402020

Prod

uctio

n vo

lum

e of

prim

ary

ener

gy in

crud

e oi

l equ

ival

ent t

ons

(mill

ions

)

1000

2000

3000

0

Year

Natural gas

Crude oilCoal

Hydraulic Geothermal

InnovativeTechnologies

Nuclear powerBiomass

Wind PowerPhotovoltaic

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2. Climate change

0

Year

200018001600140012001000800 2100

400

300

500

600

CO

2de

nsity

(ppm

v)

700

280

370

700 - 800

Reducing CO2 is essential for our sustainable growth IPCClimit550

Source: IPCC95 annual report

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3. Ambient air: NOx impacts the environment in many ways

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Toyota’s response

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Toyota

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System configuration

Diesel Throttle

EGR Valve

Exhaust Port

Injector

Intake Air

Exhaust Gas

EGR Cooler

Air Fuel Ratio Sensor

Pressure DifferenceSensor

Gas TemperatureSensor

New Common Rail System

DPNR Catalyst

Oxidation Catalytic Converter

NSR Catalyst

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Toyota D-CAT target

NOx (g/km)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.60

5

PM (mg/km) US EPA Tier-I (199419’97)60

20

30

40

50

0.03/0.006US Tier-II Bin5 (2007)

0.28/0.052Japan (2000)

0.14/0.013Japan (2005)

0.50/0.050EURO III (2000)

0.25/0.025EURO IV (2005)

Toyota D-CAT target (2010)

10

Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive

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What is hybrid?

Mild hybrid Strong hybrid

EV Drive

Enginestop

Enginestop

Enginestop

Enginestop

Regenerative braking

Regenerative braking

Regenerative braking

Motor-assist Motor-assist

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Battery

Inverter

Motor

Generator

Gasoline Engine

Power Split Device(Planetary Gear)

HSD Characteristics

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Hybrid sales

Coaster hybrid (bus)

Crown with mild hybrid system

Estima/AlphardHybrid

Prius

1997

306,000

November2004

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Toyota Prius

• Over 95,000 units in 1 year in US and Japan• In Europe, 8153 units in 2004• 104g/km CO2 for a D-segment car (4.3l/100km)

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Relative emission levels260

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Weight class kg

CO

2g/

km

140g/km 2008/9

GasolineDiesel

Prius 2 - 104 g/kmPrius 1

Source: Toyota

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Fuel Cell Hybrid

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Toyota’s Hybrid TechnologyPrius: gasoline FINE-S: hydrogen

Engine Fuel Cell

Secondarybattery

Motor

Power control unit

Power control unitSecondary

battery

Motor

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Toyota Fine-S

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Forecast for FC Vehicle Market Introduction

Stage of technologycompetition

Stage of cost and product competitionInfrastructure preparation is required

Fleet test/Limited introduction

Demonstration test

Widespread introduction

’20～30’10’05’01

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Toyota vision

Source: Toyota Motor Corporation

Well to Wheel (%)0 10 20 30

Well to Tank(%)

Tank to Wheel(%)

88 16

581

502

88 37

70 60

40

382

(1) Natural gas base(2) Measurement from the electric current

Gasoline

Diesel

Gasoline Hybrid

FCHV (Target)

Fuel cell

Fuel cell hybrid 29%

42%Japanese 10-15 Mode Toyota’s estimation

New Prius

91 20 18%

14%

32%

22% With HV control

3xGasoline, 1.5xHV

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Role of the Policy Makers

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Stimulation of initial demandD

eman

d

Yoursupport

Inno-vators

Early adopters

Early majority

LaggardsLate majority

Time

Potential

Source: More, Geoffrey, Crossing the Chasm, Harper Collins, 1991

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Approaches to stimulate demand

CO2 based taxation/incentive (vehicle excise duty, company car tax)

Engine capacity based taxation system

Exhaust emissions incentives (e.g. Euro IV)

Lead by example (green fleets)

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The Ultimate ECO-Car

Electricity

FCHV

EV

HSD

Gasoline

THS

D4

Lean-burn

VVT-i

Diesel

HV

Toyota D-CAT

Common-rail

Alternative fuel

CNG

Hybrid TechnologyHybrid Technology

Routes to the Vision

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Thank you for your attention