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Inte
rna
tio
na
l D
ialo
gu
e o
n T
rad
e
Inte
rna
tio
na
l D
ialo
gu
e o
n T
rad
e
an
d C
lim
ate
Ch
an
ge
:a
nd
Cli
ma
te C
ha
ng
e:
Ke
y I
ssu
es
for
LDC
s, S
VE
s a
nd
SID
S f
rom
a C
om
pe
titi
ve
ne
ss,
Ke
y I
ssu
es
for
LDC
s, S
VE
s a
nd
SID
S f
rom
a C
om
pe
titi
ve
ne
ss,
Ad
ap
tati
on
an
d R
esi
lie
nce
Pe
rsp
ect
ive
.A
da
pta
tio
n a
nd
Re
sili
en
ce P
ers
pe
ctiv
e.
Ge
ne
va,
Sw
itze
rla
nd
G
en
eva
, S
wit
zerl
an
d
No
ve
mb
er
20
N
ov
em
be
r 2
0 ––
21
, 2
00
82
1,
20
08
“Re
ne
wa
ble
En
erg
y a
nd
En
erg
y E
ffic
ien
cy –
A S
tra
teg
y T
ow
ard
s G
rea
ter
Ad
ap
tati
on
an
d R
esi
lie
nce
“
Da
vid
Ba
rre
tt
En
erg
y a
nd
En
vir
on
me
nt
Sp
eci
ali
st
Pre
sen
tati
on
Ou
tlin
eP
rese
nta
tio
n O
utl
ine
1.
Pro
ject
ed
Cli
ma
te C
ha
ng
e I
mp
act
s.
2.
Act
ion
Fo
cus.
3.
Re
ne
wa
ble
En
erg
y S
tati
stic
s.
4.
En
erg
y C
ost
s a
nd
Co
mp
eti
tiv
en
ess
.
5.
En
erg
y S
ecu
rity
.
6.
He
at
an
d P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
s.
7.
Co
mm
erc
ial
Ap
pli
cati
on
s.
8.
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
.
9.
Po
licy
an
d F
ina
nci
ng
.
10
.S
um
ma
ry.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt2
Pro
ject
ed
Cli
ma
te C
ha
ng
e I
mp
act
s P
roje
cte
d C
lim
ate
Ch
an
ge
Im
pa
cts
•M
ore
in
ten
se t
rop
ica
l st
orm
s in
ten
se t
rop
ica
l st
orm
s fo
rmin
g f
urt
he
r so
uth
.
••In
ten
se a
nd
lo
nge
r d
rou
gh
tsIn
ten
se a
nd
lo
nge
r d
rou
gh
ts;
de
cre
ase
d p
reci
pit
ati
on
in t
rop
ics
an
d
sub
tro
pic
s.
•M
ore
fre
qu
en
t h
ea
vy
pre
cip
ita
tio
n e
ven
ts o
ver
lan
d
he
av
y p
reci
pit
ati
on
eve
nts
ove
r la
nd
are
as.
•M
ore
fre
qu
en
t h
ea
vy
pre
cip
ita
tio
n e
ven
ts o
ver
lan
d
he
av
y p
reci
pit
ati
on
eve
nts
ove
r la
nd
are
as.
•S
ho
rte
r re
turn
pe
rio
d f
or
ext
rem
e e
ven
ts
ext
rem
e e
ven
ts (
dro
ug
hts
an
d f
loo
ds)
.
••H
igh
er
air
te
mp
era
ture
s H
igh
er
air
te
mp
era
ture
s a
nd
dri
er
sum
me
r d
rie
r su
mm
er
pe
rio
ds;
re
du
ctio
n o
f
pe
rce
nta
ge o
f d
ay
s w
ith
co
ld t
em
pe
ratu
res.
•O
vera
ll d
ecr
ea
se i
n d
iurn
al
tem
pe
ratu
re r
an
ge
de
cre
ase
in
diu
rna
l te
mp
era
ture
ra
nge
(m
ore
wa
rm d
ay
s; f
ew
er
cold
nig
hts
).
•S
ea
wa
ter
tem
pe
ratu
re a
nd
le
vels
in
cre
asi
ng
.
Se
pt2
00
8B
arr
ett
3
Act
ion
Fo
cus
Act
ion
Fo
cus
•W
ha
t te
chn
olo
gie
ste
chn
olo
gie
sca
n b
e a
da
pte
d/a
do
pte
d a
nd
im
ple
me
nte
d b
y L
CD
s, S
VE
’s a
nd
SID
S in
th
e s
ho
rt-t
erm
(<
5 y
rs)
to n
ea
r te
rm (
<1
0 y
rs)?
•W
ha
t o
pti
on
s a
re p
rov
en
op
tio
ns
are
pro
ve
na
nd
ca
n b
e s
ust
ain
ed
on
th
eir
o
wn
pe
rfo
rma
nce
me
rit?
ow
n p
erf
orm
an
ce m
eri
t?
•W
ha
t o
pp
ort
un
itie
so
pp
ort
un
itie
se
xist
fo
r im
pro
ve
me
nt
in t
rad
e
an
d/o
r co
mp
eti
tiv
en
ess
(lo
cal
reg
ion
al
an
d g
lob
al)
?
•W
ha
t a
re t
he
in
he
ren
t e
nv
iro
nm
en
tal
be
ne
fits
e
nv
iro
nm
en
tal
be
ne
fits
e
ma
na
tin
g f
rom
cli
ma
te c
ha
ng
ee
ma
na
tin
g f
rom
cli
ma
te c
ha
ng
e?
.?
.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt4
Re
ne
wa
ble
En
erg
y (
RE
N)
Sta
tist
ics
Re
ne
wa
ble
En
erg
y (
RE
N)
Sta
tist
ics
•R
EN
-fa
ste
st g
row
ing
en
erg
y t
ech
no
log
ies
in p
urs
ua
nce
of
a c
lea
n e
ne
rgy
tre
nd
.
•W
orl
dw
ide
RE
N g
en
era
tio
n c
ap
aci
ty –
1,0
10
gig
aw
att
s (2
00
7).
•R
EN
co
ntr
ibu
tes
18
% o
f ge
ne
rati
on
ca
pa
city
wo
rld
wid
e (
20
07
).•
RE
N c
on
trib
ute
s 1
8 %
of
gen
era
tio
n c
ap
aci
ty w
orl
dw
ide
(2
00
7).
•D
eve
lop
ing
co
un
trie
s h
ave
> 4
0 %
of
RE
N p
ow
er
gen
era
tio
n c
ap
aci
ty,
70
% S
WH
ca
pa
city
an
d 4
5 %
bio
fue
ls p
rod
uct
ion
.
•E
stim
ate
d t
ota
l m
ark
et
cap
ita
liza
tio
n f
or
pu
bli
cly
tra
de
d R
EN
co
mp
an
ies
–U
SD
10
0 b
illi
on
(m
idU
SD
10
0 b
illi
on
(m
id--2
00
72
00
7).
Ove
rall
in
vest
me
nts
in
clu
din
g m
ark
eti
ng
,
R&
D a
nd
ve
ntu
re c
ap
ita
list
s –
US
D 1
48
(2
00
7).
••R
EN
PR
OP
AG
AT
ION
IS
HE
AV
ILY
DE
PE
ND
EN
T O
N P
OLI
CY
SU
PP
OR
T.
RE
N P
RO
PA
GA
TIO
N I
S H
EA
VIL
Y D
EP
EN
DE
NT
ON
PO
LIC
Y S
UP
PO
RT.
N
ov2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt5
Glo
ba
l S
ha
re o
f E
ne
rgy
Co
nsu
mp
tio
nG
lob
al
Sh
are
of
En
erg
y C
on
sum
pti
on
Bio
fue
ls,
0.3
%P
ow
er
Ge
n,
0.8
%
Ho
t
Wa
ter/
He
ati
ng
,
1.3
% Larg
e H
ydro
,
3.0
%
Tra
d.
Bio
ma
ss,
13
.0%
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt6
FOS
SIL
FU
EL,
79
%
NU
CLE
AR
, 3%
RE
NE
WA
BLE
S,
18
%
En
erg
y C
ost
an
d C
om
pe
titi
ve
ne
ss.
En
erg
y C
ost
an
d C
om
pe
titi
ve
ne
ss.
••Im
pa
cts
of
en
erg
y c
ost
mu
st n
ot
be
un
de
rest
ima
ted
.Im
pa
cts
of
en
erg
y c
ost
mu
st n
ot
be
un
de
rest
ima
ted
.
••C
rud
e o
il $
$C
rud
e o
il $
$A
LLA
LLco
nsu
me
r g
oo
ds/
serv
ice
s $
$co
nsu
me
r g
oo
ds/
serv
ice
s $
$••
Cru
de
oil
$$
Cru
de
oil
$$
ALL
ALL
con
sum
er
go
od
s/se
rvic
es
$$
con
sum
er
go
od
s/se
rvic
es
$$
•W
ith
ou
t su
ffic
ien
t fi
na
nci
al
rese
rve
s g
lob
al
com
pe
titi
ve
ne
ss o
f LD
Cs,
SV
Es
an
d S
IDs
•S
ma
ll e
con
om
ies
are
vu
lne
rab
le a
nd
SD
go
als
ha
ve
be
en
se
ve
rely
ch
all
en
ge
d e
spe
cia
lly
du
rin
g t
he
re
cen
t sp
ike
of
cru
de
pri
ces.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt7
En
erg
y S
ecu
rity
.E
ne
rgy
Se
curi
ty.
•Fo
ssil
fu
el
imp
ort
s a
cco
un
ts f
or
as
mu
ch a
s 9
5%
of
tota
l p
rim
ary
9
5%
of
tota
l p
rim
ary
en
erg
ye
ne
rgy
for
som
e S
VE
s a
nd
SID
s.
•F/
X e
arn
ed
fro
m e
xpo
rts
is h
ae
mo
rrh
ag
ed
in
to f
ue
l co
sts
an
d d
eb
t
rep
ay
me
nts
.
•In
th
e g
lob
al
ma
rke
t p
lace
, LD
Cs,
SV
Es,
an
d S
IDs
are
no
t a
ble
to
com
pe
te w
ith
de
ve
lop
ed
an
d i
nd
ust
ria
lize
d n
ati
on
s o
n c
om
mo
dit
y
pri
ces,
wit
h h
igh
en
erg
y c
ost
s fo
r p
rod
uct
ion
hig
h e
ne
rgy
co
sts
for
pro
du
ctio
n, ,
low
low
vo
lum
es,
an
d
pe
rce
ive
d e
xpo
rt b
arr
iers
.
••G
rea
ter
en
erg
y s
ecu
rity
usi
ng
RE
N i
s o
ne
wa
y t
o i
mp
rov
e
Gre
ate
r e
ne
rgy
se
curi
ty u
sin
g R
EN
is
on
e w
ay
to
im
pro
ve
com
pe
titi
ve
ne
ssco
mp
eti
tiv
en
ess
..
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt8
En
erg
y S
ecu
rity
En
erg
y S
ecu
rity
•R
EN
op
tio
ns
are
a c
riti
cal
he
dge
aga
inst
tim
es
of
en
erg
y s
carc
ity.
•E
nd
ow
me
nts
are
va
rie
d a
nd
lim
ite
d.
Mo
st S
IDs,
SV
Es
an
d s
om
e L
DC
s
ma
y n
ot
ha
rne
ss >
25
–3
0%
fo
r th
e n
ati
on
al
en
erg
y m
ix.
•S
om
e R
EN
de
ma
nd
s co
mp
ete
wit
h s
oci
al
an
d e
nv
iro
nm
en
tal
de
ma
nd
s.
•S
om
e R
EN
de
ma
nd
s co
mp
ete
wit
h s
oci
al
an
d e
nv
iro
nm
en
tal
de
ma
nd
s.
E.g
. ‘A
VA
ILA
BLE
HY
DR
O R
ES
OU
RC
E’
ap
pro
xim
ate
s to
=>
{Te
chn
ica
l
Po
ten
tia
l –(e
nv
iro
nm
en
tal
+ s
an
ita
tio
n +
soci
al
or
recr
ea
tio
n d
em
an
d)
}.
•M
ust
co
nsi
de
r R
EN
AN
D E
E&
C A
PP
LIC
AT
ION
S A
S S
YN
ER
GIS
TIC
R
EN
AN
D E
E&
C A
PP
LIC
AT
ION
S A
S S
YN
ER
GIS
TIC
fo
r cl
ea
n
an
d s
ust
ain
ab
le o
utc
om
es.
••S
ELE
CT
ULT
IMA
TE
LY T
HE
RE
SO
UR
CE
S W
HIC
H W
ILL
EN
DU
RE
CLI
MA
TE
S
ELE
CT
ULT
IMA
TE
LY T
HE
RE
SO
UR
CE
S W
HIC
H W
ILL
EN
DU
RE
CLI
MA
TE
CH
AN
GE
EF
FE
CT
S.
CH
AN
GE
EF
FE
CT
S.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt9
IMP
RO
VIN
G
IMP
RO
VIN
G
CO
MP
ET
ITIV
EN
ES
S
CO
MP
ET
ITIV
EN
ES
S --
CO
MP
ET
ITIV
EN
ES
S
CO
MP
ET
ITIV
EN
ES
S --
HE
AT
& P
OW
ER
IN
DU
ST
RIE
SH
EA
T &
PO
WE
R I
ND
US
TR
IES
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt1
0
He
at
& P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
sH
ea
t &
Po
we
r In
du
stri
es
•C
on
sum
ers
of
sig
nif
ica
nt
po
we
r a
nd
he
at
sho
uld
11stst
ap
ply
en
erg
y e
ffic
ien
cy
ap
ply
en
erg
y e
ffic
ien
cy
an
d c
on
serv
ati
on
me
tho
ds
an
d c
on
serv
ati
on
me
tho
ds
(EE
&C
) to
re
du
ce e
mis
sio
ns
an
d p
ow
er
con
sum
pti
on
(im
me
dia
te t
o n
ea
r-te
rm g
ain
s).
•E
.g.
Ce
me
nt
Ma
nu
fact
uri
ng
an
d S
uga
r C
an
e I
nd
ust
ry.
–To
tal e
ne
rgy
co
st a
pp
rox.
55
% o
f th
e t
ota
l pro
du
ctio
n c
ost
s.–
Tota
l en
erg
y c
ost
ap
pro
x. 5
5%
of
the
to
tal p
rod
uct
ion
co
sts.
–P
ote
nti
al e
ne
rgy
savi
ng
10
–5
0 %
wit
h E
E&
C.
•C
HP/
Co
ge
ne
rati
on
(o
vera
ll e
ffic
ien
cy im
pro
vem
en
ts >
60
%).
•V
ari
ab
le s
pe
ed
dri
ves
(VSD
) co
up
led
to
ind
uct
ion
mo
tors
an
d w
ate
r p
um
ps
(up
to
85
% r
ed
uct
ion
in
en
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n).
•In
sula
tio
n,
corr
ect
ive
an
d p
reve
nta
tive
ma
inte
na
nce
(1
5 –
20
%).
•Ef
fici
en
t b
oile
rs a
nd
ele
ctri
c m
oto
rs (
inst
ea
d o
f m
ech
an
ica
l m
oto
rs).
••M
ult
iple
inco
me
str
ea
ms
cre
ate
s re
sili
en
ce/v
ers
ati
lity
M
ult
iple
inco
me
str
ea
ms
cre
ate
s re
sili
en
ce/v
ers
ati
lity
in c
ha
ng
ing
ma
rke
ts
–b
ioe
tha
no
l, s
uga
r, m
ola
sse
s, p
ow
er,
ba
gass
e b
oa
rd e
tc.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt1
1
He
at
& P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
sH
ea
t &
Po
we
r In
du
stri
es
•E
E&
C w
ill h
ave
a
dir
ect
be
ari
ng
on
G
HG
em
issi
on
re
du
ctio
ns.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt1
2
Jam
aic
a’s
Gre
en
Ho
use
Ga
s E
mis
sio
ns,
20
00
-2
00
5,
Cla
ud
e D
avi
s &
Ass
oci
ate
s. S
eco
nd
Na
tio
na
l C
om
mu
nic
ati
on
s –
UN
FC
CC
.
•E
mis
sio
ns
= l
ost
in
pu
ts =
re
du
ced
pro
fit
ma
rgin
s.
•E
.g.
Ce
me
nt
an
d
lim
ep
rod
uct
ion
.
He
at
& P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
sH
ea
t &
Po
we
r In
du
stri
es
•R
EN
re
sou
rce
s a
re n
ot
as
en
erg
y d
en
se a
s fo
ssil
fu
els
(FF
) a
nd
ma
y n
ot
be
as
ap
pro
pri
ate
as
fue
l fo
r th
e m
ost
en
erg
y
inte
nse
in
du
stri
es
(e.g
. b
au
xite
an
d c
em
en
t).
•W
he
re p
ract
ica
l, R
EN
(e
.g.
FUE
LWO
OD
PLA
NTA
TIO
NS
FUE
LWO
OD
PLA
NTA
TIO
NS
) a
nd
E
E&
C s
ho
uld
be
ap
pli
ed
(e
.g.
suga
r ca
ne
in
du
stry
):E
E&
C s
ho
uld
be
ap
pli
ed
(e
.g.
suga
r ca
ne
in
du
stry
):–
Re
du
ceC
OC
O22
em
issi
on
s e
mis
sio
ns
pro
du
ced
by
C-r
ich
FFs
.
–P
ote
nti
al C
OC
O22
red
uct
ion
re
du
ctio
n (
80
+%
Ca
rbo
n-c
losu
re–
fro
m b
iom
ass
an
d
gre
en
ha
rve
stin
g).
–In
cre
ase
em
plo
yme
nt
em
plo
yme
nt
(so
cia
l a
nd
eco
no
mic
ga
ins)
.
–Im
pro
ve e
ne
rgy
secu
rity
e
ne
rgy
secu
rity
in t
he
me
diu
m t
erm
(<
5 y
ea
rs)
thro
ug
h
imp
ort
su
bst
itu
tio
n a
nd
div
ers
ific
ati
on
.
–C
lose
ga
ps
be
twe
en
cu
rre
nt
an
d f
utu
re e
ne
rgy
de
ma
nd
s.
–D
ua
l fu
els
to
re
du
ce $
/kW
h a
nd
imp
rove
fin
an
cia
l bo
tto
m li
ne
.
–R
ed
uce
FX
flig
ht.
–S
pe
cie
s to
lera
nt
to d
rou
gh
t a
nd
so
me
sa
lin
ity
.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt1
3
He
at
an
d P
ow
er
-S
uga
r In
du
stry
:
•F
ue
lwo
od
+ b
aga
sse
(In
tern
al
+ E
xpo
rt p
ow
er
= 1
5 M
W).
•P
lan
tati
on
> 8
,00
0 H
a;
17
0,0
00
t/y
ea
r; 5
0 M
Tre
es
[5 y
rs]
•To
tal G
en
era
tio
n =
19
0,0
00
,00
0 k
Wh
-yr.
He
at
& P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
sH
ea
t &
Po
we
r In
du
stri
es
Cli
ma
te C
ha
nge
Ad
ap
tati
on
& M
itig
ati
on
Be
ne
fits
:
•A
void
ed
CO
2p
er
an
nu
m (
24
8 M
lit
res
of
die
sel)
=
75
5,0
00
to
ns
CO
2.
•C
O2
seq
ue
ste
red
= 4
80
,00
0 t
on
s C
O2
.(8
0%
C-c
losu
re b
y
tre
es
& c
an
e;
15
yrs
).
•S
oil
pro
tect
ion
fro
m f
req
ue
nt
sto
rm/f
loo
d e
ven
ts.
•M
ain
tain
s so
il m
ois
ture
–g
rou
nd
co
ver,
dro
ug
ht
tole
ran
t
spe
cie
s, g
row
on
ma
rgin
al
lan
ds
(e.g
. P
rosp
is,
Leu
cae
na
,
Ca
ssia
) a
nd
en
ha
nce
wa
ters
he
ds.
He
at
& P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
sH
ea
t &
Po
we
r In
du
stri
es
••P
OW
ER
P
OW
ER
GE
NE
RA
TIO
N
GE
NE
RA
TIO
N is
a
pri
ma
ry
con
trib
uto
r to
CO
2
em
issi
on
s d
ue
to
foss
il f
ue
l u
se.
•G
en
era
tio
n c
an
acc
ou
nt
for
66
%
(e.g
. Tr
inid
ad
) a
nd
ap
pro
ach
ing
10
0 %
(e.g
. B
ah
am
as,
St.
Luci
a)
of
tota
l C
O2
Em
issi
on
(T
rotz
,
20
07
).
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt1
5
Jam
aic
a’s
Gre
en
Ho
use
Ga
s E
mis
sio
ns,
20
00
-2
00
5,
Cla
ud
e
Da
vis
& A
sso
cia
tes.
Se
con
d N
ati
on
al
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
ns
–
UN
FC
CC
.
He
at
& P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
sH
ea
t &
Po
we
r In
du
stri
es
•Fo
r th
e p
ow
er
sect
or,
eff
icie
nt
en
erg
y u
se w
ou
ld
incl
ud
e:
–M
eri
t o
rde
r d
isp
atc
h f
or
mo
re e
ffic
ien
t ge
ne
rato
rs (
or
IPP
)
for
ba
se lo
ad
s.
–A
pp
lica
tio
n o
f C
HP/
co-g
en
/co
mb
ine
d c
ycle
(IG
CC
etc
).–
Ap
plic
ati
on
of
CH
P/co
-ge
n/c
om
bin
ed
cyc
le (
IGC
C e
tc).
–R
ese
rve
ga
s fo
r id
en
tifi
ed
pe
ak
loa
ds
(C
C o
r co
gen
era
tio
n
to in
cre
ase
eff
icie
ncy
).
–G
en
era
tio
n,
dis
trib
uti
on
an
d t
ran
smis
sio
n c
an
be
re
du
ced
by
30
% u
sin
g s
up
ply
-sid
e m
an
ag
em
en
t p
roje
cts
(e.g
. 1
4
Sou
th P
aci
fic
AC
P u
tilit
ies)
.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt1
6
He
at
& P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
s H
ea
t &
Po
we
r In
du
stri
es
CAPACITY
Installed Capacity
(23
Ne
gM
icro
n V
est
a
X 9
00
kW
)
20.7 M
W
Average Output
7.0 M
W
Estimated M
anual Output
62.97 GWH
••W
IND
WIN
Dis
cri
tica
l to
th
e p
ow
er
sect
or
-ze
ro e
mis
sio
ns
an
d
zero
em
issi
on
s a
nd
en
erg
y s
ecu
rity
.e
ne
rgy
se
curi
ty.
•W
ind
re
sou
rce
po
ten
tia
ls a
re
site
sp
eci
fic
(e.g
. C
ari
bb
ea
n a
nd
pa
cifi
c SI
Ds)
.
•M
ay
no
t b
e d
isru
pte
d b
y
clim
ate
ch
an
ge.
Dav
id B
arre
tt -
Sep
t 200
517
Estimated CO
2 Reduction
52,250 tCO
52,250 tCO
22e per yr.
e per yr.
PROJECT FINANCING
NCB Bank Loan
US$ 16 M
illion
Netherlands Government
US$ 6.6 M
illion
Grant
EUR 5.87 M
illion
PCJ Equity
US$ 3.2 M
illion
TOTAL FINANCING
US$ 25.8 M
illion
Est
ima
tes
–E
coSe
curi
tie
s, 2
00
6;
PC
J 2
00
5.
clim
ate
ch
an
ge.
•C
lim
ate
ch
an
ge a
gre
em
en
ts
ma
y i
ncr
ea
se C
DM
pro
ject
po
ten
tia
ls.
He
at
& P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
sH
ea
t &
Po
we
r In
du
stri
es
•D
ive
rsio
n t
yp
e H
YD
RO
PO
WE
R S
YS
TE
MS
H
YD
RO
PO
WE
R S
YS
TE
MS
are
su
ite
d t
o m
an
y S
IDs,
LDC
s a
nd
SV
Es
–le
ss e
xpe
nsi
ve
, e
asi
er
to c
on
stru
ct,
less
dis
rup
tiv
e
soci
all
y a
nd
en
vir
on
me
nta
lly
an
d z
ero
CO
2e
mis
sio
ns.
••In
ten
se a
nd
lo
ng
er
dro
ug
hts
Inte
nse
an
d l
on
ge
r d
rou
gh
tsm
ay
re
du
ce g
en
era
tio
n p
ote
nti
al
ov
er
tim
e.
tim
e.
••R
ed
uce
d e
ne
rgy
im
po
rts
an
d G
HG
em
issi
on
s:R
ed
uce
d e
ne
rgy
im
po
rts
an
d G
HG
em
issi
on
s:
––E
.g. 2
1.5
MW
; a
pp
rox.
88
GW
h.
E.g
. 21
.5 M
W;
ap
pro
x. 8
8G
Wh
.
––E
stim
ate
d s
avi
ng
of
17
2,0
00
bb
ls c
rud
e/a
nn
um
.E
stim
ate
d s
avi
ng
of
17
2,0
00
bb
ls c
rud
e/a
nn
um
.
––A
void
ed
16
2,0
00
to
nn
es
of
CO
Avo
ide
d 1
62
,00
0 t
on
ne
s o
f C
O22
[No
. 4
Fu
el
oil
/Die
sel]
.[N
o.
4 F
ue
l o
il/D
iese
l].
––P
ote
nti
all
y s
av
ing
s o
f U
SD
19
.8 M
Po
ten
tia
lly
sa
vin
gs
of
US
D 1
9.8
M@
US
D1
15
/bb
l*.(
*@
US
D1
15
/bb
l*.(
*2
1/8
/20
08
21
/8/2
00
8).).
••H
yd
ro is
use
d t
o r
ed
uce
$/k
Wh
an
d i
ncr
ea
se p
rofi
tab
ilit
y.
Hy
dro
is u
sed
to
re
du
ce $
/kW
h a
nd
in
cre
ase
pro
fita
bil
ity.
60
6
0 --
90
% e
ffic
ien
t a
nd
10
yr
pa
yb
ack
.9
0%
eff
icie
nt
an
d 1
0 y
r p
ay
ba
ck.
Se
pt2
00
8B
arr
ett
18
He
at
& P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
s H
ea
t &
Po
we
r In
du
stri
es
•W
TE
-la
nd
fill
ga
s a
nd
w
ast
ew
ate
r/se
we
rag
e f
or
po
we
r ca
n
imp
rov
e e
ne
rgy
se
curi
ty.
••C
HC
H44
cap
ture
an
d u
tili
zati
on
ca
ptu
re a
nd
uti
liza
tio
n -
po
ten
tia
l G
HG
tra
din
g f
ina
nci
ng
.
•Li
mit
ed
by
lo
w v
olu
me
flo
ws
in S
IDs
an
d
dis
org
an
ise
d d
isp
osa
l si
tes.
–E
.g.
Ja
ma
ica
–d
isp
osa
l of
ap
pro
x.
95
0,0
00
to
nn
es/
yr.
–O
rga
nic
co
nte
nt
is a
pp
roxi
ma
tely
65
%
wit
h a
po
ten
tia
l fo
r ge
ne
rati
ng
15
MW
a
t U
S$ 0
.08
ce
nts
/kW
h.
WT
E
WT
E --
Un
aff
ect
ed
by
cli
ma
te c
ha
nge
wit
h p
ote
nti
al
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
for
pro
ject
U
na
ffe
cte
d b
y c
lim
ate
ch
an
ge w
ith
po
ten
tia
l o
pp
ort
un
itie
s fo
r p
roje
ct
fin
an
cin
g,
en
erg
y s
ecu
rity
, e
mp
loy
me
nt
an
d s
tru
ctu
red
wa
ste
ma
na
gem
en
t.
fin
an
cin
g,
en
erg
y s
ecu
rity
, e
mp
loy
me
nt
an
d s
tru
ctu
red
wa
ste
ma
na
gem
en
t.
Est
. 4
2 G
gin
20
05
Jam
aic
a’s
Gre
en
Ho
use
Ga
s E
mis
sio
ns,
20
00
-2
00
5,
Cla
ud
e D
avi
s &
Ass
oci
ate
s. S
eco
nd
Na
tio
na
l
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
ns
–U
NFC
CC
.
He
at
& P
ow
er
Ind
ust
rie
s H
ea
t &
Po
we
r In
du
stri
es
••G
EO
TH
ER
MA
LG
EO
TH
ER
MA
Ln
eg
lig
ible
GH
G e
mis
sio
ns
(CO
2).
•P
roce
ss h
ea
t q
ua
liti
es
no
t a
vail
ab
le i
n a
ll L
DC
s, S
VE
s a
nd
S
IDs.
•U
na
ffe
cte
d b
y c
lim
ate
ch
an
ge
.•
Un
aff
ect
ed
by
cli
ma
te c
ha
ng
e.
•P
ote
nti
al
for
dis
pla
cin
g s
ign
ific
an
t a
mo
un
t o
f FF
fo
r h
ea
t a
nd
p
ow
er.
••In
tra
Intr
a--r
eg
ion
al
exp
ort
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
reg
ion
al
exp
ort
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
(e.g
. N
ev
is t
ota
l p
ote
nti
al
for
90
0M
W;
pla
ns
for
50
MW
pla
nt
an
d s
ale
of
35
MW
to
n
eg
hb
ou
rs).
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt2
0
Ge
ne
rati
on
Em
issi
on
s G
en
era
tio
n E
mis
sio
ns
--P
ou
nd
s o
f C
OP
ou
nd
s o
f C
O22
pe
r M
illi
on
Btu
pe
r M
illi
on
Btu
Co
al…
Pe
tco
ke
Wo
od
/Wo
od
Wa
ste
Mu
nic
ipa
l S.W
.
Win
d/S
ola
r/G
eo
the
rm.
Ge
oth
erm
al =
9.1
8 x
10
-4lb
/Mil
lio
n B
tu
05
01
00
15
02
00
25
0
Dis
till
ate
Fu
el …
Re
sid
ua
l Fu
el …
LPG
Na
tura
l Ga
s…
Lan
dfi
ll G
as
Co
al…
Se
pt2
00
8B
arr
ett
21
EIA
–“V
olu
nta
ry R
ep
ort
ing
of
Gre
en
ho
use
Ga
ses
Pro
gra
m F
ue
l &
En
erg
y S
ou
rce
Co
de
s &
Em
issi
on
Co
eff
icie
nts
”
Po
un
ds
CO
2/m
illio
n B
tu
OP
PO
RT
UN
ITIE
S
OP
PO
RT
UN
ITIE
S ––
CO
MM
ER
CIA
L O
PE
RA
TIO
NS
CO
MM
ER
CIA
L O
PE
RA
TIO
NS
CO
MM
ER
CIA
L O
PE
RA
TIO
NS
CO
MM
ER
CIA
L O
PE
RA
TIO
NS
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt2
2
Co
mm
erc
ial
Op
era
tio
ns
Co
mm
erc
ial
Op
era
tio
ns
SO
LAR
SO
LAR
is p
is p
oss
ibly
th
e m
ost
re
sili
en
t a
nd
ub
iqu
ito
us
do
me
stic
a
nd
co
mm
erc
ial a
pp
lica
tio
n.
•P
ho
tov
olt
aic
-P
ow
er.
–R
eso
urc
e is
un
aff
ect
ed
by
cli
ma
te c
ha
nge
.– –
Zero
em
issi
on
an
d a
void
ed
CO
2.
(E.g
. 1
.52
KW
PV
sys
tem
avo
ids
an
nu
ally
, 4
65
.90
lbs
CO
2;
0.9
0 lb
s N
Ox.
; 2
.56
lb S
Ox;
3.9
6 m
g H
g).
–E
qu
ipm
en
t w
arr
an
tee
aga
inst
in
cre
asi
ng
ly s
eve
re s
torm
eve
nts
.
–C
riti
cal b
ack
up
po
we
r a
fte
r re
pe
ate
d s
eve
re s
torm
eve
nts
.
–M
od
ula
r t
o p
rovi
de
incr
em
en
tally
aff
ord
ab
le c
om
me
rcia
l p
ow
er
(e.g
. h
osp
ita
ls,
na
vy,
sch
oo
ls,
an
d e
lect
rici
ty f
aci
litie
s in
Ha
wa
ii a
nd
Ma
rsh
all
Isla
nd
s) o
r d
om
est
ic s
up
ply
.
––O
pp
ort
un
itie
s fo
r so
me
re
gio
na
l m
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g a
nd
sa
les.
O
pp
ort
un
itie
s fo
r so
me
re
gio
na
l m
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g a
nd
sa
les.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt2
3
Co
mm
erc
ial
Op
era
tio
ns
Co
mm
erc
ial
Op
era
tio
ns
Tou
rism
, C
om
me
rcia
l Bu
ild
ing
s a
nd
Cri
tica
l S
erv
ice
s To
uri
sm,
Co
mm
erc
ial B
uil
din
gs
an
d C
riti
cal
Se
rvic
es
--S
ola
r S
ola
r T
he
rma
l:T
he
rma
l:–
Zero
em
issi
on
s a
nd
avo
ide
d e
mis
sio
ns.
1
00
lite
r sy
ste
m c
ou
ld a
void
1
00
lite
r sy
ste
m c
ou
ld a
void
e
mis
sio
n o
f 1
.5 t
on
es
of
CO
em
issi
on
of
1.5
to
ne
s o
f C
O22/y
r./y
r.
–C
om
me
rcia
l SW
H c
an
re
pla
ce a
pp
rox
20
2
0 ––
30
% o
f h
ote
l e
lect
rici
ty
30
% o
f h
ote
l e
lect
rici
ty
cost
s. 2
co
sts.
2 ––
3 y
r p
ay
ba
ck.
3 y
r p
ay
ba
ck.
cost
s. 2
co
sts.
2 ––
3 y
r p
ay
ba
ck.
3 y
r p
ay
ba
ck.
–P
oss
ible
eff
icie
ncy
incr
ea
se w
ith
te
mp
era
ture
in
cre
ase
(n
ow
60
% –
80
% e
ffic
ien
t)..
––B
ack
up
he
at
an
d w
ate
r st
ora
ge
Ba
cku
p h
ea
t a
nd
wa
ter
sto
rage
fo
r re
pe
ate
d s
eve
re s
torm
eve
nts
.
––E
xte
rna
l O
pp
ort
un
ity
E
xte
rna
l O
pp
ort
un
ity
fo
r m
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g a
nd
exp
ort
to
tro
pic
al a
nd
te
mp
era
te r
eg
ion
s (e
.g.
So
lar
Dyn
am
ics,
Aq
ua
So
l, S
un
Po
we
r).
–P
reh
ea
tin
g a
nd
ho
t w
ate
r fo
r a
gro
-in
du
stry
, h
osp
ita
ls a
nd
co
mm
erc
ial
bu
ildin
gs.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt2
4
Co
mm
erc
ial
Op
era
tio
ns
Co
mm
erc
ial
Op
era
tio
ns
e.g
. To
uri
sm S
ect
or
red
uce
d i
mp
act
s, o
pe
rati
on
al
cost
s a
nd
v
uln
era
bil
ity
to
pri
ce s
ho
cks
by
co
mb
inin
g R
EN
an
d E
E&
C.
–H
igh
pro
po
rtio
n o
f n
ati
on
al e
ne
rgy
con
sum
pti
on
(e
.g.
34
% o
f S
t. L
uci
a
ele
ctri
city
su
pp
ly)
con
sum
ing
ap
pro
x 7
0%
of
tota
l uti
lity
cost
.
–R
ed
uce
ele
ctri
city
10
-2
4%
/g
ue
st/n
igh
t a
nd
ove
rall
sa
vin
gs
of
19
% t
ota
l e
lect
rici
ty u
se.
•M
oti
on
/occ
up
an
cy s
en
sors
(1
0%
).
•In
sula
tio
n a
nd
sp
ace
co
nd
itio
nin
g
(10
%).
•E
ne
rgy
eff
icie
nt
an
d p
ass
ive
lig
hti
ng
an
d r
etr
ofi
ts (
40
% s
avi
ng
s)
•V
ari
ab
le s
pe
ed
mo
tors
an
d p
ow
er
fact
or
corr
ect
ion
.
•P
reve
nta
tive
/co
rre
ctiv
e m
ain
ten
an
ce (
15
–2
0%
).
•Im
ple
me
nti
ng
en
erg
y a
ud
its
reco
mm
en
da
tio
ns.
––E
coE
co--r
ati
ng
ma
y a
ttra
ct n
ew
to
uri
st $
$ a
nd
in
cre
me
nta
l e
con
om
ic g
ain
. ra
tin
g m
ay
att
ract
ne
w t
ou
rist
$$
an
d i
ncr
em
en
tal
eco
no
mic
ga
in.
–P
ayb
ack
pe
rio
d 4
–1
8 m
on
ths
an
d c
ost
sa
vin
g o
f p
ote
nti
ally
38
% o
f e
lect
rici
ty c
ost
ove
rall.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt2
5
Co
mm
erc
ial
Op
era
tio
ns
Co
mm
erc
ial
Op
era
tio
ns
•In
teg
rate
d B
uil
din
g D
esi
gn
fo
r C
om
me
rcia
l an
d R
esi
de
nti
al
sett
ing
s:
–U
pst
rea
m in
corp
ora
tio
n o
f E
E a
nd
RE
N in
to b
uild
ing
de
sig
n [
(e.g
.
En
erg
y E
ffic
ien
cy B
uild
ing
Co
de
(E
EB
C)
or
Lea
de
rsh
ip in
En
erg
y
Eff
icie
ncy
De
sig
n (
LEE
DS
)],
use
d b
y th
e b
uild
ing
ind
ust
ry c
an
;
•R
ed
uce
en
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n b
y 3
0 –
36
% /
an
nu
m.
•R
ed
uce
en
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n b
y 3
0 –
36
% /
an
nu
m.
•Sh
ave
ele
ctri
city
pe
ak
de
ma
nd
by
24
–2
9 %
/an
nu
m.
•R
ed
uce
d e
mis
sio
ns.
–O
nly
~ 5
% in
cre
ase
in
bu
ildin
g c
ost
.
––E
FF
ICIE
NC
Y M
EA
NS
E
FF
ICIE
NC
Y M
EA
NS
LE
SS
SU
SC
EP
TAB
ILIT
Y
LES
S S
US
CE
PTA
BIL
ITY
TO
EN
ER
GY
IM
PO
RT
T
O E
NE
RG
Y I
MP
OR
T
SH
OC
KS
(e
.g.
rese
rve
ca
pa
city
wh
en
su
pp
ly i
s d
isru
pte
d b
y s
torm
s)
SH
OC
KS
(e
.g.
rese
rve
ca
pa
city
wh
en
su
pp
ly i
s d
isru
pte
d b
y s
torm
s)
WIT
H R
ED
UC
ED
CO
NT
RIB
UT
ION
S T
O G
HG
EM
ISS
ION
S.
WIT
H R
ED
UC
ED
CO
NT
RIB
UT
ION
S T
O G
HG
EM
ISS
ION
S.
Se
pt2
00
8B
arr
ett
26
Co
mm
erc
ial
Op
era
tio
ns
Co
mm
erc
ial
Op
era
tio
ns
•LD
Cs,
SV
Es
an
d S
IDs
ne
ed
to
up
da
te r
efr
ige
ran
ts.
••O
lde
r R
Old
er
R--1
34
a r
efr
ige
ran
t h
as
a G
lob
al
Wa
rmin
g
13
4a
re
frig
era
nt
ha
s a
Glo
ba
l W
arm
ing
P
ote
nti
al
(GW
P)
of
3,8
30
ov
er
20
yrs
.P
ote
nti
al
(GW
P)
of
3,8
30
ov
er
20
yrs
.
•N
ew
er
DU
RA
CO
OL®
12
aD
UR
AC
OO
L® 1
2a
is G
WP
ne
gli
gib
le.
•C
oo
ls b
ett
er
tha
n R
-13
4a
an
d u
p t
o 3
5%
mo
re
35
% m
ore
e
ne
rgy
eff
icie
nt.
en
erg
y e
ffic
ien
t.
•C
oo
ls m
arg
ina
lly
be
tte
r th
an
ozo
ne
de
ple
tin
g C
FC-1
2
an
d m
od
era
tely
mo
re e
ffic
ien
t th
an
CFC
-12
(D
ura
coo
l.co
m,
20
08
).
Se
pt2
00
8B
arr
ett
27
CO
ST
/ B
EN
EF
IT
CO
ST
/ B
EN
EF
IT --
RE
NE
WA
BLE
EN
ER
GY
RE
NE
WA
BLE
EN
ER
GY
TE
CH
NO
LOG
YT
EC
HN
OLO
GY
CA
PIT
AL
CO
ST
(US
D/M
W)
EA
RN
ING
S
(US
D/M
W)
PA
YB
AC
K
PE
RIO
D
(YR
S)
AV
OID
ED
CA
RB
ON
EM
ISS
ION
S
(TO
NN
ES
/KW
H)
WIN
DW
IND
2,7
13
,90
03
04
,15
49
2,4
84
SO
LAR
SO
LAR
5,7
00
,00
02
79
,55
42
01
,02
3
HY
DR
OH
YD
RO
2,5
00
,00
06
61
,98
34
5,4
06
WT
EW
TE
2,3
63
,63
65
48
,99
34
3,7
99
TE
CH
NO
LOG
YT
EC
HN
OLO
GY
CA
PIT
AL
CO
ST
(US
D/M
.GA
LLO
NS
)
EA
RN
ING
S
(US
D/M
GA
L)
PA
YB
AC
K
PE
RIO
D
(MT
HS
)
AV
OID
ED
CA
RB
ON
EM
ISS
ION
S
(TO
NN
ES
/MG
AL)
BIO
DIE
SE
LB
IOD
IES
EL
72
3,8
71
5,6
77
,50
01
.53
3,7
57
(CE
RE
, 2
00
8)
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt2
8
OP
PO
RT
UN
ITIE
S
OP
PO
RT
UN
ITIE
S --
TR
AN
SP
OR
TAT
ION
T
RA
NS
PO
RTA
TIO
N
TR
AN
SP
OR
TAT
ION
T
RA
NS
PO
RTA
TIO
N
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt2
9
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
••LO
CA
L LO
CA
L b
iofu
els
bio
fue
lsa
re
are
a h
ed
ge
aga
inst
ext
ern
al
sho
cks
a h
ed
ge
aga
inst
ext
ern
al
sho
cks
such
as
cru
de
pri
ce s
pik
es
stim
ula
ted
by
sto
rms
in t
he
Gu
lf o
f M
exi
co.
•N
ea
r-te
rm m
ea
ns
of
ach
iev
ing
str
ing
en
t fu
el
ha
rmo
niz
ati
on
o
bje
ctiv
es
fue
l sp
eci
fica
tio
n t
ren
ds
for
ve
hic
les
fro
m
ob
ject
ive
s fu
el
spe
cifi
cati
on
tre
nd
s fo
r v
eh
icle
s fr
om
d
ev
elo
pe
d/i
nd
ust
ria
l n
ati
on
s. (
e.g
. Ja
pa
n,
Sin
gap
ore
, U
SA
d
om
est
ic e
xpo
rts
to C
ari
bb
ea
n r
eg
ion
).
••C
ON
TR
IBU
TIO
N T
O C
LIM
AT
E C
HA
NG
E S
OLU
TIO
NS
CO
NT
RIB
UT
ION
TO
CLI
MA
TE
CH
AN
GE
SO
LUT
ION
S.
••M
AJO
R I
NT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
L T
RA
DE
AN
D E
MP
LOY
ME
NT
M
AJO
R I
NT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
L T
RA
DE
AN
D E
MP
LOY
ME
NT
O
PP
OR
TU
NIT
Y
OP
PO
RT
UN
ITY
(e
spe
cia
lly
un
skil
led
, u
ne
mp
loy
ed
pe
op
les)
.
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
. Tr
an
spo
rta
tio
n.
••B
IOB
IO--O
IL c
rop
s tr
ad
ed
ove
r $
10
0 b
illi
on
/yr,
> 7
0 M
t a
nd
pre
dic
ted
to
re
ach
O
IL c
rop
s tr
ad
ed
ove
r $
10
0 b
illi
on
/yr,
> 7
0 M
t a
nd
pre
dic
ted
to
re
ach
ove
r 1
00
Mt
pe
r y
ea
r b
y 2
01
0
ove
r 1
00
Mt
pe
r y
ea
r b
y 2
01
0 (
Mu
rph
y 1
99
6).
•7
5%
ed
ible
s (s
oy
be
an
, o
il p
alm
, ra
pe
see
d,
sun
flo
we
r) =
> P
OT
EN
TIA
L
FOO
D S
EC
UR
ITY
IS
SU
ES
•1
5%
ole
och
em
ica
ls,
(e.g
. tr
an
spo
rt f
ue
ls).
(M
urp
hy,
D.J
. 1
99
9).
••B
IOD
IES
EL
BIO
DIE
SE
L --
B2
0
B2
0 r
ed
uce
s to
tal
hy
dro
carb
on
em
issi
on
s, N
Ox,
SO
x, C
O,
TS
P,
PM
10.
••B
10
0B
10
0re
du
ces
ne
t C
O2
by
78
% d
ue
to
ca
rbo
n r
ecy
clin
g b
y t
he
so
y p
lan
ts.
•N
et
CO
CO
22e
mis
sio
ns
are
re
du
ced
by
15
.66
%.
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
.Tr
an
spo
rta
tio
n.
••B
iod
iese
lB
iod
iese
l-
Dir
ect
ad
dit
ive
/ble
nd
, g
rea
ter
lub
rici
ty,
an
d
2%
hig
he
r fu
el
eff
icie
ncy
th
an
pe
tro
leu
m d
iese
l.
•Lo
w in
fra
stru
ctu
ral
inte
gra
tio
n c
ost
s.
•E
.g.
Jath
rop
ha
sacc
ha
rum
–in
he
ren
t re
sili
en
ces
to
som
e c
lim
ate
ch
an
ge
im
pa
cts.
–S
tab
iliz
es
or
rev
ers
es
de
sert
ific
ati
on
rev
ers
es
de
sert
ific
ati
on
.
––D
rou
gh
tD
rou
gh
t--re
sist
an
tre
sist
an
t,
salt
to
lera
nt,
min
ima
l ir
riga
tio
n.
–Su
ita
ble
fo
r tr
op
ics
an
d s
ub
-tro
pic
s (a
nn
ua
l ra
infa
ll 3
00
to
1,0
00
m
m).
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
.Tr
an
spo
rta
tio
n.
DR
IVE
RS
:
•H
igh
oil
pri
ces.
Na
tio
na
l
cost
sa
vin
gs.
•A
gro
-in
du
stry
pro
fita
bil
ity.
•E
ne
rgy
se
curi
ty
STA
TU
S:
•R
ap
id g
row
th o
f FU
EL
ET
HA
NO
LFU
EL
ET
HA
NO
L
•U
.S.
an
d B
razi
l a
re t
he
le
ad
ers
.
•
con
sid
era
tio
ns
(fu
el
div
ers
ific
ati
on
, sw
itch
ing
an
d s
up
ply
) .
•E
tha
no
l ta
x in
cen
tiv
es.
•Im
pro
ve
d t
ech
no
log
y -
low
er
cost
s o
f e
tha
no
l
pro
du
ctio
n.
•C
lim
ate
ch
an
ge
co
nce
rns.
No
v2
00
8ICTSD-Barrett
33
•N
ew
pro
du
cers
-A
sia
an
d L
ati
n
Am
eri
ca e
tc.
•S
IDs
an
d L
DC
s ca
n p
art
icip
ate
(e.g
. C
ub
an
po
ten
tia
l ~
3.0
bil
lio
n g
al.
pe
r a
nn
um
fro
m
suga
r. J
am
aic
a p
rod
uct
ion
of
fue
l e
tha
no
l 7
0 –
80
mil
lio
n
gall
on
s/a
nn
um
fo
r e
xpa
nsi
on
.
Wo
rld
Eth
an
ol
Pro
du
ctio
n F
ore
cast
20
08
-2
01
2 Mil
lio
ns
of
Ga
llo
ns
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
CA
GR
, %
Bra
zil
4,9
88
5,2
38
5,4
89
5,7
39
5,9
90
2.8
0%
U.S
.6
,19
86
,85
87
,51
88
,17
88
,83
85
.70
%
Ch
ina
1,0
75
1,1
01
1,1
28
1,1
54
1,1
81
1.4
0%
Ind
ia5
31
55
15
71
59
16
11
2.2
0%
Fra
nce
28
53
01
31
73
33
34
93
.20
%
Sp
ain
16
31
84
20
62
27
24
96
.90
%
Ge
rma
ny
31
93
81
44
45
06
56
99
.70
%
Ca
na
da
23
02
76
32
23
68
41
49
.90
%
Ind
on
esi
a7
68
49
21
00
10
85
.60
%
Ita
ly5
05
35
55
86
02
.80
%
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt3
4
Ita
ly5
05
35
55
86
02
.80
%
Re
st o
f th
e W
orl
d2
,30
22
,54
82
,79
43
,04
03
,28
65
.70
%
Wo
rld
To
tals
16
,21
51
7,5
74
18
,93
42
0,2
93
21
,65
34
.60
%
So
urc
e:
Ma
rke
t R
ese
arc
h A
na
lyst
® 2
00
8
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
••In
cre
ase
d e
ne
rgy
se
curi
ty,
em
plo
ym
en
t In
cre
ase
d e
ne
rgy
se
curi
ty,
em
plo
ym
en
t
an
d G
HG
re
du
ctio
n (
Ca
nd
GH
G r
ed
uct
ion
(C
--fix
ing
) a
nd
pro
ject
fi
xin
g)
an
d p
roje
ct
fun
din
gfu
nd
ing
.
–E
.g. J
am
aic
a’s
mo
tor
veh
icle
fle
et
usi
ng
E1
0 c
an
co
nsu
me
ap
pro
xim
ate
ly 6
8
mill
ion
lite
rs o
f e
tha
no
l (a
pp
rox
10
,00
0
ha
of
can
e o
r 8
00
,00
0 t
of
suga
r ca
ne
).h
a o
f ca
ne
or
80
0,0
00
t o
f su
gar
can
e).
•E
stim
ate
d t
o p
ote
nti
all
y r
ed
uce
GH
G
imp
act
fo
r Ja
ma
ica
by
4%
.
•E
stim
ate
d t
o p
rod
uce
3%
le
ss G
HG
em
issi
on
s in
mil
es
tra
vell
ed
/ga
llo
n.
••Im
pro
ve p
rofi
tab
ilit
y o
f re
fin
ery
an
d a
gro
Imp
rove
pro
fita
bil
ity
of
refi
ne
ry a
nd
ag
ro--
ind
ust
ry o
pe
rati
on
. in
du
stry
op
era
tio
n.
Sou
rce
-P
etr
oja
m E
tha
no
l Ltd
., 2
00
8.
Sou
rce
–Ja
ma
ica
Bro
ile
rs E
tha
no
l, 2
00
8.
So
urc
e –
Da
vid
Ha
rris
Jr.
, G
en
era
l Ma
na
ge
r Tr
an
spo
rta
tio
n S
erv
ice
s, H
arv
ard
Un
ive
rsit
y. 2
00
6Se
pt2
00
8B
arr
ett
36
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
.Tr
an
spo
rta
tio
n.
•Ja
ma
ica
qu
ali
fie
s u
nd
er
CB
I a
nd
CB
ER
A*
fo
r th
e e
xem
pti
on
of
du
ty
in t
he
exp
ort
ati
on
of
fue
l g
rad
e e
tha
no
l in
to t
he
US
(U
S$
0.5
4 p
er
gall
on
im
po
rt d
uty
wa
ive
d).
•Ta
riff
ap
pli
es
to B
razi
lia
n e
tha
no
l so
Ja
ma
ica
ta
kes
ad
van
tag
e o
f Ja
ma
ica
ta
kes
ad
van
tag
e o
f ta
riff
ad
van
tag
e t
o a
ttra
ct B
razi
lia
n c
ap
ita
l.
tari
ff a
dva
nta
ge
to
att
ract
Bra
zili
an
ca
pit
al.
(W
ill
Bra
zil
uti
lize
(W
ill
Bra
zil
uti
lize
si
mil
ar
rou
tes
to E
U m
ark
ets
wit
h S
VE
s tr
ad
e b
en
efi
ts).
sim
ila
r ro
ute
s to
EU
ma
rke
ts w
ith
SV
Es
tra
de
be
ne
fits
).ta
riff
ad
van
tag
e t
o a
ttra
ct B
razi
lia
n c
ap
ita
l.
tari
ff a
dva
nta
ge
to
att
ract
Bra
zili
an
ca
pit
al.
(W
ill
Bra
zil
uti
lize
(W
ill
Bra
zil
uti
lize
si
mil
ar
rou
tes
to E
U m
ark
ets
wit
h S
VE
s tr
ad
e b
en
efi
ts).
sim
ila
r ro
ute
s to
EU
ma
rke
ts w
ith
SV
Es
tra
de
be
ne
fits
).
•P
resi
de
nt
Ele
ct O
ba
ma
su
pp
ort
s su
bsi
die
s fo
r d
om
est
ic U
S c
orn
e
tha
no
l a
nd
ta
riff
s o
n i
mp
ort
ed
su
gar
can
e e
tha
no
l.
•C
BE
RA
un
ila
tera
l a
rra
ng
em
en
t co
uld
be
je
op
ard
ize
d w
he
n t
he
a
rra
ng
em
en
t co
me
s u
p a
gain
fo
r e
xte
nsi
on
in
20
10
.
•O
pp
ort
un
itie
s th
rou
gh
EP
A a
nd
oth
er
win
do
ws?
?
*C
ari
bb
ea
n B
asi
n I
nit
iati
ve;
Ca
rib
be
an
Ba
sin
Eco
no
mic
Re
cove
ry A
ct
.
PO
LIC
Y A
CT
ION
S A
ND
P
OLI
CY
AC
TIO
NS
AN
D
FIN
AN
CIN
GFI
NA
NC
ING
FIN
AN
CIN
GFI
NA
NC
ING
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt3
8
Po
licy
Act
ion
sP
oli
cy A
ctio
ns
•R
em
ova
l o
f m
ark
et
dis
tort
ion
s (b
arr
iers
) e
.g.
to a
chie
ve
fo
llo
win
g:
–S
tan
da
rdiz
ed
PPA
s,
–A
void
ed
co
st f
or
serv
ice
s.
–R
ed
uce
/elim
ina
te F
F s
ub
sid
ies.
•In
cre
ase
d e
ne
rgy
se
curi
ty a
nd
en
vir
on
me
nta
l o
bje
ctiv
es
thro
ug
h
fue
l a
nd
so
urc
e d
ive
rsif
ica
tio
n,
incr
ea
sin
g i
nd
ige
no
us
sup
ply
, a
nd
fu
el
an
d s
ou
rce
div
ers
ific
ati
on
, in
cre
asi
ng
in
dig
en
ou
s su
pp
ly,
an
d
fue
l sw
itch
ing
.
•D
em
an
d-s
ide
ma
na
ge
me
nt
(EE
&C
) a
t a
ll l
ev
els
. S
tate
to
le
ad
by
e
xam
ple
.
•M
ea
sure
ow
ne
rsh
ip i
n g
lob
al
ph
en
om
en
a (
e.g
. cl
ima
te c
ha
ng
e)
an
d p
rep
are
ris
k a
sse
ssm
en
t a
nd
ad
ap
tati
on
str
ate
gie
s to
cli
ma
te
cha
ng
e c
on
sid
era
tio
ns.
Se
pt2
00
8B
arr
ett
39
Po
licy
Act
ion
sP
oli
cy A
ctio
ns
•E
sta
bli
sh n
ati
on
al
cod
es/
sta
nd
ard
s (e
.g.
EE
BC
, LE
ED
) fo
r in
teg
rate
d E
E b
uil
din
g d
esi
gn
.
•In
cen
tiv
es
for
com
pa
nie
s p
rop
osi
ng
lo
w e
mis
sio
n
ind
ige
no
us,
re
ne
wa
ble
an
d E
E t
ech
no
log
ies.
(R
ed
uce
we
igh
t o
f u
tili
ty i
n s
ele
ctio
n p
roce
ss).
o
f u
tili
ty i
n s
ele
ctio
n p
roce
ss).
•M
ain
tain
co
nsi
ste
nt
pu
bli
c a
wa
ren
ess
an
d e
ne
rgy
la
be
lin
g
stra
teg
ies.
•A
pp
ly f
ull
co
st a
cco
un
tin
g m
eth
od
olo
gie
s to
fo
ssil
an
d
ren
ew
ab
le o
pti
on
s (e
.g.
CB
A).
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt4
0
Po
licy
Act
ion
sP
oli
cy A
ctio
ns
•E
nco
ura
ge
un
bu
nd
lin
g o
f u
tili
tie
s se
rvic
es
into
ge
ne
rati
on
, tr
an
smis
sio
n &
dis
trib
uti
on
wh
ere
fe
asi
ble
.
•In
clu
de
“e
xit
cla
use
s” i
n l
eg
isla
tio
n/c
on
tra
cts
for
pe
rfo
rma
nce
re
wa
rd o
r d
isco
nti
nu
ity
wh
ere
mo
no
po
lie
s o
r o
lig
op
oli
es
exi
st.
oli
go
po
lie
s e
xist
.
•Fe
ed
-in
la
w f
or
uti
lity
to
acc
ep
t so
me
RE
N t
ech
no
log
ies
an
d
pe
rmit
re
tail
gre
en
po
we
r p
rem
ium
s.
•Fr
on
t-e
nd
ca
pit
al
sup
po
rt a
s in
cen
tiv
e.
•Ta
x in
cen
tiv
es.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt4
1
Fin
an
cin
gFi
na
nci
ng
•C
on
ve
rtin
g t
his
ev
olv
ing
cli
ma
te c
ha
ng
e s
cen
ari
o in
to
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
can
be
pro
hib
itiv
ely
exp
en
siv
e a
nd
ma
y
req
uir
e:
–C
olla
bo
rati
ve e
ffo
rts
to o
bta
in c
riti
cal m
ass
cr
itic
al m
ass
fo
r in
he
ren
tly
“sm
all
sca
le”
pro
ject
s (e
.g.
reg
ion
al b
un
dlin
g o
f p
roje
cts)
.sc
ale
” p
roje
cts
(e.g
. re
gio
na
l bu
nd
ling
of
pro
ject
s).
–A
lre
ad
y u
p t
o U
SD 7
1 b
illio
n h
as
be
en
inve
ste
d in
RE
N c
ap
aci
ty
wo
rld
wid
e.
Cre
ati
ve lo
cal f
ina
nci
ng
(3
rdp
art
y a
nd
en
erg
y fu
nd
s)
an
d in
tern
ati
on
al g
ree
n f
un
ds
(e.g
.. G
EF
an
d N
ew
Clim
ate
Inve
stm
en
t Fu
nd
).
––Jo
int
ven
ture
pro
ject
s Jo
int
ven
ture
pro
ject
s w
ith
de
velo
pe
d n
ati
on
s (e
.g..
CD
M).
Se
pt2
00
8B
arr
ett
42
Fin
an
cin
gFi
na
nci
ng
•C
urr
en
t g
lob
al
fin
an
cia
l cr
isis
ma
y h
ind
er
cre
dit
ma
rke
t
for
ren
ew
ab
le t
ech
no
log
ies
an
d E
E&
C a
pp
lica
tio
ns.
•S
pe
cia
l o
pti
on
s sh
ou
ld t
he
refo
re b
e c
on
sid
ere
d t
o
en
cou
rag
e c
lea
n t
ech
no
log
ies:
en
cou
rag
e c
lea
n t
ech
no
log
ies:
–P
etr
oC
ari
be
fu
nd
s.
–E
ne
rgy
Serv
ice
s C
o.
(ESC
Os)
ca
n b
e p
aid
fro
m e
ne
rgy
savi
ng
s.
–Fi
sca
l off
eri
ng
s (t
ax
de
du
ctio
ns,
co
nce
ssio
ns,
wa
ive
rs).
–U
nd
er
CSM
&E
lo
bb
y b
un
dlin
g o
f p
roje
cts
to a
tta
in c
riti
cal
ma
ss
of
CE
Rs.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt4
3
SU
MM
AR
Y A
ND
S
UM
MA
RY
AN
D
CO
NC
LUS
ION
SC
ON
CLU
SIO
NS
CO
NC
LUS
ION
SC
ON
CLU
SIO
NS
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt4
4
SU
MM
AR
YS
UM
MA
RY
•E
E &
C i
s th
e s
tart
ing
po
int
for
red
uci
ng
de
pe
nd
en
ce o
n i
mp
ort
ed
re
du
cin
g d
ep
en
de
nce
on
im
po
rte
d
en
erg
y a
nd
mit
iga
tio
n a
gain
st c
lim
ate
ch
an
ge
in
flu
en
ces
en
erg
y a
nd
mit
iga
tio
n a
gain
st c
lim
ate
ch
an
ge
in
flu
en
ces.
•R
EN
is
a v
iab
le t
oo
l to
in
cre
ase
en
erg
y i
nd
ep
en
de
nce
incr
ea
se e
ne
rgy
in
de
pe
nd
en
ce,
red
uce
vu
lne
rab
ilit
y t
o e
xog
en
ou
s fa
cto
rs a
nd
re
du
ce c
on
trib
uti
on
s to
clim
ate
ch
an
ge
.cl
ima
te c
ha
ng
e.
••R
EN
an
d E
E&
C a
re s
yn
erg
isti
c R
EN
an
d E
E&
C a
re s
yn
erg
isti
c in
im
pro
vin
g t
rad
e a
nd
com
pe
titi
ve
ne
ss o
pp
ort
un
itie
s a
nd
ach
iev
e m
ea
nin
gfu
l G
HG
targ
ets
.
••U
ltim
ate
ly p
oli
cy a
ctio
ns
an
d s
pe
cia
l fi
na
nci
ng
U
ltim
ate
ly p
oli
cy a
ctio
ns
an
d s
pe
cia
l fi
na
nci
ng
are
ne
cess
ary
to
act
iva
te R
EN
an
d E
E &
C o
bje
ctiv
es
of
LDC
s, S
VE
s a
nd
SID
s a
nd
to
ov
erc
om
e e
ntr
en
che
d d
ep
en
de
nce
on
fo
ssil
fu
els
.
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt4
5
EN
DE
ND
Th
an
k y
ou
fo
r y
ou
r a
tte
nti
on
.T
ha
nk
yo
u f
or
yo
ur
att
en
tio
n.
Da
vid
Ba
rre
tt
db
arr
ett
2@
gm
ail
.co
m
87
6-9
46
-26
62
(w
)/8
76
-34
2-9
99
6(m
)
No
v2
00
8IC
TSD
-Ba
rre
tt4
6
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