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Towards Energy Efficiency in Ghana’s Higher Educational Institutions for
Sustainable Development
Presented by
Dr. Edward Kweku Nunoo (PhD)
UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST
College of Humanities and Legal StudiesFaculty of Social Sciences
Institute for Oil and Gas Studies
4th Ghana Renewable Energy FairEnergy Commission, Ghana @ AICC, Accra
9th -11th October, 2018
Nunoo, E.K., Miriwah, S. & Suleman, S
UCC: Institute for Oil and Gas Studies
Presentation Outline
Introduction
Statement of the problem
Goal and Objectives
Method and Tools
Findings and Discussions
Conclusion and Recommendations
ReferencesUCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
IntroductionEnergy efficiency has an important role to play in
response to climate change adaptation and the drive
towards achieving the sustainable development
goals (SDGs) at both the household and institutional
levels.
Responding to growing concerns on global warming,
higher educational institutions (HEIs) are adapting
to energy efficiency (EE) initiatives as integral
aspects of their institutional ethics through pro-active
policy; teaching and learning activities.UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Statement of the Problem, Goal & Objectives
In spite of global awareness, little is known about
energy efficiency dynamics in Ghana’s HEIs.
Using the survey research design and mixed
sampling methods, this paper assessed EE policies,
systems and in Ghana.
Examined HEIs energy consumption practices in
two sectors; infrastructural designs and energy
consumption culture, using CUs Miotso-Campus as
a case study.
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Expected Outcome
This study lead to retrofitting the built environment
in HEIs into an energy-saving one
Particular attention will be paid to benchmarked
standards in the design, sitting and use of building
materials for sustainable infrastructural
development.
Enforce proactive energy efficient standards and
discipline in HEIs
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
What is Energy Efficiency?Efficient energy use, according to IEA (2014), is a
calculated attempt to use less environmentally
friendly energy sources to maximise the amount
of energy required to provide products and
services.
For example, proper insulation of an office or
lecture theater allows the building to use less
heating and cooling energy to achieve and
maintain thermal comfortable (Djamila et al,
2013; Peng, 2010 and; Ljungberg, 2007).UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
What is Energy Efficiency?
In the same vein, installing LED lights, natural
skylights, fluorescent lights or transparent
roofing sheets have a tendency to reduce the
amount of energy required and lightening
systems needed to attain the same level of
illumination compared to using traditional
incandescent light bulbs which still persist in
some universities.
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Why Energy Efficiency is Needful in HEIsHEIs in Ghana, like other corporate organisations,
are under increasing pressure to manage electricity
demand deficit, beat down cost of electricity and
reduce carbon emissions by becoming energy
efficient (Asumadu-Sarkodie et al, 2016) in recent
times.
Residential energy consumption in Ghana has
increased by over 60% between 1983 and 2017 with
corresponding increase in electricity tariffs by over
200% during the same period (Kumi, 2017).UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
The rising energy cost faced by HEIs comes at a
time when Universities operation budgets face
competing demands with very limited
opportunities to increase income (Maistry &
McKay, 2016; Kartiwi et al, 2014).
In addition, Ghana’s main source of energy supply
(Akosombo hydro-dam power supply) is unable to
keep up with demand resulting in periodic load
shedding (locally referred to as ‘Dumsor’).
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Why Energy Efficiency is Needful in HEIs
Global Outlook & Energy Efficiency
Energy demand is expected to increase by 37% come
2040. Envisaged to come from developing countries
where energy consumption is driven by expanding
economy and demographic growth (IEA, 2014;
Acheampong & Stephenson, 2014; Amewode, 2010).
Global energy consumption, still dependent on fossil
oil. The energy sector is still in danger of fulfilling
the hopes and expectations placed on it in three key
areas; sustainability, emissions and cost.
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Is Energy Efficiency Discourse Relevant?
‘Yes’. It is expected that improvements in energy
efficiency, reduction of waste and subscribing to
novel energy technologies (solar, wind, waste to
energy etc), could pave way for relieving the stress
on conventional global energy systems (ES).
Hence a shift in global energy trends toward a
decentralised low-carbon ES is inevitable to ensure
access to affordable, reliable and sustainable
energy for all (Amos-Abanyie et al, 2016; IMANI
Ghana, 2014 and IEA, 2014).UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Energy Efficiency Policies in Ghana
Within the National Energy Policy designed to
address all issues in the energy sector of the
economy is the energy efficiency policy.
The policy is to ensure efficient energy production,
transportation and use of energy in Ghana (ECG,
2013), Establish appropriate pricing regime to
induce consumers manage their energy and also to
support education and awareness creation on the
methods and importance of energy conservation
(ECG, 2009).UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Energy Efficiency Policies in Ghana
i. The Energy Efficient Standards and Labelling
Regulation (LI 1815, 2005)
Passed in 2005 to ensure labelling of all electric appliances
such as non-ducted air conditioners and self–ballasted lamps
(ECG, 2005).
Mandates manufacturers, importers and retailers of non-
ducted air conditioners and self-ballasted lamps to abide by
efficiency standards and to label their appliances with
stickers showing the various efficiency rating of the various
appliances sold in the domestic market (ECG, 2005).
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Energy Efficiency Policies in Ghana
The Efficient Lighting Project 2007
To achieve the policy directions of the energy efficiency
and conservation policy (LI 1815), the Energy Commission
of Ghana (ECG) implemented the efficiency lighting policy
in 2007.
To procure and distribute for free, 6 million compact
florescent lamps (CFL) to replace an estimated 6 million
incandescent lamps (locally called onion bulbs) envisaged to
be in the country.
Reported saving of about 112320 tons of Carbon emissions
after a 3-year period of its implementation.UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Energy Efficiency Policies in GhanaThe Energy Efficiency Regulation (LI 1932, 2008)
In 2008 the Energy efficiency regulation LI 1932 was
passed to prohibit the manufacturing, importation and sale
of incandescent filament lamps, used refrigerators, used
refrigerators-freezers, used freezers and used Air-
conditioners (ECG, 2013).
Prohibition of importation of used and inefficient home
appliances
Refrigerator exchange and rebate scheme to phase out
existing used refrigerators and freezers in homes and in the
market (UNDP, 2014).UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Diffusion of energy efficiency culture
Off-grid Solar Electrification programme 2005-2020
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6
2005–2005 2006–2008 2009–2011 2012–2014 2015–2017 2018–2020
1-year 3-years 3-years 3-years 3-years 3-years
14 towns 2000 towns 2000 towns 4000 towns 800 towns 2986 towns
0.1% p* rate 10% p* rate 10% p* rate 22% p* rate 42% p* rate 16% p* rate
Source: Based on ECG (2015 & 2017) data.
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Diffusion of energy efficiency culture
Results and Findings
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Diffusion of energy efficiency culture
Results and Findings
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Efficiency labelling (Stars) Efficiency ratio (Btu/hr/watt)
5- Stars 4.00 < EER
4- Stars 4.00 ≥ EER > 3.75
3- Stars 3.75 ≥ EER > 3.45
2- Stars 3.45 ≥ EER > 3.15
1- Star 3.15 ≥ EER > 2.80
Energy efficiency rating for air-conditioners (Non-ducted)
Source: Based on ECG (2015 & 2017) data.
Diffusion of energy efficiency culture
Results and Findings
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Source: Based on ECG (2015 & 2017) data.
Energy efficiency rating of Lamps (Self-ballasted)
Lamp configuration Power rating (LP watt) Minimum Efficiency
(lumen/W)
1. Bare lamp LP watt < 15
LP watt ≥ 15
lumen/W ≥ 45
lumen/W ≥ 60
2. Converted lamps
without reflectors
Less than 15;
LP watt ≥ 15 but LP
watt < 19
lumen/W ≥ 40
lumen/W ≥ 48
LP watt ≥ 19 but LP
watt < 25
LP watt ≥ 25
lumen/W ≥ 50
lumen/W ≥ 55
3. Lamp with reflectors
LP watt < 20;
LP watt ≥ 20
lumen/W ≥ 33
lumen/W ≥ 40
Returned
responses to the
preposition;
Key university personnel University students
Age: < 35 = 15; 36-45 = 5;> 45= 5
Age: < 22 = 65; 23-25 = 75;
26-31= 75; >31= 8
‘Energy efficient building materials are not considered for the HEI’s built environment’
Male
frequency
% Female
frequency
% Male
frequency
% Female
frequency
%
Strongly agree 7 54 6 50 23 24.5 24 19
Agree 2 15 4 33 22 23.4 30 23
Not sure 2 15 1 8.3 15 16 26 20
Disagree 1 8 0 0 11 12 24 19
Strongly disagree 1 8 1 8.3 23 24 25 19
Total 13 100 12 100 94 100 129 100
Results and Findings
Energy efficiency in buildings
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Energy audit in selected halls of residence and offices –CU Miotso
Daily energy consumption(Ave.) Annual energy
consumption(Ave.)
Electrical appliances Quantity
#
Ave. Daily
Energy
Ave. Energy
used
Wasted
Energy
Ave. Annual
energy
wasted
Energy
Percentage
waste
Watt hours Watt hours Watt hours KWh KWh %
Refrigerators 30 275162 241370 33792 32705 8110 25
Printers 25 1078 784 294 279 103 37
Computers 20 4916 1477 3439 1533 353 23
Kitchen appliances 5 43 271 315 75 10 13
Microwaves 15 527 2292 2819 677 126 19
Television sets 20 668 3338 4006 962 160 17
Phone chargers 25 189 418 606 146 46 32
Incandescent floor lamp 30 1928 11340 13268 3184 463 15
Incandescent desk lamp 10 402 2364 2766 664 96 14
Overhead light 24 444 2462 2906 698 106 15
Bathroom appliances 16 96 1072 1168 280 22 8
Ironing appliances 22 448 3444 3892 934 108 12
Sound systems 18 158 598 746 180 36 20
Air conditioners 11 352000 440,000 88000 84480 21120 25
Fluorescent desk lamps 5 94 551 645 155 22 14
Fluorescent floor lamps 24 350 2058 2408 578 84 15
Total 300 39906 27916 10067 7971 1935 19
Energy audit in selected halls of residence and offices –CU Miotso
25
37
23
13
19
17
32
1514
15
8
12
20
25
1415
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
W
a
s
t
e
Electrical appliances
Selected appliances average annual energy waste (%)
Field data, 2018
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Conclusion
Managing university campus as business as usual, is
fraught with inefficiencies in the energy, material and
manpower resources. From the study;
Where as HEIs in Ghana are ‘HECs.
University management, key personnel and students were
found to be completely disengaged with energy
conservation dynamics.
An average of 19% of annual energy bills goes to waste
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
Conclusion
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The way forward with HEIs is to;
Imbibe in them the tenants of energy efficiency culture
Energy star label awards for halls of residents, offices etc
Intensify awareness creation & sensitisation campaigns on
energy efficiency on campuses
Adopt novel renewable energy technologies
Solar, biogas etc
Install electrical appliances with sensors
UCC, Institute for Oil & Gas Studies
ReferencesDjamila, H., Chu, C and Kumaresan, S. (2013). Field study of thermal comfort in
residential buildings in the equatorial hot-humid climate of Malaysia. Building and
Environment.62(1): 133-142
IEA, (2014). Energy efficiency indicators. Essentials for policy making, 15(1): 18
IMANI Ghana. (2014). Price and Deregulation of the Energy Sector in Ghana:
Challenges and Prospects.ImaniPublication. Accessed on 23 July, 2018 from:
http://www.imanighana.com/2014/01/pricing-and-deregulation-of-the energysector.
Kartiwi, M., Hasan, H., Gunawan, T.S and Husein B.A. (2014). Green IT Attitude and
Behaviour in Higher Educational Institutions: A Gender Perspective. Journal of Applied
Science. 14(7):714-718
Ljungberg, L. (2007). Materials Selection and Design for Development of Sustainable
Products. Materials and Design, 28, 466-479.
Peng, C.(2010). Survey of thermal comfort in residential buildings under natural
conditions in hot humid and cold wet seasons in Nanjing. Frontiers of Architecture and
Civil Engineering in China. 4(4):503–511
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Thank You For Your Attention!!
Your contributions and comments are
welcome
The Institute of Oil & Gas, UCC Runs the following programmes
MPHIL in Oil & Gas Resource management
MSc in Oil & Gas Resource Management
MBA in Oil & Gas Management
MA in Communication in Oil & Gas Management
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