toronto scc epigenetics and aginginteresting skin lighteners on melanocytes looking atinteresting...
Post on 05-Oct-2020
2 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Genomics, Epigenetics and Their Application to Elucidate theApplication to Elucidate the
Mechanism of Efficacious Actives for Personal Carefor Personal Care
SCC Ontario Education DayToronto September 2011Toronto, September 2011
Philip LudwigPhilip LudwigArch Personal Care
OutlineOutline of the talkof the talk
The Human Genome: An AnniversaryThe Human Genome: An Anniversary
Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Genomic MicroarraysGenomic Microarraysyy
Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via H G i MiH G i MiHuman Genomic MicroarraysHuman Genomic Microarrays
Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Epigenomic ArraysEpigenomic Arrays
ConclusionsConclusions
OutlineOutline of the talkof the talk
The Human Genome: An AnniversaryThe Human Genome: An Anniversary
Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Genomic MicroarraysGenomic Microarraysyy
Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via H G i MiH G i MiHuman Genomic MicroarraysHuman Genomic Microarrays
Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Epigenomic ArraysEpigenomic Arrays
ConclusionsConclusions
The Human The Human Genome: Genome: An AnniversaryAn AnniversaryAn AnniversaryAn Anniversary
Science published a four part series celebratingScience published a four part series celebrating the completion of the human genome sequencing.
This occurred 10-years ago this year.
The Human GenomeThe Human Genome
23 Human Chromosomes23 Human Chromosomes
The Human GenomeThe Human Genome Contains approximately 3 billion base Contains approximately 3 billion base
pairspairspp We each vary by only 0.1 %, or We each vary by only 0.1 %, or
approximately 3 million base pairsapproximately 3 million base pairs The human genome has approximately The human genome has approximately
25,00025,000--30,000 30,000 functioning functioning genesgenes Approximately 1.5% of the genome codes Approximately 1.5% of the genome codes
for protein producing genes for protein producing genes –– the rest is the rest is di RNA i t di RNA i t di DNAdi DNAnonnon--coding RNA, introns, noncoding RNA, introns, non--coding DNAcoding DNA
Our genes are provided to us equally by Our genes are provided to us equally by t p nts t p nts two parents two parents
They define our physical makeupThey define our physical makeup
OutlineOutline of the talkof the talk
The Human Genome: An AnniversaryThe Human Genome: An Anniversary
Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Genomic MicroarraysGenomic Microarraysyy
Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via H G i MiH G i MiHuman Genomic MicroarraysHuman Genomic Microarrays
Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Epigenomic ArraysEpigenomic Arrays
ConclusionsConclusions
Antioxidants and SkinAntioxidants and Skin
Antioxidants SummaryAntioxidants Summary
Rosavin is isolated from RhodiolaRosavin is isolated from Rhodiola@ 96% purity
Resveratrol was isolated fromJapanese Knotweed @ 99%purity
Antioxidants SummaryAntioxidants Summary
EGCG is isolated from Green TeaEGCG is isolated from Green Tea@ 97% purity
Chlorgenic acid was isolated fromCoffee @ 99% purityCoffee @ 99% purity
Antioxidants SummaryAntioxidants Summary
Puerarin is isolated from KudzuPuerarin is isolated from Kudzu@ 96% purity
Genistein is isolated from Soybeans @ >95% puritySoybeans @ >95% purity
Antioxidants SummaryAntioxidants Summary
Pomiferin and Osajin were I l d f O OIsolated from Osage Orange@ 95% and 90% purities, respectively
Propolis is isolated fromPropolis is isolated from Honeycomb @ 80% purity
Antioxidants ConcentrationsAntioxidants Concentrations
The antioxidants were tested at their highest,non‐lethal doses on both cell lines
Gene SummaryGene Summary
205 Individual genes felt related to skin function wereculled from the over 30,000 genes tested
Gene SummaryGene SummaryGenes examined included skin functions such as:• Extracellular matrix proteinsLi id th i• Lipid synthesis
• Cellular energy and metabolism• Intrinsic antioxidant synthesis• ROS and DNA repair response proteins• Skin polysaccharide and glycoprotein synthesis• Hormone responseHormone response • Longevity proteins• Cellular differentiation proteinsR ti id t i• Retinoid response proteins
• Circadian rhythm proteins• Skin pigmentation proteins
Fibroblasts ResponsesFibroblasts Responses‐‐UpregulationUpregulation
To qualify as a significant stimulant of a gene at leastTo qualify as a significant stimulant of a gene, at leastfour of the ingredients tested had to show Ratio of Median response greater than 1.3 p g
Summary of Antioxidant ResultsSummary of Antioxidant Results
In fibroblasts and keratinocytes, certain genes were commonly upregulated including:ATP Cit t L (ACLY) f tt id bi th i• ATP Citrate Lyase (ACLY) – fatty acid biosynthesis
• Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) – regulate water flow• Cytochrome c Oxidase 1 (COX1) – m.t., making ATP• Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (NOS3) – signaling molecule• Lysine Hydroxylase 3 (PLOD3) – involved in collagen productionproduction
In fibroblasts and keratinocytes, only one gene seem to h d d l tishowed common down regulation:
• Progesterone Receptor (PGR) ‐ steroid receptor
Summary of Antioxidant ResultsSummary of Antioxidant Results• The ability of a variety of antioxidants to commonly stimulated the same five genomic targets suggests thesetargets may be more critical to the effects of thesetargets may be more critical to the effects of these antioxidants than previously anticipated.
• The ability of all the treatments to reduce Progesterone• The ability of all the treatments to reduce ProgesteroneReceptor [PR] gene expression in both keratinocytes and fibroblasts suggests an alternative explanation to the standard “estrogen mimicking” effects of these ingredients.
• These genomic results will need to be verified byfurther protein studies including dose responses and time point expansionspoint expansions.
OutlineOutline of the talkof the talk
The Human Genome: An AnniversaryThe Human Genome: An Anniversary
Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Genomic MicroarraysGenomic Microarraysyy
Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via H G i MiH G i MiHuman Genomic MicroarraysHuman Genomic Microarrays
Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Epigenomic ArraysEpigenomic Arrays
ConclusionsConclusions
IngredientsIngredients
Hydroquinone y q
Kojic Acid
Niacinamide
I di t hi hl ifi d d ll
Niacinamide
Ingredients were highly purified and are wellestablished melanin suppressing chemicals
Ingredient Toxicities on MelanocytesIngredient Toxicities on Melanocytes
Hydroquinone (0.0001%), Kojic Acid (0.01%), Niacinamide (0.01%)y q ( ), j ( ), ( )
Responses for Genes of InterestResponses for Genes of Interest
Summary of ratio of medians for three commerciallyinteresting skin lighteners on melanocytes looking atinteresting skin lighteners on melanocytes looking at
Tyrosinase [TYR] and Ferritin [FTH1] gene expression.Treatments were at the highest non-cytotoxic
levels for 24 hours
Tyrosinase Protein ExpressionTyrosinase Protein Expression
All three skin lighteners appear to increase Tyrosinase protein expression within a 96Tyrosinase protein expression within a 96
hour time frame with the strongest effects beingseen in the first 48 hours
Ferritin Protein ExpressionFerritin Protein Expression
Within 48 hours, all three skin lighteners demonstrated upregulatory influences on ferritindemonstrated upregulatory influences on ferritinprotein expression. These effects diminish at 96
hours, comparable to Tyrosinase protein expression
Ferritin in the skinFerritin in the skin
Summary of Skin Lightener ResultsSummary of Skin Lightener Results
•Using genomics it is possible to screen skin lightening actives to begin seeking alternative pathways to skin tanning control. •Three well established skin lighteners appear to up regulate •Three well-established skin lighteners appear to up-regulate tyrosinase gene and protein expression contrary to anticipated behavior•Ferritin protein, a protein that binds ferric ions (Fe+3), is strongly F n p n, p n n f n (F ), ng yupregulated in melanocytes treated with skin lighteners•All the skin lighteners examined appear to upregulate ferritin protein suggesting their application causes a buildup of a potentially cytotoxic level of iron that must be controlled.•The removal of iron from the melanocytes via ferritin binding may reduce the ability of the cells to create hydroxytyrosine from tyrosine via an iron induced oxidation step This would reduce the pool tyrosine via an iron-induced oxidation step. This would reduce the pool of available hydroxytyrosine available to covert to DOPA, slowing the tanning response.•The role of iron in melanogenesis may be underappreciated The role of iron in melanogenesis may be underappreciated
Tyrosine Hydroxytyrosine DOPA melanin
OutlineOutline of the talkof the talk
The Human Genome: An AnniversaryThe Human Genome: An Anniversary
Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Genomic MicroarraysGenomic Microarraysyy
Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via H G i MiH G i MiHuman Genomic MicroarraysHuman Genomic Microarrays
Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Epigenomic ArraysEpigenomic Arrays
ConclusionsConclusions
Overview of epigenetics sectionOverview of epigenetics sectionOverview of epigenetics sectionOverview of epigenetics section
Review of Plant Meristematic Cell Suspension Culture Review of Plant Meristematic Cell Suspension Culture pp
Technology Technology –– a source of unique methylation patterns a source of unique methylation patterns
Benefits of Meristematic Cell Suspension CulturesBenefits of Meristematic Cell Suspension Cultures Benefits of Meristematic Cell Suspension CulturesBenefits of Meristematic Cell Suspension Cultures
Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human
EpigenomicEpigenomic ArraysArrays
SummarySummarymm ymm y
Uses of plant tissue culture Uses of plant tissue culture Screening of cells for beneficial Screening of cells for beneficial
characteristicscharacteristics–– Plant breeders may look for a high Plant breeders may look for a high
content of an activecontent of an activeMeristem tip cultureMeristem tip cultureMeristem tip cultureMeristem tip culture
–– Produces plant material free from Produces plant material free from viruses, often for plants propagated viruses, often for plants propagated , p p p g, p p p gvegetativelyvegetatively
Forestry and floricultureForestry and floriculture–– For conservation of rare and For conservation of rare and
endangered plant speciesendangered plant speciesLargeLarge scale growth of plant cells as a scale growth of plant cells as a LargeLarge--scale growth of plant cells as a scale growth of plant cells as a source of secondary metabolitessource of secondary metabolites
Review of Meristematic Cell Review of Meristematic Cell Culture TechnologyCulture Technology
• Meristem – tissue in plants that contain undifferentiated cells, occurs at the shoot and root apex
Culture TechnologyCulture Technology
p• Callus – Mass of undifferentiated cells
Review of Meristematic Cell Review of Meristematic Cell Culture TechnologyCulture Technology
• Meristem – tissue in plants that contain undifferentiated cells, occurs at the shoot and root apex
Culture TechnologyCulture Technology
p• Callus – Mass of undifferentiated cells• Totipotent – ability of a cell to produce all of the differentiated
cells in an organism• Suspension culture – liquid media in which the plant cells grow
Tissue sample from adult plant is cultured Undifferentiated callus forms
Callus separated / single cells culturedcultured
Plant Meristematic Suspension Culture Plant Meristematic Suspension Culture Plant Meristematic Suspension Culture Plant Meristematic Suspension Culture ScaleScale--UpUp
Overview of Product Development
Plant callus Shaker Flask Bioreactor
3333
Plant callus Shaker Flask Bioreactor
Plant Meristematic Cell Cultures Plant Meristematic Cell Cultures Combine Two Current TechnologiesCombine Two Current Technologies
Biotech-derived compounds
(fermentation)
Natural Bioactives (Plant extracts)
G i i B t i l d th i
(fermentation)
Growing organisms in bioreactors
Botanicals and their natural bioactives
Plant Meristematic Cell Cultures
Rice meristem culture: the conceptRice meristem culture: the concept
Elicitation:Plant tissue culture:Undifferentiated cells
Elicitation:Increases secondary metabolites and actives
Rice culture
Epigenetic DNA modification:Rejuvenation and renewal of cells
Benefits of Meristematic Benefits of Meristematic S i C ltS i C ltSuspension CulturesSuspension Cultures
Access to rare and hard to obtain Access to rare and hard to obtain plantsplants
–– Opens frontier to new activesOpens frontier to new actives
Easier way to procure uniform Easier way to procure uniform botanicalsbotanicals
–– No environmental variation in No environmental variation in –– No environmental variation in No environmental variation in weather, sunlight, soil and waterweather, sunlight, soil and water
Very reproducible biomass and Very reproducible biomass and Tacca chantriericoncentration of activesconcentration of actives
–– AllantoinAllantoin
Tacca chantrieri
–– Tea & EGCGTea & EGCG
Benefits of Meristematic Benefits of Meristematic S s si C lt sS s si C lt sSuspension CulturesSuspension Cultures
More environmentally responsible More environmentally responsible –– Green technologyGreen technology–– Prevents depletion of wildPrevents depletion of wild--grown plants that may grown plants that may
be scarcebe scarce Enables growth of plants under conditions otherwise Enables growth of plants under conditions otherwise
n tt in bl in fi ldn tt in bl in fi ldunattainable in a fieldunattainable in a field–– Defensive stressDefensive stress Higher concentration of activesHigher concentration of actives
A l dA l d A natural productA natural product–– Just as yeast fermentation is considered natural, Just as yeast fermentation is considered natural,
so are plant suspension culturesso are plant suspension cultures
TrilliumTrillium
Benefits of Meristematic Benefits of Meristematic S i C ltS i C ltSuspension CulturesSuspension Cultures
Ability to harvest epigenetic and transcription factors Ability to harvest epigenetic and transcription factors and novel plant compounds not produced or produced in and novel plant compounds not produced or produced in minute quantities in whole mature plants minute quantities in whole mature plants
Meristematic cultures enable harvest of proteins and Meristematic cultures enable harvest of proteins and Meristematic cultures enable harvest of proteins and Meristematic cultures enable harvest of proteins and other compounds that would degrade too quickly from other compounds that would degrade too quickly from traditional harvest planttraditional harvest plant
Welwitschia mirabilis Cryptocereus anthonyanus Wollemia nobilis
Rice meristem culture: the conceptRice meristem culture: the concept
Elicitation:Plant tissue culture:Undifferentiated cells
Elicitation:Increases secondary metabolites and actives
Rice culture
Epigenetic DNA modification:Rejuvenation and renewal of cells
Efficient production of actives Efficient production of actives needs elicitationneeds elicitationneeds elicitationneeds elicitation
Undifferentiated cells primarily grow, not produce Undifferentiated cells primarily grow, not produce activesactives
In order to increase secondary metabolite production, In order to increase secondary metabolite production, elicitation is needed.elicitation is needed.
Elicitors can include ozone and specific chemicalsElicitors can include ozone and specific chemicalsll h h l l b f ll h h l l b f Cells containing no actives with have little benefit in Cells containing no actives with have little benefit in
topical applicationtopical application
Untreated cells Elicited cells
Cells primarily grow and divide
Cells produce secondary metabolites
4040
Elicitation of actives through use of Elicitation of actives through use of ozone ozone ozone ozone
Ozonized rice suspension culture
Unstressed rice suspension culture
Overview of epigenetics sectionOverview of epigenetics sectionOverview of epigenetics sectionOverview of epigenetics section
Review of Plant Meristematic Cell Suspension Culture Review of Plant Meristematic Cell Suspension Culture pp
Technology Technology –– a source of unique methylation patterns a source of unique methylation patterns
Benefits of Meristematic Cell Suspension CulturesBenefits of Meristematic Cell Suspension Cultures Benefits of Meristematic Cell Suspension CulturesBenefits of Meristematic Cell Suspension Cultures
Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human
EpigenomicEpigenomic ArraysArrays
SummarySummarymm ymm y
The Emerging Evidence of theThe Emerging Evidence of theI fl f E i i iI fl f E i i iInfluence of Epigentics on AgingInfluence of Epigentics on Aging
4343
What is epigenetics?What is epigenetics?What is epigenetics?What is epigenetics?
Definition: heritable changes in gene expression that Definition: heritable changes in gene expression that occur by a mechanism other than changes to the DNA occur by a mechanism other than changes to the DNA sequencesequence
The mechanism by which cells “remember”The mechanism by which cells “remember”yy How does a cell and its progeny remember that they are How does a cell and its progeny remember that they are
skin cells and not nerve cells? Through epigeneticsskin cells and not nerve cells? Through epigenetics Epigenetics plays a part in:Epigenetics plays a part in:Epigenetics plays a part in:Epigenetics plays a part in:
–– Cellular differentiationCellular differentiation–– DevelopmentDevelopment–– AgingAging–– DiseaseDisease–– Differences between identical twinsDifferences between identical twinsDifferences between identical twinsDifferences between identical twins
The “youth switch”The “youth switch”
What is the What is the epigenomeepigenome??What is the What is the epigenomeepigenome?? Epigenetics is Epigenetics is a a
heritable heritable “switch” “switch” that controls that controls how how well a well a gene gene is able is able to pass its to pass its messages messages pp ggvia via RNA synthesisRNA synthesis..
This controlling This controlling This controlling This controlling switch simply switch simply confers confers a mechanism a mechanism by by which the which the DNA DNA by by which the which the DNA DNA wraps wraps around its around its histones and histones and so so “p k“p k ” int th ” int th packspacks into the into the nucleusnucleus..
4545
Gene expression and differentiationGene expression and differentiationGene expression and differentiationGene expression and differentiation
MethylationMethylation, Differentiation, and Aging, Differentiation, and AgingMethylationMethylation, Differentiation, and Aging, Differentiation, and Aging
Cells from different types of tissue have ypdifferent genes expressed. As aging occurs, methylation of themethylation of the gene promoters increases, deregulating the cell’s intial gene expression patterns.
4747
Aging and epigenetic changesAging and epigenetic changesAging and epigenetic changesAging and epigenetic changes
Aging and Epigenetic ChangesAging and Epigenetic Changes
As cells age, the regionsf th kof the genome known as
promoters become progressively more methylated resulting iny gdiminishment of genetranscription (the ability of the gene to transfers its proteintransfers its proteinassembling messageto the RNA.
Aging and Epigenetic ChangesAging and Epigenetic ChangesLiterature ReferencesLiterature ReferencesLiterature ReferencesLiterature References
Correlating methylation to protein Correlating methylation to protein d id iproductionproduction
New active?
A b h l d h i d l l di
5151
As a gene promoter becomes methylated, the gene is expressed less, leading to a decrease in protein production. A new active was desired to be able to modulate the methylation patterns and decrease methylation, hence increasing protein production.
Testing Epigenetic ChangesTesting Epigenetic Changes
Fibroblasts were aged Fibroblasts were aged both intrinsically (8 both intrinsically (8 both intrinsically (8 both intrinsically (8 population doubling) population doubling) and extrinsically and extrinsically (UVB) S ll (UVB) S ll (UVB). Some cells (UVB). Some cells were treated with 2% were treated with 2% of a meristemtic rice of a meristemtic rice extract (R3).extract (R3).
DNA was extracted DNA was extracted nd x min d f CpG nd x min d f CpG and examined for CpG and examined for CpG
methylation at the methylation at the promoter regions of promoter regions of the genome and at the genome and at specific genesspecific genes
in vitroin vitro Cpg Cpg methylationmethylation assay: assay: genome wide promotersgenome wide promotersg pg p
Average CpG methylation at all gene
1.4
1.6
Average CpG methylation at all gene promoters genome wideTreatment Regime:Treatment Regime:
1. Non1. Non--Aged Cells Aged Cells (harvested after a (harvested after a f d i l )f d i l )
0 6
0.8
1
1.2few days in culture)few days in culture) 2. Intrinsic Aging + 2. Intrinsic Aging +
Extrinsic AgingExtrinsic AgingFib bl t t k Fib bl t t k
0
0.2
0.4
0.6–– Fibroblasts taken Fibroblasts taken through period of 8 through period of 8 cell culture passages cell culture passages with repeated UBV with repeated UBV exposure to produce exposure to produce 0
Young cells, no R3 Aged cells, no R3 Aged cells, 2% R3exposure to produce exposure to produce intrinsic and extrinsic intrinsic and extrinsic agingaging
3. Intrinsic Aging + 3. Intrinsic Aging + E t i i A i 2% E t i i A i 2%
Red Rice culture was able to decrease age related CpG promoter methylation genome wide, rejuvenating the cells. Reducing methylation increases the gene’s ability
Extrinsic Aging + 2% Extrinsic Aging + 2% Red Rice culture.Red Rice culture.
to express transcribe proteins. Shown as ratio to average CpG promoter methylation of GAPDH.
in vitroin vitro CpG methylation assay: CpG methylation assay: Collagen1A promotersCollagen1A promotersCollagen1A promotersCollagen1A promoters
Average CpG methylation at Collagen1A1 gene
Average CpG methylation C ll 1A2
1
1.2
at Collagen1A1 gene promoter
1 40
1.60
at Collagen1A2 gene promoter
0.6
0.8
1
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
0
0.2
0.4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0
Young cells, no R3
Aged cells, no R3
Aged cells, 2% R3
0.00
Young cells, no R3
Aged cells, no R3
Aged cells, 2% R3
R3 meristematic rice extract was able to decrease age related CpGR3 meristematic rice extract was able to decrease age related CpG promoter methylation in the Collagen 1A1 and 1A2 gene promoters. Shown as ratio to average CpG methylation of GAPDH gene promoter.
in vitroin vitro collagen Protein assay collagen Protein assay
2.5
Collagen 1A protein levels
2
ell P
rote
in *Expression of Collagen Type 1A is
1.5
de p
er u
g Cemarkedly increased in
the cells treated with meristematic rice extract.
1pe
I C
-Pep
tiextract.This increase could translate into skin that appears more firm and
ith l i kl
0
0.5
ng T
ypwith less wrinkles.
Young cells, no R3
Aged cells, no R3
Aged cells, 2% R3
Collagen gene methylation and aging;Collagen gene methylation and aging;Literature supportLiterature supportLiterature supportLiterature support
Summary of epigenetic resultsSummary of epigenetic resultsSummary of epigenetic resultsSummary of epigenetic results
The emerging science related to epigenetics is g g p grapidly demonstrating that how we live our lives can actually influence how our skin cells age.
The epigenome is like a switch that can turn a gene on or turn it off. It appears that as we age, th s it h s ithi ski lls t d t b the switches within our skin cells tend to be more frequently turned "off". However, these changes can be moderated with ingredients that can gdiminish promoter methylation.
As more knowledge of epigenetic effects on skin As more knowledge of epigenetic effects on skin aging become known, this will become a target of more intensive research and product development.
OutlineOutline of the talkof the talk
The Human Genome: An AnniversaryThe Human Genome: An Anniversary
Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Examination of Skin Antioxidants via Human Genomic MicroarraysGenomic Microarraysyy
Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via Examination of Skin Lightening Ingredients via H G i MiH G i MiHuman Genomic MicroarraysHuman Genomic Microarrays
Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Examination of Epigenetic Methylation via Human Epigenomic ArraysEpigenomic Arrays
ConclusionsConclusions
Overall ConclusionsOverall Conclusions
• Human microarrays can help guide research into the effects of skin ingredients on skin cells
• While not always directly matching gene expression and • While not always directly matching, gene expression and protein expression usually correlate (Mother Nature doesn’t waste time)
• There may be common pathways that certain well known There may be common pathways that certain well known ingredients influence to improve skin health
• Sometimes, results can be surprising and somewhat unexpected such as the skin lighteners influencing p g gtyrosinase and ferritin gene and protein expression
• The epigenome is like a switch that can turn a gene on or turn it off. As we age, the switches within our skin cells
d b f l d " ff" H h tend to be more frequently turned "off". However, these changes can be moderated with ingredients that can diminish promoter methylation.New findings can lead to new directions for ingredient • New findings can lead to new directions for ingredient developments
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements Arch Personal Care ProductsArch Personal Care Products
Dr Vince GruberDr Vince Gruber–– Dr. Vince GruberDr. Vince Gruber Robert Holtz at Robert Holtz at BioInnovationBioInnovation
LaboratoriesLaboratoriesLaboratoriesLaboratories Society of Cosmetic ChemistsSociety of Cosmetic Chemists
THANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOU
top related