topic: applied genetics aim: what methods can be used to develop organisms with desirable traits? do...

TOPICTOPIC: Applied Genetics: Applied Genetics

AIMAIM: What methods can be : What methods can be used to develop organisms used to develop organisms

with desirable traits?with desirable traits?Do NowDo Now: List and explain two : List and explain two ways genetic disorders can ways genetic disorders can

be detected.be detected.

What are 3 What are 3 methods methods used to used to develop develop organisms organisms with with desirable desirable traits?traits?

What is What is selective selective breeding?breeding?

SELECTIVE BREEDINGSELECTIVE BREEDINGCLONINGCLONINGGENETIC ENGINEERINGGENETIC ENGINEERING

The crossing of plants or The crossing of plants or animals that have desirable animals that have desirable traits to make offspring with traits to make offspring with those same traitsthose same traits2 types:2 types:– hybridizationhybridization– inbreedinginbreeding

Selective Breeding: A case Selective Breeding: A case studystudy

Selective Breeding: A case Selective Breeding: A case studystudy

HybridizatioHybridizationn

Crossing 2 genetically Crossing 2 genetically different but related speciesdifferent but related speciesHYBRID HYBRID = new offspring = new offspring Best of both parentsBest of both parentsExample: horse + donkey Example: horse + donkey mule (hybrid)mule (hybrid)

HybridizationHybridization

Braham Braham cattlecattle: : good good resistancresistance to heat e to heat but poor but poor beefbeef

Shorthorn Shorthorn cattlecattle: : good beef good beef but poor but poor heat heat resistanceresistance

Santa Santa Gertrudis Gertrudis cattlecattle: formed : formed by crossing by crossing Braham and Braham and shorthorn shorthorn good heat good heat resistance resistance and beefand beef

HybridizationHybridization

JaglionJaglion = jaguar + lion = jaguar + lion

HybridizationHybridization

TigonTigon = male tiger + female lion = male tiger + female lion

HybridizationHybridization

LigerLiger = male lion = male lion ++ female tigerfemale tiger

HybridizationHybridization

TOPICTOPIC: Applied Genetics: Applied Genetics

AIMAIM: What is cloning?: What is cloning?Do NowDo Now: Why is : Why is

hybridization a form of hybridization a form of selective breeding?selective breeding?

InbreedingInbreeding

AdvantagesAdvantages

DisadvantagDisadvantageses

Crossing plants or animals Crossing plants or animals that have the same or very that have the same or very similar characteristicssimilar characteristicsPass on/preserve good traitsPass on/preserve good traits

Offspring are:Offspring are:– Smaller and weakerSmaller and weaker– More susceptible to diseasesMore susceptible to diseases– More prone to genetic disordersMore prone to genetic disorders

CloningCloning

CloneClone

Technique used to produce Technique used to produce offspring with desired traitsoffspring with desired traits

Organism that is genetically Organism that is genetically identical to the organism identical to the organism from which it is produced from which it is produced (same genes)(same genes)

CloningCloning

DollyDolly = 1 = 1stst cloning of an adult cloning of an adult mammal mammal (sheep) 1997 (sheep) 1997

Idaho GemIdaho Gem = 1 = 1stst cloned mule (MAY 2003) cloned mule (MAY 2003)Cloned from a champion racing muleCloned from a champion racing mule

CopyCat CopyCat (Cc) = 1(Cc) = 1stst cloned cat (2002 cloned cat (2002))

What is What is genetic genetic engineeringengineering??

What is What is recombinanrecombinant DNA?t DNA?

Process in which genes (pieces of DNA) Process in which genes (pieces of DNA) from one organism are transferred into from one organism are transferred into another organismanother organismMaking changes in the DNA of an Making changes in the DNA of an organismorganism“ “ gene splicing”gene splicing”

Combined DNA (from 2 organisms)Combined DNA (from 2 organisms)DNA from complex organism is cut and DNA from complex organism is cut and placed into the DNA of a simple organismplaced into the DNA of a simple organismSimple cells with recombinant DNA can Simple cells with recombinant DNA can produce proteins made in the complex produce proteins made in the complex organismorganismExampleExample::Inserting human DNA into bacterial cell DNA Inserting human DNA into bacterial cell DNA bacteria cell can produce insulin bacteria cell can produce insulin

What is What is a a plasmid?plasmid?

Ring of DNA in bacteriaRing of DNA in bacteria

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

(plasmid) (RecombinantDNA)

What can What can genetic genetic engineerinengineering be used g be used to to produce?produce?

InsulinInsulinHuman growth hormoneHuman growth hormoneHepatitis B vaccineHepatitis B vaccineInterferonsInterferonsTo improve food cropsTo improve food cropsProteins for blood clottingProteins for blood clotting