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UNIT II “HISTORY, CULTURE AND
SOCIALIZATION” Part 1
SWK 410Kimberly Baker-Abrams
To understand the extent and dynamics of in group relations today, we must explore and revisit aspects of our
history.
“White Ethnic Americans”
IrishItalianJewish
Irish immigration
• 1700’s - mass immigration when Britain took over (discrimination due to religion)
• 1845 - 1848 - potato famine (starvation and persecution)
Fear of Irish immigrants
• willing to work for low wages
• stereotyped as immoral, unintelligent, hot tempered, drunks, fighters, corrupt in business deals
Political involvementmeans of upward mobility for Irish Immigrants
Italian immigration (1860 - 1920)
approx. 4 million immigrants mainly from Southern Italy
Fear of Italian immigrants
• willing to work for low wages
• stereotyped as unintelligent, trouble makers, emotional, jealous, mafia involved
Conflict between the Irish and Italian immigrants
in competition for :
same low wage jobs
same limited housing options
same educational opportunities for kids
Union Movementmeans to upward mobility for Italian Immigrants
Immigration Act of 1924
set low quotas for certain immigrant groups (mainly Italian and Irish)
Jewish immigration:
• 1640’s - Spain and Portugal
• 1840’s - Germany
• 1880’s - 1920’s - Eastern Europe
• After 1920 (to today) - all over Europe
Fear of Jewish immigrants
• due to education and work experience they did not come seeking low wage jobs
• stereotyped as cheap, materialistic, unfair negotiators
Political involvementmeans for upward mobility for Jewish Immigrants
Current Trends for White Ethnic groups
• prejudice and discrimination today mainly due to religious beliefs
• ethnic enclaves in larger cities
• ethnic distinction
• persistent stereotypes
• Catholic church issues
African Americans
Some conditions of slavery
• for life
• inherited
• could not own or inherit property
• considered to be property
• no rights
January 1, 1863 the “Emancipation Proclamation”
President Lincoln “freed” the slaves in the South (before the war officially ended)
June 19, 1865documented date when slaves in southern most areas
learned of the emancipation proclamation
13th Amendment (1866)
officially abolished slavery in the U.S.A.
14th Amendment (1868)
gave citizenship to those born in or naturalized to the U.S.A.
15th Amendment (1870)
prohibited the denial of voting rights for men on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude
“Jim Crow Laws”series of laws put in place to disenfranchize the freed
slaves and other minority groups
Plessy versus Ferguson (1896)
legalized “separate but equal” accommodations
Brown versus the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)formal challenge to Plessy ruling in area of education
ruled that separate but equal had no place in education
Reactions to “Brown v Board”
• riots, protests and school boycotts
• Gov. Faubus in Arkansas
• Gov. Wallace in Alabama
• Ruby Bridges in Louisiana
Rosa Parks in Montgomery Alabama (1955)
• arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus
• city wide boycott of bus system led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
• city desegregated bus system
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC)organization founded by Martin Luther King, Jr.organized marches, protests, events and spread
information
Civil Rights Act of 1964outlawed Jim Crow practices, discrimination and
segregation of public facilities
Black Panthers and “Black Power”
vigilante group focused on overturning power structure“black power” was the group’s mantra
Black Nationalismfocus on embracing African culture and cultural pride
linked to Nation of Islam (a Muslim faith)
Current Trends
• de facto segregation
• low academic completion
• poverty (low pay, feminization)
• loan discrimination
• incarceration rates
• identifiability (profiling)
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“Native Americans”
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U.S. Policy of separationtribes treated as separate Nations (treaties and
negotiations handled through Sec. of War)
Indian Removal Act (1830)
relocated Eastern tribes to west of the Mississippi River“Trail of Tears”
U.S. Policy of assimilation
shift in policy by 1880’s to assimilate tribes into the general U.S. population
General Allotment Act (known as the Dawes Act)
(1887)
• goal to encourage assimilation
• used blood quantum as qualifier
• given land and 25 years to make it productive or it would be reclaimed
Indian Citizenship Act (1924)
gave citizenship to individuals born within territorial limits of the U.S.
Indian Claims Commission Act (1946)
established to hear disputes with Dawes Actno power to act on complaints
Termination Act (1953)phasing out of Bureau of Indian Affairs services
intended to give independence to tribes
American Indian Movement (AIM)
• Nationalist movement (increase in cultural pride)
• used confrontation and media attention to resolve issues
Fish-ins
Alcatraz Island
Wounded Knee II
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance
Act (1975)tribal control over educational opportunities
established tribally run collegesprevent “brain drain”
Current Trends:
• lower life expectancy rates
• most likely to be a victim of crime
• high suicide rate
• high addiction rate
• low academic completion rate
• casinos
• mascots
• identifiability
“Latino Americans”
Terminology and groups “lumped” under
term Latinoanyone spanish speaking
soon to be our largest sub-population in the U.S.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
resolution of Mexican-American WarU.S. paid $15 million to annex TX, NM, AZ and most of
CA (protection given to Nationals there)
Immigration policies (Border restrictions were
not official until 1965)
• Repatriation (1929 - 1935)
• Los Braceros Program (1942 - 1964)
• Operation Wetback (1954 - 1959)
Puerto Ricans (1898)U.S. annexed Puerto Rico due to its strategic location
Jones Act (1917)unrestricted access between island and mainland
Puerto Rico commonwealth (1952)
have full citizenship rights except no representation in Congress (therefore no Federal voting, no Federal taxes)
Immigration from Cuba
• 1959 - 1962
• 1962 - 1965
• 1965 - 1973
• 1980’s (“Freedom Flotilla”)
• Mariel boat lift (“Marielitos”)
Current Trends:
• language barriers
• low academic completion rate
• high rate of poverty
• access to healthcare limited
• increase in political involvement
• issues with immigration policies
• identifiability
“Asian and Pacific Island Americans”
Groups “lumped” under the term Asian and Pacific
Island Americansapproximately 59 separate groups
40% are Chinese and Filipino60% mainly Japanese, Asian Indian and Korean
Chinese (1848)first documented immigrants from China
started flow of immigration into U.S. for labor work
California immigration tax (1855)
“head tax” of $55 per immigrant in addition to required fees for immigration to the U.S.
California outlawing Chinese immigration
(1858)attempt to limit individuals coming into the State
Transcontinental Railroad (1869)labor for Western portion of railroad
excluded from ceremony for completion
Supreme court ruling (1876)
overturned “head tax” as unconstitutional
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Congress suspended Chinese immigration to the U.S. for a period of 10 years (no citizenship for those here)
Amendment to Chinese Exclusion Act
(1888)
• exemption given for merchants, students, teachers, government officials
• extended until its repeal in 1943
“Gentleman’s Agreement” with Japan
(1907)no passports issued to labor workers or their family
members to come to the U.S.
Alien Land Act (1913)
• California
• prohibited anyone not eligible for citizenship from owning property (Chinese, Japanese, Native Americans....)
• declared unconstitutional in 1948 Supreme Court ruling
December 7, 1941
• “Day that will live in infamy”
• Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, HI
• belief Japanese Americans helped to plan the attack
Executive Order 9066 (February 19, 1942)
• authorized “military zones” and “relocation camps”
• approx. 110,000 relocated (1/8 Japanese)
• forced sell of property unless in trustee care
Korean American immigration (1903 - 1905)
• arrived initially in HI, then on to CA - experienced low wages and poor conditions
• Korea banned immigration to U.S. until post Korean War (1950’s)
“Kye”system of rotating loans within the Korean American
communities (low interest rate, high support)
Tension between Korean American and other
minority communitiesaccess to resources, job opportunities and businesses
location often in close proximity1992 riots in Los Angeles approx. 2000 Korean owned
businesses damaged
Filipino immigrationunrestricted until 1934
(islands were a U.S. territory until that point)
Philippines Independence Act
granted deferred independence and an annual quota of 50 immigrants per year was set
Current Trends:• language barriers
• cultural barriers
• access to healthcare limited
• high academic completion rate
• admission discrimination
• high median income
• “model” minority
End of Unit II Part I
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