timurid architecture - ulugh beg madrasa, the bibi khanum mosque, aq saray palace, amir burunduq a...

GROUP MEMBERS : MOHAMAD HAFIZ BIN HASSAN

MUHAMMAD AKHTIAR BIN HALIPAHNUR AINUN BASYIERAH BINTI NORDIN

NURSHILA BINTI SULAIMANMAISARAH BNTI MASHOR

HAFIZATULAIN BINTI SUMARNO

A R C H I T E C T U R ETIMURID

A R K 5 3 2 - H I S T O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E I V

IRANIRAQ

PAKISTAN

T I M U R I D A R C H I T E C T U R ETIMURID EMPIRE

SAUDI ARABIAN

TURKEY

AFGHANISTAN

TAJIKISTANUZBEKISTAN

Timurid architecture is the pinnacle of Islamic art in Central Asia.The style is largely derived from Persian architecture. Axial symmetry is a characteristic of all major Timurid structures, notably the Shah-e Zendah in Samarkand and the mosque of Gowhar Shad in Mashhad. Double domes of various shapes abound, and the outsides are perfused with brilliant colors

INTRODUCTIONT I M U R I D A R C H I T E C T U R E

INTRODUCTIONT I M U R I D A R C H I T E C T U R E

ULUGH BEG MADRASA (1417-1420)Samarkand, Uzbekistan

ULUGH BEG MADRASASamarkand, Uzbekistan

Ulugh Beg's madrasah is located on the Registan Square.The building is rectangular in shape, measuring 56 by 81 meters, and encloses a courtyard (30 meters a side) with four axial ivans.There are minarets at each of its four corners and a 34.7 meter tall entrance portal on the facade that faces the Registan. two smaller entrances on the sides of the madrasah. (open onto the courtyard)

ULUGH BEG MADRASASamarkand, Uzbekistan

two smaller entrances on the sides of the madrasah. (open onto the courtyard) Around the courtyard, on two stories, are fifty rooms, which could house one hundred students, and two lecture halls.

The Ulugh Beg Madrasah, built during the Timurid Empire era of Timur- Tamerlane, has an imposing Iwan portal with lancet arch facing the square.

ULUGH BEG MADRASASamarkand, Uzbekistan

The corners are flanked by the high well-proportioned minarets. The mosaic panel over the iwan's entrance arch is decorated by geometrical stylized ornaments. The square courtyard includes a mosque, lecture rooms, and is fringed by the dormitory cells in which students lived. There are deep galleries along the axes.

ULUGH BEG MADRASASamarkand, Uzbekistan

DOUBLE DOME - A dome which is hollow inside; it has two layers, one which is in the interior and roofs the room below, the other or the external surface which proclaims the monument from afar

ULUGH BEG MADRASASamarkand, Uzbekistan

Originally the Ulugh Beg Madrasah was a two-storied building with four domed darskhonas (lecture rooms) at the corners.The Ulugh Beg Madrasah was one of the best clergy universities of the entire Muslim Orient in the 15th Century CE. Abdurakhman Djami, a prominent poet, scientist and philosopher studied there. Ulugh Beg himself gave lectures there. During Ulugh Beg's government the madrasah was a centre of secular science.

ULUGH BEG MADRASASamarkand, Uzbekistan

• Trademarks of the Timurid style were monumental scale, multiple minarets, polychromy tilework, and large bulbous double domes.

• The decoration of the madrasah, emphasizes the color blue, with light and dark blue tiles. (calligraphic representation of sacred names within geometric outlines -hazarbaf technique)

ULUGH BEG MADRASASamarkand, Uzbekistan

THE BIBI KHANUM MOSQUESamarkand, Uzbekistan

Architectural element• THE 4 FRAGMENTS MARK THE FOUR

CENTRAL POINTS OF THE COURTYARD MOSQUE

• EAST-WEST AXIS : 1. entrance portal with MINARET

2. immense domed sanctuary with an iwan flanked by minarets

• North-south axis : two smaller iwans and domed chambers that punctuated the long

sides of the courtyard.

East-west axis

THE BIBI KHANUM MOSQUE

Layout plan

Section of double dome

DOME1. DOUBLE DOME• Have outer and inner dome.• The high outer dome is to cover a

structural inner dome.• Stabilize by projecting brick ribs2. Ribbed dome

North-south axis

THE BIBI KHANUM MOSQUE

Bibi khanum Friday mosquesamarkad uzbeskistan.

One of the biggest mosque in the world. Construction was completed between 1399 and 1404.1974 the government of the then-Uzbek SSR began to reconstruct the mosqueThe length of the outer walls is to 167 m.longways and 109 m in width.The cupola of the main chamber reaches a height of 40 metresthe entranceway is 35 metres high. There is a large marble Qur'an stand in the centre of the courtyard

THE BIBI KHANUM MOSQUE

Decorative element

• The symmetry and geometrical patterns are Persian-inspired, and the detailed ornamentation and calligraphy is of Ilkhanid influence.

• Patterns of square kufic from the Bibi Khanum Mosque at Samarkand

THE BIBI KHANUM MOSQUE

THE BIBI KHANUM MOSQUE

• precious stones bronze and gold captured during his conquest of India

• Domes are characteristic of Persian architecture and are used throughout most of the Islamic world, the exterior and interiors of which are usually decorated with varying shades of blue, white, and gold and employ axial symmetry in their design.

• elaborate application of repeating geometric forms that typically features fluid and complex shapes, plants, and animals. The point of the arabesque is to express comprehensive and complex spirituality without using iconography or featuring humans, which is usually forbidden in Islamic art.

• floral and calligraphic ornamentation with gold inscription

THE BIBI KHANUM MOSQUE

AQ SARAY PALACE

Location : Shakhrizabz, UzbekistanStyle/period : TimuridCentury : 14Building type : PalatialBuilding usage : Palace

The Aq Saray palace was built by Timur in 1379-1396 CE. Today only fragments of the massive entrance portal remains.

When completed the entrance portal was 22 meters wide and 50 meters high.

Inside the portal would have been a large courtyard with a water basin surrounded by two-story living accommodations.

AQ SARAY PALACE

The palace took on several functions: it was the place for recreation and entertainment of the royal family, as well as administration building for running state affairs.

On the axis of the courtyard there were domed quarters for holding sessions of divan – council of state.

One of the pools was intended for holy fish. The pools were fed by the water flowing in the lead conduit from the nearby mountains.

The portal niche is decorated with elegant mosaics and carved majolica as well as quotations from Koran executed in sulus script.

AQ SARAY PALACE

The construction works were carried out on a ‘kingly scale’ indeed

The resplendent exterior decoration covering the walls and domes of the Ak-Saray palace still arouses admiration.

Large scale geometrical ornamental patterns on its facades are made of dark and light blue glazed bricks.

Glittering against the polished brick background they impart a particular picturesqueness and grandeur to the building

Translation of the kufic in the pattern.

Allah.

Muhammad.

Ali (quadruple)

The construction of the palace was started in 1380 and lasted more than 25 years.

It is known that architects and handicraftsmen from Khorezm, shortly before subjugated by Temur, took part in the construction of the palace.

Several legends are connected with the history of this grandiose structure.

As one of them says, some gold sand was put into the clay intended for making the first bricks for the royal structure.

AQ SARAY PALACE

The walls of the palace, as well as the palace square, were decorated with tiled mosaics presenting combination of blue, green, yellow, and red colours.

The colossal corner tower was girdled by a dictum made in Kufic script: “Sultan is the shadow of Allah”

Aq Saray is a very broad and lofty door way, ornamented with gold and blue patterns on glazed tiles, richly and beautifully worked.

At the end of the 16th century Shakhrisabz rebelled against the rule of Sheibanid dynasty. After the siege of the disobedient city, Abdullakhan II ordered to destroy Ak-Saray as well as other Timurid’s constructions.

In the 1760s the ruins of Amir Temur’s palace were within the residential quarters of Shakhrisabz bek.

Only huge abutments of portal arch have survived, yet until now these remains of the former splendeur symbolize the might of Amir Temur’s state.

AMIR BURUNDUQ A MAUSOLEUM

AMIR BURUNDUQ A MAUSOLEUM

• The Amir Burunduk Mausoleum is located within the Shah-i Zinda funerary complex; mausolea built between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries that form a string of spectacular tilework down the southern slope of the Afrasiyab hill, north of Samarkand.

• Popularly identified as the tomb of Timur's general, Amir Burunduk, no epigraphic or literary evidence confirms this attribution.

• This square domed chamber adjoins the southern structure of the Tuman Aqa complex.

• A pishtaq, of which only the northern half still stands, faces the Shah-i Zinda corridor.

• The portal retains carved terracotta revetment from the late fourteenth century.

• The decoration of the remaining fragment of the pishtaq, however, dates from the early fifteenth century.

• The interior walls are articulated with three arches above a dado of hexagonal underglaze painted tiles; the central arches are structurally formed as a shallow niche, flanked by blind arches formed from plaster, set in plaster rectangular frames.

• The central niche of the southern wall originally opened for access.

• The zone of transition consists of an octagonal course with muqarnas squinches, and a sixteen-sided collar below the dome.

• The interior of the conical dome is decorated with plaster moldings in a geometrical eight-pointed star design.

• A sixteen-sided exterior drum wraps the interior zone of transition, and would have supported an outer dome which, it is believed, was never built.

• The cruciform crypt containing nine graves was uncovered in 1925. The brick structure, possibly of re-used pre-Mongol bricks, provides the foundations for the mausoleum above.

Detail of the remains of a decorative tile revetment

square dome Exterior view from the southeast, with the portal fragment of the anonymous mausoleum II 'Ulugh Sultan Begum' in the foreground and the dome of theTuman Aqa mausoleum in the background

Detail of the façade from within the Shah-i Zindeh corridor

An interior corner

Interior detail of crumbling construction Interior, detail view of the zone of transition and the dome

Detail of interior tile dado

Interior, corner with muqarnas squinch in the zone of transition

corner with muqarnas squinch in the zone of transition, and the dome partially visible

The EndThank You