timothy j. skone, pe
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National EnergyTechnology Laboratory
OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
Timothy J. Skone, PESenior Environmental EngineerStrategic Energy Analysis & PlanningApril 30, 2014
Life Cycle Analysis at the National Energy Technology Laboratory
22 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
MISSIONAdvancing energy options
to fuel our economy,strengthen our security, and
improve our environment
National Energy Technology LaboratoryPittsburgh, PA
Morgantown,WV
Albany,OR
Fairbanks, AKSugar Land,TX
West VirginiaPennsylvaniaOregon
33 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
• Draws a more complete picture than one focused solely on stack or tailpipe emissions
• Allows direct comparison of dramatically different options based on function or service
• Includes methods for evaluating a wide variety of emissions and impacts on a common basis
• Brings clarity to results through systematic definition of goals and boundaries
LCA is well suited for energy analysis
44 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
• Purpose of the analysis– Comparing two technology options– Evaluating impact of a policy on entire system
• Boundaries and function considered– Coal: production of feedstock vs. delivered electricity– Natural gas: all annual domestic or marginal shale only
• Metrics evaluated– Greenhouses gases: 20 or 100 year GWPs, inclusion of timing and
feedback effects– Economic, environmental, and human health metric results may
favor different options; and relative importance of each may differ among technologies
LCA answers are sensitive to the question asked
Potential trade-off between usefulness and uncertaintyThe more complete the picture, the more uncertain it becomes
55 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
1. Produce LCAs of energy systems– Inform and defend technology programs, and
identify opportunities for R&D– Baseline different energy technologies– Understand technology strengths and
weaknesses from a life cycle perspective
2. Improve LCA methods– Expand environmental inventory– Characterize both variability and multiple types
of uncertainty– Build flexible models– Enhance interpretation and comparability of
inventory results without losing depth and transparency
3. Inform energy policy decision-makers
LCA at NETL meets both internal and external objectives
66 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
NETL approaches each LCA systematically to ensure comparability and transparency
• Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs, and potential environmental impacts of a product or service throughout its life cycle, from raw material acquisition to final disposal
• Ability to compare different options depends on functional unit (denominator)– 1 MWh of electricity delivered to the end user– 1 MJ of fuel combusted
LC Stage #1Raw Material Acquisition
(RMA)
LC Stage #2Raw Material
Transport(RMT)
LC Stage #3Energy
Conversion Facility(ECF)
LC Stage #4Product
Transport(PT)
LC Stage #5End Use
(EU)
Upstream Emissions Downstream Emissions
77 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
Coal Extraction Coal Extraction T&DCoal Transport Coal Transport T&DPower Plant Construction Power Plant Construction T&DNatural Gas for Aux Boiler Natural Gas for Aux Boiler T&DPlant Operations Plant Operations T&DT&D
Direct Indirect Direct+Indirect0
50
100
150
200
250
300
135
0
135
g CO
₂e/k
Wh
Direct Indirect Direct+Indirect0
50
100
150
200
250
300
135123
258
g CO
₂e/k
Wh
Direct Indirect Direct+Indirect0
50
100
150
200
250
300
135117
251
g CO
₂e/k
Wh
Direct Indirect Direct+Indirect0
50
100
150
200
250
300
135146
280
g CO
₂e/k
Wh
LCA shows the importance of each portion of the life cycle
+ =
(Combustion Stack Emissions)
(Upstream &Downstream)
(Full Life Cycle)
88 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
NETL uses Impact Assessment to map inventory to impact, increasing usefulness of study results
•GHGs: CO2, CH4, N2O, etc.•Smog: NOx, CO, etc.
EmissionsInventory
•Emissions put on a common basis
•GWP (CO2e)
MidpointImpact
•Convert impacts to damages or costs
•DALYs, Sea-level rise, etc.
EndpointImpact
Characterization Factor (e.g. GWPs)
DamageFunction
More certain More
useful
• Global Warming Potential (CO2e)– Increase in Earth’s average temperature
• Ozone Depletion (CFC-11e)– Thinning of ozone layer in the
stratosphere• Acidification (SO2e)
– Increased concentration of H ions• Photochemical Smog Formation (O3e)
– Ground-level ozone (smog)• Respiratory Effects (PM2.5e)
– Health impacts caused by inhalation of PM
• Toxicity – Impacts to human health (cancer and
non-cancer) and ecosystem• Ionizing Radiation
– Impacts on health, due to discharges of radioactive material
• Resource Depletion– Reduced future availability of a
resource, due to use now•Eutrophication (Ne)
– Increase in nutrients (primarily N and P) in an aquatic system
Impact Categories
99 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
• Emissions from Natural Gas Extraction, Processing and Transmission
• Comparison of Climate Impacts of Natural Gas and Coal-fired Power
• Integration & Expansion of Detailed Petroleum Extraction and Refining Models
• Development of Co-product Management Strategies for Large-scale Energy Systems
• Comparative Analysis of Energy Systems• Energy System Environmental Inventory Data
Expansion to Support LCIA• Adoption of OpenLCA Modeling Platform & Transition
to LCA Digital Commons
Recent and ongoing work spans a variety of energy-related areas
1010 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
Detailed modeling and analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from conventional and unconventional natural gas extraction
10.4 g CO₂e/MJ 9.24011.476
9.542
11.638
11.311
10.818
11.50311.675
10.916
Cradle-to-GatePipeline Fugitives
Pipeline CompressorsPipeline Construction
TransportCompressors
Valve FugitivesOther Point Sources
Other FugitivesDehydration
Acid Gas RemovalProcessing
Water TreatmentWater DeliveryValve Fugitives
Other Point SourcesOther Fugitives
WorkoversWell Completion
Well ConstructionExtraction
7.20 g CO₂e/MJ9.24011.476
10.136
11.638
11.311
11.516
12
8
4
0
0
4
8
12
g CO₂e/MJ
Current Practice Reduced Methane
1111 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
Analyzing gas- and coal-fired electricity generation in the context of uncertain methane leakage
-5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%0
500
1,000
1,500
Adv. Coal11.9%
Adv. Coal4.5%
Fleet Coal15.8%
Fleet Coal5.9%
20-yr GWP
100-yr GWP
Coal-Gas Breakeven
Current Practice (1.2%)
Reduced CH₄ (0.8%)
CH₄ Leakage Rate
g CO
₂e/k
Wh
1212 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
• Oil Production Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimator (OPGEE)
– Created by Stanford University Dept. of Energy Resources Engr. (Adam Brandt)
– Based on bottom-up engineering calculations to capture variability in crude extraction emissions
• Create modular unit processes based on the stages in OPGEE
– Seven main stages: (1) Exploration, (2) Drilling and Development, (3) Production and Extraction, (4) Separation and Surface Processing, (5) Maintenance and Workovers, (6) Waste Treatment and Disposal, (7) Crude Product Transport
– Augment with NETL CO2 EOR work– Addition of non-GHG emissions to provide
a more complete inventory
Improvements to NETL Petroleum Baseline – Translation of Crude Extraction Processes
ExtractionDrilling & Development
Separation Unit
Downhole Pump
Water/Gas Injection
Water/Gas/Steam
Flood
Heater-Treater
Stabilizer Unit
Acid Gas Removal
Glycol Dehydrator
De-methanizer
Natural Gas
OilCrude Oil Transport
Natural Gas
Pipeline
1313 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
Integrated energy systems often produce a mix of material and energy co-products
• Examples– Thermochemical conversion plants (GTL, CTL, CBTL) produce fuels and electricity– CO2-EOR systems produce electricity (when power plants are the CO2 source) and
fuels (from refined EOR crude)
• Allocation?– Mass allocation is not possible with electricity as a co-product– Economic allocation is possible, but costs are relative and societal values reflected
by prices do not necessary indicate relative environmental burdens of co-products– Energy allocation is possible if all co-products can be expressed on an energy basis,
but does not account for differences in useful energy
• Displacement?– Large scale energy systems can affect demand for competing products– Displacement considers broader consequences of co-production
Displacement is more appropriate than allocation for large scale energy systems because they affect conventional routes to energy production.
1414 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
166 g CO₂e/kWh
Attributional approach: Advanced coal power with sequestered CO₂
With consequential analysis, a change in perspective can change preferences
280 g CO₂e/kWh
487 g CO₂e/kWh
Consequential approach: Advanced coal power with CO₂ to EORReduces oil imports
Consequential approach: Advanced coal power with CO₂ to EOREOR already at maximum production
1515 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
H₂O
GWP
COE
CF
Natural Gas,Simple Cycle
Lower GWP
Comparative Analysis of Energy Systems
H₂O
GWP
COE
CF
Natural Gas,Combined Cycle
H₂O
GWP
COE
CF
Natural Gas, Comb. Cyclew/ Carbon Capture
H₂O
GWP
COE
CF
Advanced CoalH₂O
GWP
COE
CF
Advanced Coal,w/ Carbon Capture
H₂O
GWP
COE
CF
New Nuclear
H₂O
GWP
COE
CF
Wind,Onshore
H₂O
GWP
COE
CF
Wind,Offshore
H₂O
GWP
COE
CF
Geothermal
H₂O
GWP
COE
CF
Solar Thermal
Spokes represent preferability of each metric relative to other technologies shown – the larger the shaded area, the more preferable the technology
Lower water use
Lower COE
Higher CF
1616 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
• Reviewed TRACI, ReCiPe, Impact 2002+ and EDIP– NETL will use TRACI 2.1 with some modifications, may use ReCiPe as a second method
• Modifications and Additions– Modify Human Health Particulates
• Actual impacts vary by release height and population density• Factors are available from EPA
– Scale Water Use by Geography• Location of withdrawal/use is as important as quantity• NETL can increase internal capabilities with training by outside SMEs
– Remove Resource Depletion• Category doesn’t account for new oil/gas resources
– Expand GWP Inventory• Ozone precursors• Black carbon, sulfur and nitrate aerosols
– Add Cumulative Energy Demand Metric• Captures total energy use in system• Develop factors for new resources like tight oil and tar sands• At most 5% different from ReCiPe fossil depletion factors
– Include Significant Toxic Emissions• Report list of emissions and results separately due to high uncertainty
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
TRACI is the only method with data
specific to the U.S.
In use by many U.S.-based institutions
and agencies
1717 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
Smog Formation Potential0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.01.8
NOₓ CO CH₄ NMVOC
g O
₃e/M
J
Smog Precursor Mass0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.35
NOₓ CO CH₄ NMVOC
g/M
J
GWP0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
9.1
CO₂ CH₄ N₂O SF₆
g CO
₂e/M
J
GHG Inventory Mass0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.03.2
CO₂ CH₄ N₂O SF₆
g/M
J
Results from impact assessment can change the importance of inventory items
Inventory Impact
CO₂e
O₃e
The impacts associated with certain inventory items, such as CH4 and NOX, are critical to understanding the complete environmental footprint of natural gas extraction
Natural Gas Extraction from Marcellus Shale
1818 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
• Conducted an extensive review of available LCA software– Goal: Evaluate ways of making NETL’s LCA work, especially unit processes, models and tools,
more accessible and transparent to the public & more efficient to perform– Evaluation categories included: interoperability, features, ease of use, visualization, support,
cost, maintenance, analysis time, data, transparency, and LCA community integration and impact
• NETL’s evaluation of the key advantages of openLCA– Open Source
• Increased transparency for internal and external users• Ability to share models without worrying about licenses• Full access for key stakeholders
– Enhanced Analysis• Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis• Data pedigree matrix• LCIA sub-categories
– LCA Community of Practices• EPA, USDA, etc. • Drive tool development
• NETL plans to transition existing models to openLCA over the next year
NETL Transition to openLCA Modeling Platform
www.openlca.org
www.lcacommons.gov
1919 OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
Contact UsTimothy J. Skone, P.E.Senior Environmental Engineer • Strategic Energy Analysis and Planning Division • (412) 386-4495 • timothy.skone@netl.doe.gov
Joe Marriott, Ph.D.Lead Associate • Booz Allen Hamilton • (412) 386-7557 • marriott_joe@bah.com
James LittlefieldAssociate • Booz Allen Hamilton • (412) 386-7560 • littlefield_james@bah.com
netl.doe.gov/lca/ LCA@netl.doe.gov @NETL_News
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