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TIME-MOTION ANALYSIS AND
SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
DURING COMPETITION
BY
DR. RAVI PRAKASH SINGH
2018
Ideal International E – Publication Pvt. Ltd. www.isca.co.in
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Title: Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of
Wheelchair Basketball Players during Competition Author(s): DR. RAVI PRAKASH SINGH
Edition: First
Volume: I
© Copyright Reserved
2017
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in
a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-93-86675-27-9
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my parents for continuing to support me and helping me to
relive any consternation I may have had throughout this process.
No appropriate word could be traced in presently available lexicon to vouch the
excellent guidance given by my supervisor Syed Tariq Murtaza, Ph.D., Assistant
Professor, Department of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, who
is a constant source of inspiration for his erudite suggestions, meticulous guidance and
constructive counsel unreserved that serves a beckon light throughout the period of thesis
work. I am proud to be associated to him.
I am obliged to Prof. Jawaid Ali, Emeritus Fellow, Department of Physical
Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for his support and valuable
suggestions given by him during my work.
I owe my gratitude for the help provided to me by Dr Rajendra Singh (Chairman),
Prof. Ikram Hussain, Dr. Zamir Ullah Khan, Dr Brij Bhushan Singh and Mr. Taufiq
Ahmad of the Department of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
I also thank Mr. Anwar Ahmad Khan, Mr. Ashok Kumar Singh, Mr. Mohd
Afzal, Mrs. Chanda Parveen, Mr. Saood, Mr. Salamat Ali, Mr. Jamshed Iqbal and Mr.
Gulsher, Mr. Abdul Jamil and Mr Neeraj for their help and cooperation whenever
needed.
I am immensely grateful to Dr. R K Mukherje (Colonel), Medical Director, staff
and Wheelchair Basketball Players of Paraplegic Rehabilitation Centre, Kirkee, Pune for
their assistance in the collection of data for the Ph.D.
I am highly thankful for the cooperation, generous help and good wishes provided
by my brother Mr. Sushil Singh (IDAS), Gujarat, India.
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Words fall short to describe the companionship and cooperation of my wife
Sakshi Singh. I am deeply indebted to her, whose moral support and affection bolstered
me all the way during my thesis work.
I heartily acknowledge the help and cooperation which I received from my seniors
and colleagues especially Mr Mohd Imran, Shamshad Ahmad, Arshad Hussain Bhat and
Ashish Kumar Katiyar.
I would like to acknowledge all the research scholars of the Department of
Physical Education, A.M.U. Aligarh, especially Mr Shailendra Pratap Singh and
Virendra Singh for their support in and out of the department.
I would like to extend thanks to the University Grant Commission for its
financial help to make this research smooth and enjoyable.
Lastly I humbly make an obeisance to the ALMIGHTY.
Dated: Ravi Prakash Singh
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CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Delimitations of the Study
Limitations of the Study
Definitions and Explanation of Terms
Significance of the Study
Hypotheses of the Study
1-9
5
6
6
6
6
7
8
2. REVIEW OF RELEATED LITRATURE 10-15
3. PROCEDURE
Selection of Participants
Description of Test
Statistical Procedure
16-24
16
17
24
4. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULT OF
THE STUDY
25-72
5. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
73-82
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Appendix-I: Permission Letter to Collect the
Data
Appendix-II: Informed Consent Form
Appendix-III: Raw Data
Appendix-IV: Publications
i-xxiii
i
ii
iii
ix
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CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
Today’s sports are very much competitive. We have been seeing records breaking
performances day by day. As we become dependent on technology, the scientific
advancement in sports has grown exponentially. For determining the time invested by in
the particular activity for a limited time is time motion analysis (Gross, 1984). By the
process of time motion analysis various moves and patterns in sports such as duration,
speed or distance may be collected. We can get valuable information by using time motion
analysis and it is getting more attention.
Time motion analysis is a standard method to find out the relation of time and
energy invested in the activity for a period of time (Gross, 1984). During this process the
various patterns of movement in sports situations, such as speed, duration or distance are
collected. Thus we obtained valuable information by the use of time motion analysis. As
the world became increasingly dependent on technology, the stage had been set for the
scientific advancement of work methods. Time motion analysis is receiving increasing
attention from video motion analysis researchers (Aggarwal and Cai-1999) and global
positioning system (GPS) methods.
Frederick Winslow Taylor was born in 1856 in Pennsylvania and known as the
father of scientific management (Shawna, 2013). As a young man Frederick had the
chance to go to Harvard University. Taylor got trained as a pattern maker and operator.
These perceptions turned into the persuasion for the experimental administration methods
that would make Taylor celebrated. His Time Study technique was utilized to
straightforwardly watch assignments and record the time it took to finish them. The
investigation of these perceptions was utilized to focus the best methods for performing
work (Shawna, 2013).
Frank Gilbreth used one of the impressive budding technologies of the time,
motion pictures. He made video film of 35mm over 250,000 feet, archiving the work
methods for persons in different industries. By investigating the movements of labourers,
the Gilbreths looked for conduct to increase output and decrease fatigue by taking
endlessly motion wastes, for example, stooping and walking. After World War II the
Japanese used this technology for producing industry embraced American Scientific
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Management hones keeping in mind the end goal to annihilation the difficulties they were
forced with (Shawna, 2013).
Use of Time Motion Analysis in Sports:
Two ways of motion analysis in games are utilized for tracking players. These are
utilized to know the different movement patterns in sports situations, for example, speed,
duration or distance.
(a) Motion analysis in sport by watching video tape.
(b) GPS based motion analysis in sport.
Time motion analysis make available a imminent information into the physiological stress
and movement patterns of players in the course of assessing the total distance covered,
total time in separate activities, in addition to frequency of activities has been used in a
many of team sports based on time as well as ice hockey (Green et al., 1976), field hockey
(Spencer et al., 2004), rugby union (Duthie, Pyne and Hooper 2005) water polo (Smith,
1998), soccer (Hughes, 2003, Reilly, 2003). Number of time motion analysis have
confirmed that have analysed full match, but, many have not indicated whether this
involved break in play such as when ball is hit or kicked out of the ground or court, or the
activities within the standard time of game. Such type of studies may make
misunderstanding and dissimilarity when comparing data from earlier studies, because one
study may characterize match-play as those actions happening within the normal clock-
time, where another may integrate all actions happening from the beginning of play until
end of the play (Sera and Mark, 2006) (Singh, Murtaza, Ahmad, Bhat and Shariq, 2014).
The meaning of term adapted physical education is that meets the unique needs of
any child (Sherril, 2004). Divers’ people use different term to mean for adapted physical
education, it is essential to make clear the definition of adopted physical education.
Adapted physical education is an individualized program including physical and motor
fitness, fundamental motor skill and motor fitness, essential motor skill in aquatics and
dance, and individual and cluster games and sports design to meet the exclusive needs of
individuals. The meaning of word adapts is “to adjust” or “to fit”. The meaning of adapt is
reliable with these definitions and includes alteration to meet the need of students. It
encompasses established components connected with adapted physical education,
including those planned to correct, habilitate, or remediate. Adapted physical education is
viewed as a sub-discipline of physical education that provides safe, personally satisfying’
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and successful for student of varying ability. Adapted physical education is generally
designed to meet long term unique needs of the challenged population (Joseph, 2011).
Adapted physical education is vigilantly planned physical education for the people
with disability. It is based on a complete evaluation, to give the learner amusement and
sports experiences for the improvement of physical fitness and wellness. There is a
developing recognition and popularity of disability sports of different types, in addition to
the increased participation of players with a disability in national and international
sporting event. Thus, there is a requirement for a more understanding of the physiological
interest of individual sports to ensure ideal preparation and safety of athlete (Bloxham,
Bell, Bhambhani, and Steadward, 2001).
Wheelchair basketball was invented in 1946 by an ex-American. A basketball
player "Running", who, after age of war injury, needed to once more experience the
passion of an extremely sporty within a team circumstances. It is now played in more than
80 countries by more than 25,000 men, women and children with a physical disability
which prevents them from playing aggressive basketball on their feet (Basketball.” No
Date (n.d.)).
Wheelchair basketball is basketball played by personnel in wheelchairs and is well
thought-out one of the leading disabled sports practiced throughout the world (Wheelchair
Basketball, 2013). The governing body for this sport is The International Wheelchair
Basketball Federation (IWBF). To recognize the wheelchair basketball worldwide the
International Paralympics Committee (IPC) is the only competent authority. Through-out
the world International wheelchair basketball has 82 national organizations for wheelchair
basketball with the increasing number every year. Approximate by over 100,000 people
play wheelchair basketball from amusement to club play and as selected national team
members. Boys, girls, men and women play Wheelchair basketball (Wheelchair
Basketball, 2013).
In 2006, the extremity game formed for people with extremity loss or extremity
variation to struggle in grand sports. The College Park Industries, a company of prosthetic
feet, planned this happening to give amputee athletes a venue to participate in these
progressively more popular sports types which were also referred to as action sports. This
yearly event held in the summer in Orlando, FL includes competitions in skateboarding,
wakeboarding, mountain biking, rock climbing, kayaking and surfing. Many
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organizations, like Paradox Sports, have come up to help to motivate disabled people
through facilitating and welcoming them into the extreme sports community. Wheelchair
basketball sees marvelous contest and interest on the international level. Wheelchair
basketball is included in the Paralympics Games that are held every four years for athletes
with physical disabilities straight away next to the Olympics in the same city that organize
the Summer Olympics just 14 days behind the finishing of the Summer Games (Robinson,
n.d. para. 7).
Physiology is the function of the human body as impacted by the execution of
physical activity. The cardiovascular system, the cardio respiratory system, the
thermoregulatory system, body composition and the musculoskeletal system of human
function that tend to have the best result upon the capacity of a player to keep up or
improve their level of performance in any game.
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can breathe out from the
lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal
volume and the expiratory reserve volume. The normal value of vital capacity is 4 to 5
liter. The normal value is affected by physical fitness, age, and the size of chest cage,
posture and gender. The vital capacity may decrease by a reduction of the amount of
edema, functioning lung tissue, pneumonia, tumors or pulmonary reactions, limited chest
expansion, fibrosis, chest deformity, or by pregnancy (Vital capacity,” n.d.). Your lung
capacity can be enhance by regular modest aerobic activities (Noakes, 2003). Performing
deep-breathing exercise can increasingly enhance our lung capacity. Deep inhalation
lowers the diaphragm to fully increase our lungs on breathing and uses our abdominal
muscles to exhale air (Timothy, n.d. para 1).
Lactic acid is formed in red blood cells and muscle cells. When the oxygen levels
low in the body and body breaks down carbohydrates to use for energy lactate acid forms.
Low level of oxygen occurs in the body at the time of intense exercise and when you have
a disease or infection (Dugdale, 2013). Level of lactic acid gets increased when very
tiring works out or other circumstances-for example a severe contamination (sepsis), heart
failure, or shock-lower the flow of blood and oxygen all through the body. Lactic acid
levels can also get elevated when the liver is severely injured or contaminated, because the
liver in general breaks down lactic acid. High levels of lactic acid cause a serious,
sometimes life-threatening condition called lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis can also occur
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in someone who takes Glucophage to control diabetes when heart or kidney breakdown or
a severe contamination is also there. The normal range of blood lactic acid is 4.5 to 19.8
mg/dl (0.5-2.2 mmol/l) (Blood lactate,” n.d.). The energy requirements and metabolic
support for best performance are functions of the length of the race and the intensity at
which it is finished. However, in spite of the difficulty of the regulation of lactate
metabolism, blood lactate measurements can be utilized by coaches for prediction of
performance (Billat, 1996).
The body fat in the human body has medical and physiological significance. It may
control unhealthful condition and mortality, it may change the effectiveness of drugs and
anesthetics, and it may affect the ability to oppose forcefully exposure to cold and hunger
(Body Fat Percentage 2011).
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
After thorough review of literature and discussion with experts we found that there
are no accurate parameters to assess the intensity involved in wheelchair basketball,
although measurement of the continuous heart rate might provide approximate
information about the aerobic energy expenditure during match play. Time–motion
analysis of the movement patterns is a reliable method to describe the physical demands of
basketball. Furthermore, blood or plasma lactate concentration is often used as an
indicator of anaerobic lactic acid energy production during competition, although it
represents a poor indicator of muscle lactate. Since 1995, no study has been made in the
scientific literature in which both time–motion analysis and physiological responses of
players are investigated, and therefore little is known about the intensity of modern
competition. At the same time, there is no study on men's basketball that determines the
position specific physical demands of this sport especially in wheelchair based sports. The
aim of this investigation will be to estimate the activity patterns and physiological
variables of Wheelchair Basketball Players during Competition. Thus the title for the
study has been formulated as ‘Study on Time–Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological
Variables of Wheelchair Basketball Players during Competition’.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Every research must have some objectives to achieve. The present study aims to
achieve the following objectives:
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1. To determine the duration of activity in competition according to different
positions of players in wheelchair basketball.
2. To determine the competitive physiological demands of wheelchair basketball
Players.
DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Every study which is undertaken on scientific lines made to be delimited. This study will
be delimited to the following:-
1- The study would be delimited to 17 Indian wheelchair basketball players.
2- Vital capacity, Heart rate, Body Composition, BMI, and Blood lactate would be
taken.
3- Duration of movements during competition, e.g. standing still, moving with or
without ball, shooting, dribbling, resting on bench, passing, guarding related to
wheelchair based basketball would be deciphered by time-motion analysis.
4- Only three major playing positions would be considered for the study viz. (i)
guards, (ii) forwards and (iii) centres.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Factors which cannot be controlled in the study were as follows:-
1- Environment Factor.
2- Difference regarding participant’s daily routine and training schedule.
DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS
Time-motion analysis:-
Method for establishing sports-persons productivity standards in which (1)
a complex task is broken into small, simple steps, (2) the sequence of movements taken by
the performers in performing those steps is carefully observed to detect and
eliminate redundant or wilful motion, and (3) precise time taken for each correct
movement is measured, time and motion studies were pioneered by the
US industrial engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) and developed by the
husband and wife team of Frank Gilbreth (1868-1924) and Dr. Lillian Gilbreth (1878-
1972)
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Live time in this study refers to the time during which the game clock was running and
the participant was on court, and to the short moments in which the player was active
during out‐of‐bounds.
Total time refers to all of the time that the subject was on the court, including all
stoppages in play, but excluding breaks between quarters.
Body composition: - In physical fitness, body composition is used to describe the
percentages of fat, bone and muscle in human bodies. Because muscular tissue takes up
less space in our body than fat tissue, our body composition, as well as our weight,
determines leanness. Two people of equal height and body weight may look completely
different from each other because they have a different body composition.
Vital capacity: - Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can breathe out
from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume,
the tidal volume and the expiratory reserve volume.
Heart rate: - Frequency of the heart pump counted by the number of heartbeats per unit
time - usually beats per minute (bpm) (Heart Rate, n.d.).
Blood lactate: - Lactic acid that appears in the blood as a result of anaerobic metabolism
when oxygen delivery to the tissues is insufficient to support normal metabolic demands.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study would be:
1- Time-motion analysis of players would be investigated, which would provide
knowledge about the duration of modern competition of wheelchair basketball
players.
2- To determine the competitive physiological demands of wheelchair basketball
players.
3- To explore the relationship between the physiological variables to different
position of players in wheelchair basketball and.
4- To explore the duration of activity of different position of players in wheelchair
basketball.
HYPOTHESES
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The study was taken with the following hypotheses:
H1- The live time of competition would have no significant difference among different
positions of play.
H2- The time spent in moving with ball of wheelchair basketball players would have no
significant difference among different positions of play.
H3- The time spent in moving without ball of wheelchair basketball players would
have no significant difference among different positions of play.
H4- The time spent in standing still of wheelchair basketball players would have no
significant difference among different positions of play.
H5- The time spent in dribbling of wheelchair basketball players would have no
significant difference among different positions of play.
H6- The time spent in passing of wheelchair basketball players would have no
significant difference among different positions of play.
H7- The time spent in shooting of wheelchair basketball players would have no
significant difference among different positions of play.
H8- The time spent in guarding of wheelchair basketball players would have no
significant difference among different positions of play.
H9- The time spent in resting on the bench of wheelchair basketball players would have
no significant difference among different positions of play.
H10- The lying height of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant
difference among different positions of play.
H11- The body weight of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant
difference among different positions of play.
H12- The BMI of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant difference
among different positions of play.
H13- The vital capacity of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant
difference among different positions of play.
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H14- The heart rate before 20 minutes of game of wheelchair basketball players would
have no significant difference among different positions of play.
H15- The heart rate at the half time of game of wheelchair basketball players would have
no significant difference among different positions of play.
H16- The heart rate after 20 minutes of game of wheelchair basketball players would
have no significant difference among different positions of play.
H17- The percentage of fat of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant
difference among different positions of play.
H18- The blood lactate before 20 minutes of game of wheelchair basketball players
would have no significant difference among different positions of play.
H19- The blood lactate at the half time of game of wheelchair basketball players would
have no significant difference among different positions of play.
H20- The lactate of wheelchair basketball players would have no significant difference
among different positions of play at the end of game.
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CHAPTER-II
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
A review of the literature is a key of research. The review is a watchful appraisal
of literature indicating toward the solution of your research question. Literature reviewed
normally includes scholarly journals and books, and reliable databases. Sometimes it
includes books, magazines, newspapers, films, and audio video tapes. All good writing
and research is guided by a review of the relevant literature. Through the literature review
we find whether our research question already has been answered by someone else. If it
has, we must change or modify our question.
Indian Studies: Despite extensive literature survey and net surfing, no Indian study had
been found for the variables taken for this study.
International Studies:
During the literature survey process the researcher has found the following studies
at the international plane:
Docherty, Wenger and Neary (1988) have conducted a study on 27 rugby players
volunteered to be seen by video tape all through the game to find the time utilized in
various match play activities related to physiological load of the game. A particularly
plotted computer program was used to take after the frequency, aggregate time, mean time
and percentage of six match play activities in the midst of video tape playback. The
analyses were limited to two playing positions in rugby i.e. Props and Centers. Four
cameras were used to record the eight players’ activities in five minutes break for a
minimum forty minutes every one diversion. After five minutes of game Blood lactates
were taken of 11 players. The analysis for all the games and players showed that players
used up 47% of the total time in low intensity movement i.e. jogging and walking, 6% in
extreme action i.e. sprinting and running, 9% in non-running intense action i.e. competing
for the ball and tackling and 38% standing. Observation by position showed parallel time-
motion profiles aside from sprinting and non-running activities. Props sprinted for 1% of
the time compared with 3% for Centers where as Centers invested 3.3% of the time
seeking the ball compared with 16% for the Props. Observation by level and position
(representative compared with club) shows same profiles for position regardless of level.
No movement for any position or level exceeded a mean time of 8.6 sec. After game
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lactates were 2.8 mmol/l (±1.62) contrasted with individual assessment of 8.4) and 10.1
(±5.78) for post Vo2max and anaerobic power tests. This information may suggest specific
training programe with respect to demands and position of the players for the game.
Ali and Farrally (1991) made an attempt to figure out proper schedules for getting
objective information on the time utilized by players of unique positions during jogging,
walking, sprinting, cruising, and standing still during match play activities. Computer
programs and video investigations with a direct documentation framework based upon
symbolic representations of movements have been invented for examination of individual
player’s conduct. A technique was formulated and used with a small gathering of
university players, aged 19-21 years old. The participants were shot in numerous matches,
and the video recordings were analyzed using a microcomputer. The proportion of the
time used for the players were 30% jogging, 56% walking, 7% standing still, 4% cruising
and 3% sprinting. ANOVA lets them know that there were significant differences among
the players for different positions on the field, for example the time utilized on walking,
standing still and jogging (P <0.05) among attackers, midfielders and defenders. An
alternate technique had been produced to get solid data about the players' movement and
execution in the games. The authors accepted that there should be further studies carried
out including more teams at distinctive levels of execution to substantiate these
preparatory findings.
Bloxham et.al. (2001) investigated the time of selected wheelchair basketball
players utilized performing different game activities all through a World Cup game,
measure the heart rate response all through such activity, and elucidate the physiological
profile of every player taking part in the game. From Canadian World Cup wheelchair
basketball team six male players were recorded midst of the whole game to conclude the
time utilized performing seven different classes of movement. Time motion analysis
demonstrated that players contributed 23.5% gliding, 8.9% of the game time sprinting,
18.2% contesting for ball possession, 0.3% shooting, 48.3% resting on the floor and bench
and 0.6% sprinting with the ball. Twenty percent (20%) of game time was played at
intensity above the ventilatory threshold. The team mean worth for peak oxygen uptake at
the time of incremental wheelchair practice on rollers was 2.60 L/min and team mean peak
5 and 30 second anaerobic power improvement on an arm crank ergometer was 486.3 W
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and 336.8 W, respectively, proposes that planning for playing elite class wheelchair
basketball induces significant in these tests of fitness.
Spencer et. al. (2004) studied the movement patterns of field-hockey players,
especially during elite class competition. Time-motion analysis was used to get the
movements patterns at the time of an international field hockey game. Also, the movement
patterns of frequent sprint activities were investigated, as repeated sprint capacity is
thought to be an essential fitness part of team games performance. Fourteen players of the
men's field-hockey team of Australia (age 26±3 years, body mass 76.7±5.6 kg, Vo2max
57.9+3.6 ml_ kg71 _ min 71; means) were recorded by video tape at the time of an
international game and their movement patterns were investigated. Maximum players’
game time was used in the low-intensity movements of standing, walking and jogging
(7.4+0.9%, 46.5+8.1, and 40.5+7.0 respectively). In investigation, the proportion of time
utilized in sprinting and striding were 1.5+0.6% and 4.1+1.1, respectively. 'Repeated
sprint' movement criteria (described as at least three sprints, with mean recovery span
between sprints of less than 21 s) was met on 17 occasions at the time of the game (total
for all players), with a mean 4+1 sprints for every bout. By and large, 95% of the recovery
during the repeated-sprint sessions was of a dynamic nature. In outline, the results
recommend that the motion activities of an elite class field-hockey competition are like
those of elite class soccer, rugby and Australian Rules football. In addition, the
examination of repeated-sprint activity at the time of competition has given additional
information about the unique physiological demands of elite field-hockey performance.
Duthie, Pyne, and Hooper (2005) have directed the study to assess movement of
Super 12 rugby players in competition in light of the way that information on first class
rugby players' movements is inaccessible. Players were asked into forward [back line (n =
15) and front (n = 16)] and backs [outside backs (n = 7) and inside (n = 9)] and their
movements investigated by video based time motion analysis. Movements were named
rest (jogging, walking and standing) and work (jumping, sprinting, static effort, striding,
lifting or tackling). The total time, number and time of individual activities were assessed,
with differences between group assessed using independent sample t-tests (unequal
variance), while differences between halves were examined with paired sample t-tests.
Forwards had 7:47 min:s (95% confidence level: 6:39 to 8:55 min:s, P50.01) more
chances in static effort than backs, however backs used 0:52 (0:34 to 1:09, P = 0.01) min:s
more time sprinting than Forwards, and had a 0.7 (0.3 to 1.2, P = 0.01) s longer time of
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each one sprint. Forward used 7:31 (5:55 to 9:08) min:s more time in work exercises (P =
0.01) and had 2.1 (1.3 to 2.8) s longer work time (P50.01) than backs. The results showed
continuous short time (54 s) work tries took after by moderate span (520 s) rest for
forward and extended (4100 s) rest term for backs. High-intensity tries included static
effort for Forwards (mean + standard deviation frequency = 80+17) and sprinting for
backs (27). With everything take into account, after around 10 years since getting to be
professional, first class Rugby union is still described by highly intense, unpredictable
movement patterns and checked differences in the competition load of Forwards and
backs.
Abdelkrim, Fazaa and Ati (2006) made an attempt to assess the physical needs of
men's basketball after the change in rules of May 2000 by studying movement pattern,
heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration of 38 elite under-19 basketball players all
through six matches. Computerized time-motion analysis were performed all through
every one match on three players of different positions (n=18). Heart rate was recorded
continuously (n=38) with the sport tester S610TM heart rate tester. Blood samples
(n=114) were drawn from the antecubital vein previous to the begin of the matches, at
halftime and at the end for lactate determinations. Players used (mean ± SD) 5.3 ± 0.8% of
sprinting, 2.1 ± 0.3% jumping and 8.8 ± 1%, live time in high “specific movements”,
while 29 ± 2% was spent standing still and 9 ± 2% was walking. Guards invest
significantly higher live time competing in high- intensity activities than Centers (17.1 ±
1.2 % vs. 14.7 ± 1 %; P < 0.01) and Forwards (16.6 ± 0.8 %; P < 0.05). A correlation was
made between maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the length of intense movements.
The percent time utilized in high-intensity activity by the different positional groups
decreased respectably in the second and fourth quarters compared with that in the first and
third quarters, respectively. The match heart rate was 171 ± 4 beats/min (91 ± 2% HR
max), with a critical difference between Centers and Guards (169 ± 3 beats/min vs. 174±3
beats/min; P < 0.01). HR decreased significantly in the final quarter for all positional
groups Mean plasma lactate was 5.49 ± 1.24 mmol/l, with concentration at halftime (6.05
± 1.27 mmol/l) being significantly (P< 0.001) higher than those at the end of the game
(4.94 ± 1.46 mmol/l, separately). The mean plasma lactate for Guards was higher than that
for Centers at the end of the match (5.92 ± 1.16 mmol/l vs. 4.25 ± 1.54 mmol/l). The
change to the principles of basketball has slightly increased the cardiovascular and
metabolic endeavors included at the time of competition. The game intensity may vary
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according to playing position, being most important in Guards. Training program should
consider these appeals set on players at the time of competitive match-play.
Deutsch, Kearney, and Rehrer (2007) the objective of this study was to measure
the movement patterns of different playing positions during first class Rugby union
matches, such that the relative significance of aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways to
execution could be evaluated. Video analysis was headed of individual players (n=29) at
the time of six ''Super 12'' Representative fixtures from the Highlanders, Otago. Each
movement was coded as one of six speed of locomotion (utility, walking, jogging,
sprinting, cruising and standing still), three conditions of non-running intensive activity
(tackling, scrummaging and rucking/mauling), and three discrete activities (kicking,
jumping, and passing). The results indicated significant demands on every energy systems
in each playing positions, yet implied a more essential reliance on anaerobic glycolytic
metabolism system in Forwards, because of their continuous contribution in static intense
activities, for example, tackling, scrummaging, mulling, and rucking. Positional group
correlations showed that while the best difference existed between Forwards and backs,
each positional group had its own particular specific requests. Front column Forwards
were essentially involved in activities including gaining/resting positions, back line
forward had a tendency to play to a more extent a pseudo back-line role, performing less
rucking/mauling than front row forward, yet being more included in parts of broken play,
for instance, tackling and sprinting. While outside backs had a tendency to work in the
running parts of play, inside backs had a tendency to show more significant contribution in
confrontational parts of play, for instance, rucking/ muling and tackling. These results
propose that rugby training and fitness testing ought to be customized specially to
positional groups rather than simply just separating between Forwards and backs.
Holmes (2011) expressed that to-date no huge scale studies have been published
that have utilized player tracking technology to research persistent time-motion analysis in
the modern time of Women's field hockey at the time of first class International game to
evaluate positional differences and inform fitness training and testing. To break down
individual player activity (n=54) from 18 International matches of Women's hockey (18
Midfielders, 18 Defenders, and 18 Forwards) an alternate computerized time-motion
analysis technique, track performance was used. General examination recognized distance
traveled 9.1 ± 1.6 km, of which 74.7 ± 9.0% was traveled in low intensity activity of
stationary, walking and jogging, 3.9 ± 2.4% match time was utilized stationary. Mean
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sprint distance of 12.7 ± 1.7 m, with a mean of 26.7 ± 11.5 between each sprint. Positional
differences were recognized for the mean percentage of time utilized; distance covered in
locomotion movements, the mean time of rest between sprint sessions, the frequency of
sprints and work to rest proportions. The majority of contrasts in movement characteristics
happen between the defensive players and other outfield positions. Study of repeated-
sprint capability revealed Forwards commence a significantly greater amount of 16 ± 9.
Fitness assessment and training should therefore look like the irregular nature of the game
with sprint recovery periods reflecting the different positional demands.
Venter, Opperman and Opperman, (2011) endeavored to use GPS devices to get
information on elite class Under-19 rugby union back and forward players with respect to
selected movement patterns, and also influences from effect fulfilled by players. During
five games in a Super League competition, seventeen Under-19 male rugby players from a
provincial rugby organization in Stellenbosch, South Africa were studied. Data revealed
that players utilized on mean 4469.95 ± 292.25m at the time of competition. Players
utilized 72.32 ± 4.77% of the total game time either walking or standing. Locks and Props
contributed more time, outside Backs (15.6 ± 2.3%), compared with jogging (26.11 ±
3.77%). The inside backs contributed less time (0.72 ± 0.30%) than outside Backs
sprinting (1.11 ± 1.18%) or the back and front line Forwards (48 ± 0.13% and 0.48 ±
0.23%) respectively. Inside backs achieved the most amazing measure of great impacts
(>10g) (12.16 ± 3.18) for every match. The intermittent nature of Under-19 rugby union
matches play, and in addition to the exceptional parts and necessities of positional groups,
were affirmed. The usage of GPS innovation additionally offered significant data into the
seriousness of impacts fulfilled by players in different positions, which was not formerly
available. An understanding of match-play prerequisites, and moreover the number and
intensity of collisions fulfilled by players, can assist coaches with planning particular
training programmes, furthermore sufficient recovery between training sessions and
games.
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CHAPTER-III
PROCEDURE
The real study begins with the collection of data. The collection of data is an
important step in providing the information needed to answer the research question. Every
study includes the collection of some type of data to answer the research questions. The
present study is an investigation in which researcher conducted the study to get the time
motion analysis and physiological variables of wheelchair basketball players during
competition. Participants used the wheelchair prescribed by the international wheelchair
basketball federation IWBF (Official Wheelchair Basketball Rules 2014)
In this chapter the researcher described sample, tools used, administration of test and
statistical design.
Selection of Participants:
The data were collected on wheelchair basketball players in India. In the present
study 17 male wheelchair basketball players of Paraplegic Rehabilitation Centre, Kirkee,
Pune. All the players were orthopaedic challenged.
All participants had been given inform consent form (Appendix-II) to fill before the
initiation of the study.
Preliminary Information:
1. Lying Height.
2. Body Weight.
3. Age.
4. Position of Player. (Centres, Guard, and Forward)
Physiological Variables:
1. Heart Rate.
2. Body Mass Index.
3. Blood Lactate.
4. Vital Capacity.
5. Percentage of Fat.
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Movement Category for Time Motion Analysis:
1. Live time.
2. Total time.
3. Moving with ball.
4. Moving without ball.
5. Standing still.
6. Shooting.
7. Dribbling.
8. Passing the ball.
9. Resting on the bench.
10. Guarding.
TEST DESCRIPTION
Lying Height
Equipments:
1. Marker
2. Mat
3. Flexible steel tape.
Criterion Measure:
Lying height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm. using a measuring tape.
Procedure:
First tester put the mat on the plain surface then the participants were asked to lay
on the mat in supine position without shoes. The participants were instructed to keep the
heels together, touching the buttocks and back with the floor, head is erect without tilt.
They were asked to take and hold the breath during the measurement. The tester had used
the marker for marking the points of horizontal height of tip of the heel to the hip joint,
from hip joint to shoulder joint and shoulder joint to the top of the head, and requested the
participants to come out with the help of helper after the marking of the points. Tester
measured the points with the help of flexible steel tape.
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Scoring:
Tester recorded the measurements of the each marked points and added together all
marking points and calculate the height of the participants.
Body Weight
Equipment:
Electronic weight machine.
Criterion Measure:
Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kilogram using analogue scale
Procedure:
The researcher asked to participants to be in minimum cloths and sit on the
platform of weighing machine. The weighing machine was provided by the Paraplegic
Rehabilitation Centre (the accuracy of 0.1 kilogram). Participants were asked to sit in the
centre with the help of the helper on the platform of weighing machine.
Scoring:
The researcher recorded the reading from the dial of the weighing machine and
noted it on paper.
Physiological Variables
Physiology is the function of the human body as impacted by the execution of
physical activity. The cardiovascular system, the cardio respiratory system, the
thermoregulatory system, body composition and the musculoskeletal system of human
function that tend to have the best result upon the capacity of a player to keep up or
improve their level of performance in any game.
Heart Rate
Equipment:
Stop watch.
Criterion Measure:
Heart rate recorded via Stop watch for 6 seconds and multiplied by 10 for per
minute heart rate.
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Procedure:
Participants were asked to seat on the wheelchair in erect and relaxed position.
Researcher held the hand of the participants and place the index and middle fingers
together on the wrist of the participants, about 1/2 inch on the inside of the joint, in line
with the index finger(radial artery). Once researcher found the pulse, he started counting
the number of beats for 6 second period.
Scoring:
Researcher recorded the beat within 6 second then multiplied by 10 to get per
minute heart rate.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Prerequisites:
1. Lying Height in meter
2. Body Weight in kg
Formula:
As researcher has already taken data of height and weight, BMI was calculated with the
above given formula.
Blood Lactate
Equipment: Blood Lactate Analyzer.
Procedure:
When researcher requested to take the blood sample to analyze blood lactate, the
Medical Director of PRC, Pune completely denied and told that they cannot provide any
blood sample, after many requests he agreed that he can provide the blood lactate data to
the researcher by their own blood lactate analyzer. He had one portable blood lactate
analyzer (Accurate Plus GmbH Sandhofer Strass 116 D- 68305), he pricked the needle in
the finger of the participants and took the blood sample on the strips of the blood lactate
analyzer, and he showed the data, which was showed on the dial of the blood lactate
BMI = Body weight (kg)/Height2
(m)
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analyzer. Researcher noted all the data of each participant before 20 minutes of game, at
the half time of game and at the end of the game.
Scoring:
Researcher noted the data which was showed on the dial of the blood lactate
analyzer.
Vital Capacity
Equipment:
Peak flow meter.
Procedure:
Researcher set the peak flow meter as such that it should read zero or its lowest
reading when not in use. Researcher used the peak flow meter while participants sitting
straight on wheelchair. Participants inhaled as deep a breath as possible and researcher
placed the peak flow meter in the mouth with the mouthpiece and closed the lips tightly
around the mouthpiece. Participants blow out as hard and fast as possible; while exhaling
they did not do not throw the head forward. Participants breathed few normal breaths and
then repeated the process twice.
Scoring:
Researcher wrote the highest number obtained did not average the numbers.
Body Fat Percentage
Equipment:
Harpenden skin-fold calliper was used to obtain the skin fold measurements. The
instrument provided a constant pressure of 10 gm/mm2
on the skin- fold.
Criterion Measure:
Skin-fold calliper was used to measure skin-fold of four sites i.e. biceps, triceps,
suprailiac, and sub-scapular. Formula of Durnin and Wormersley was used to calculate fat
percentage.
Procedure:
To measure the thickness of skin-folds at particular sites researcher used the
Harpenden skin-fold calliper. The thickness of the skin and subcutaneous fat were grasped
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from the four different body sites i.e. biceps, triceps, sub-scapular and suprailliac between
the thumb and index finger and measurement were taken to the nearest millimetre.
Biceps
The researcher asked to participants’ to sit on the wheelchair with the arms by the
side of the body and elbow extended but in relaxed position. Layer of the skin and
subcutaneous tissue was grasped with the biceps muscles on the front of the participants’
right arm, at the level of the mid-point between the acromiale (lateral edge of the acromion
process, e.g. bony tip of shoulder) and the radial (proximal and lateral border of the radius
bone, approximately the elbow joint), on the mid-line of the anterior (front) surface of the
arm (over the biceps muscle).
Scoring:
The skin-fold calliper was placed gently into grasped skin without removing the
fingers and thickness of the skin was recorded from the dial of the calliper.
Triceps
Researcher marked at the level of the mid-point between the acromiale and the
radial on the mid-line of the posterior surface of the arm. The arm was kept relaxed with
the palm of the hand facing forwards (supinated). Layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue
was grasped with the thumb and fore finger of the left hand over the triceps muscles on the
back of the right arm, at the level of the mid-point between the acromiale (lateral edge of
the acromion process, e.g. bony tip of shoulder) and the radial (proximal and lateral border
of the radius bone, approximately the elbow joint), on the mid-line of the posterior surface
of the arm (over the triceps muscle). A vertical pinch, parallel to the long axis of the arm
is made at the landmark.
Scoring:
Where the skin fold runs parallel to the long axis of the arm the skin fold calliper
was placed gently into the grasped skin without removing the finger and thickness of the
skin was recorded from the dial of the calliper.
Sub-scapular
The researcher asked the participants to sit on the table with the shoulder erect and
in relaxed position and arm by the side of the body. The thumb palpated the inferior angle
of the scapula to determine the inner most tip. The layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue
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was grasped with the left thumb and index finger at the marked site 2 cm. along the line
running laterally and obliquely downward from sub-scapular land mark at an angle
(approximately 45 degree) as determined by the natural fold of the skin.
Scoring:
The skin-fold calliper was placed into the grasped skin with remaining out the
finger and thickness of the skin was recorded.
Suprailiac
The researcher asked the participants to sit in a normal erect posture on their
wheelchair. A double layer of skin and subcutaneous tissue were grasped with the help of
thumb and fore finger of the left hand in a position one to two inches above the right
anterior superior iliac spine where the anterior superior skin fold runs forward and slightly
downward.
Scoring:
The skin-fold calliper was placed into the grasped skin without remaining the
finger and thickness of the skin was recorded.
Body Fat Percentage
Body fat percentage was calculated by the online (Durnin and Wormersley n.d.)
formula by feeding the age, gender, and value of four site of skin-fold.
Instrument Reliability
1. Flexible steel tape was used for measuring the lying height of wheelchair sports
persons and approved for use by the research experts of Physical Education.
2. Equinox Large platform weighing machine was used for measuring mass of the
participants.
3. Racer stop watch used for measuring the heart rate and were all calibrated and
synchronized from the manufacturer that is Ajanta Export Industries, Ambala Cant,
Haryana.
4. Peak flow meter was used for measuring vital capacity which was manufactured by the
Ferrari’s Medical Ltd. London.
5. Blood lactate was measured by the Accurate Plus (GmbH Sandhofer Strass 116 D-
68305), manufactured by the Roche Diagnostic of Germany.
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Time Motion Analysis
Time-motion analysis was analysed by video recordings, which was collected
using cameras positioned 10–12 m away from the side line at halfway, at an elevation of
4-5 m to allow full coverage of the court. . The video recording was analysed frame by
frame. Each video sequence could be viewed at any chosen speed, permitting analysis of
the movements. Standing still, moving with or without ball, shooting, dribbling, resting on
bench, passing, guarding, were used to classify the form and duration of activity during
competition.
Live time:
Live time in this study refers to the time during which the game clock was running
and the participants was on court, and to the short moments in which the player was active
during out‐of‐bounds.
Total time:
Total time refers to all of the time that the participants was on the court, including
all stoppages in play, but excluding breaks between quarters.
Moving With Ball:
Quick movements across the playing surface in the offensive direction while
handling the ball.
Moving Without Ball:
Quick movements across the playing surface, including offensive and defensive
direction.
Standing Still:
Resting with no movement on the playing surface.
Shooting:
Shooting the ball at the basket with little or no movement from inside the playing
surface including foul shots.
Dribbling:
Offensive movement with taping the ball inside the playing surface.
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Passing the Ball:
Passing the ball to team players with little or no movement from inside or outside
the surface.
Resting on the Bench:
Resting or sitting with no movements off the playing surface.
Guarding:
Defensive struggling for ball possession during game play.
STATISTICAL PROCEDURE
Researcher used the descriptive statistical analysis to analyse the mean and
standard deviation and to examine the significance of the difference among different
positions of play i.e. Centres, Forwards and Guards of Wheelchair Basketball players. One
way ANOVA has been computed. All statistical process was done through the IBM SPSS-
20.
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CHAPTER-IV
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULT OF THE STUDY
The statistical analysis of data on time motion analysis and selected physiological
variables have been presented in this chapter. The data pertaining to lying height, body
weight, percentage of body fat, heart rate, body mass index, blood lactate, and vital
capacity, analyzed by One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the significant
differences between the mean of different positions of play viz., centers, guards and
forwards among wheelchair basketball players followed by the Scheffe’s Post-hoc test to
find out the significant differences between the groups means. The F-ratio obtained was
tested for significance at 0.05 level.
FINDINGS
The findings pertaining to time motion analysis and selected physiological variables of
wheelchair basketball players at different positions of play are presented below:
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TABLE-4.1
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF LIVE TIME OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 2082.20 211.687
Forwards 6 2374.33 62.870
Guards 6 2359.83 63.436
Total 17 2283.29 177.870
Table-4.1 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of live time of different
positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.2
COMPARISON OF LIVE TIME OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between Groups 287072.563 2 143536.281
9.170 0.003 Within Groups 219128.967 14 15652.069
Total 506201.529 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance df (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table 4.2 is 9.170 is significant as the table value of F (2,
14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is lesser. In other words the F-value in table-4.2 is
significant as its p-value is 0.003 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of no
difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and guards is
rejected at 5% level.
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TABLE-4.3
POST HOC TEST (SCHEFFE TEST) FOR LIVE TIME AMONG CENTERS,
FORWARDS AND GUARDS OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
(I) Position of Play (J) Position of Play Mean
Difference (I-J)
Standard
Error
Significance
(p-value)
Centers Forwards -292.133
* 75.757 0.006
Guards -277.633* 75.757 0.009
Forwards Centers 292.133
* 75.757 0.006
Guards 14.500 72.231 0.980
Guards Centers 277.633
* 75.757 0.009
Forwards -14.500 72.231 0.980
*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Since F-value is significant, post hoc comparisons need to be done. SPSS output
shown in Table-4.3 provides such comparison. It can be seen that the difference between
live time of the centers and that of forwards is significant as the p-value for this mean
difference is 0.006 which is less than 0.05. Similarly, the mean difference between the live
time of centers and that of guards is also significant as the p-value for this difference is
0.009 which is also less than 0.05. However, there is no difference between the guards and
forwards as far as live time is concerned because the p-value is 0.980.
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GRAPH-4.1
MEAN VALUES OF LIVE TIME OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS.
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.1. One can see that Centers have
lower live time in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.
2082.2
2374.33 2359.83
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
2400
Centers Forwards Guards
Mea
n o
f L
ive
Tim
e (i
n S
econ
ds)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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TABLE-4.4
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITH BALL OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 220.20 40.196
Forwards 6 268.67 38.537
Guards 6 251.83 16.216
Total 17 248.47 36.839
Table-4.4 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in moving with
ball of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
Table-4.5
COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITH BALL OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 6511.269 2 3255.634
2.998 0.082 Within
Groups 15202.967 14 1085.926
Total 21714.235 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table 4.5 is 2.998 is not significant as the table value of F
(2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-4.5 is
not significant as its p-value is 0.082 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis
of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards and Guards is
accepted at 5% level.
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GRAPH-4.2
MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITH BALL OF DIFFERENT
POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS.
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.2. One can see that Centers have
lower time spent in moving with ball in comparison to that of Guards and forwards.
220.2
268.67
251.83
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Centers Forwards Guards
TIM
E S
PE
NT
IN
MO
VIN
G W
ITH
BA
LL
(in
sec
on
ds)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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TABLE-4.6
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITHOUT BALL
OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 1160.00 75.326
Forwards 6 1234.33 72.643
Guards 6 1234.33 72.643
Total 17 1212.47 77.042
Table-4.6 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in moving
without ball of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
Table-4.7
COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITHOUT BALL OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 19501.569 2 9750.784
1.809
0.200
Without in
Groups 75466.667 14 5390.476
Total 94968.235 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table-4.7 is 1.809 is not significant as the table value of F
(2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-4.7 is
not significant as its p-value is 0.200 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis
of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and guards is
accepted at 5% level.
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GRAPH-4.3
MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN MOVING WITHOUT BALL OF
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.3. One can see that Centers have
lower time spent in moving without ball in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.
TABLE-4.8
1160
1234.33 1234.33
1120
1140
1160
1180
1200
1220
1240
Centers Forwards Guards
TIM
E S
PE
NT
IN
MO
VIN
G W
ITH
OU
T B
AL
L (
in s
econ
ds)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN STANDING STILL OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 282.40 29.855
Forwards 6 270.17 32.890
Guards 6 287.00 39.537
Total 17 279.71 33.252
Table-4.8 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in standing still
of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.9
COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN STANDING STILL OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 901.496 2 450.748
0.376
0.693
Within
Groups 16790.033 14 1199.288
Total 17691.529 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table-4.9 is 0.376 is not significant as the table value of F
(2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-4.9 is
not significant as its p-value is 0.693 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis
of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and guards is
accepted at 5% level.
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……34
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GRAPH-4.4
THE MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN STANDING STILL OF DIFFERENT
POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.4. One can see that Forwards have
lower time spent in standing still in comparison to that of Guards and Centers.
TABLE-4.10
282.4
270.17
287
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
Centers Forwards Guards
TIM
E S
PE
NT
IN
ST
AN
DIN
G S
TIL
L (
in s
econ
ds)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……35
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DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN DRIBBLING OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 40.00 13.730
Forwards 6 66.17 21.775
Guards 6 67.83 24.457
Total 17 59.06 23.314
Table-4.10 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in dribbling of
different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.11
COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN DRIBBLING OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 2581.275 2 1290.637
2.955
0.085
Within
Groups 6115.667 14 436.833
Total 8696.941 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table-4.11 is 2.955 is not significant as the table value of
F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-
4.11 is not significant as its p-value is 0.085 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null
hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three Groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards
and Guards is accepted at 5% level.
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……36
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GRAPH-4.5
MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN DRIBBLING OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS
OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.5. One can see that Centers have
lower time spent in dribbling in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.
40
66.17 67.83
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Centers Forwards Guards
TIM
E S
PE
NT
IN
DR
IBB
LIN
G (
in s
econ
d)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……37
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TABLE-4.12
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN PASSING OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 79.00 10.512
Forwards 6 89.00 9.187
Guards 6 93.00 11.576
Total 17 87.47 11.430
Table-4.12 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in passing of
different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.13
COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN PASSING OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 556.235 2 278.118
2.538
0.115
Within
Groups 1534.000 14 109.571
Total 2090.235 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table 4.13 is 2.955 is not significant as the table value of
F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-
4.13 is not significant as its p-value is 0.085 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null
hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three Groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards
and Guards is accepted at 5% level.
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……38
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GRAPH-4.6
MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN PASSING OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.6. One can see that Centers have
lower time spent in passing in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.
79
89
93
70
75
80
85
90
95
Centers Forwards Guards
TIM
E S
PE
NT
IN
PA
SS
ING
(in
sec
on
d)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……39
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TABLE-4.14
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN SHOOTING OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 36.80 5.718
Forwards 6 42.67 8.238
Guards 6 39.33 5.989
Total 17 39.76 6.824
Table-4.14 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in shooting of
different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.15
COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN SHOOTING OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 95.592 2 47.796
1.030
0.382
Within
Groups 649.467 14 46.390
Total 745.059 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table 4.15 is 1.030 is not significant as the table value of
F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-
4.15 is not significant as its p-value is 0.382 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null
hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and
guards is accepted at 5% level.
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……40
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GRAPH-4.7
MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN SHOOTING OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS
OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.7. One can see that Centers have
lower time spent in shooting in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.
36.8
42.67
39.33
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Centers Forwards Guards
TIM
E S
PE
NT
IN
SH
OO
TIN
G (
in s
eco
nd
)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……41
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TABLE-4.16
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF GUARDING OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 263.80 84.825
Forwards 6 403.33 89.944
Guards 6 386.50 73.758
Total 17 356.35 99.360
Table-4.16 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of guarding of different
positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.17
COMPARISON OF GUARDING OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of Squares df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between Groups 61526.249 2 30763.125
4.466
0.032
Within Groups 96431.633 14 6887.974
Total 157957.882 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table-4.17 is 4.466 is significant as the table value of F (2,
14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is less. In other words the F-value in Table-4.17 is
significant as its p-value is 0.032 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of no
difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and guards is
rejected at 5% level.
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……42
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TABLE-4.18
SCHEFFE TEST (POST HOC) TEST FOR GUARDING AMONG CENTERS,
FORWARDS AND GUARDS OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
(I) Position of Play (J) Position of Play Mean Difference
(I-J)
Standard
Error
Significance
(p-value)
Centers Forwards -139.533
* 50.255 0.046
Guards -122.700 50.255 0.083
Forwards Centers 139.533
* 50.255 0.046
Guards 16.833 47.917 0.940
Guards Centers 122.700 50.255 0.083
Forwards -16.833 47.917 0.940
*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Since F-value is significant, post hoc comparisons need to be done. SPSS output
shown in Table-4.18 provides such comparison. It can be seen that the difference between
guarding of the centers and that of forwards is significant as the p-value for this mean
difference is 0.046 which is less than 0.05. However, there is no difference between the
guards and forwards as far as guarding is concerned because the p-value is 0.940.
Similarly, the mean difference between the guarding of centers and that of guards is also
no significant as the p-value for this difference is 0.083 which is also less than 0.05.
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……43
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GRAPH-4.8
MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN GUARDING OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS
OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.8. One can see that Centers have
lower time spent guarding in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.
263.8
403.33
386.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Centers Forwards Guards
Tim
e S
pen
t in
Gu
ard
ing (
in s
econ
ds)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……44
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TABLE-4.19
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF TIME SPENT IN RESTING ON THE BENCH
OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 317.80 211.687
Forwards 6 25.67 62.870
Guards 6 40.17 63.436
Total 17 116.71 177.870
Table-4.19 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of time spent in resting on
the bench of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.20
COMPARISON OF TIME SPENT IN RESTING ON THE BENCH OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 287072.563 2 143536.281
9.170
0.003
Within
Groups 219128.967 14 15652.069
Total 506201.529 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table 4.20 is 9.170 is significant as the table value of F (2,
14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is less. In other words the F-value in table-4.20 is
significant as its p-value is 0.003 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of no
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……45
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difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. centers, forwards and guards may be
rejected at 5% level.
TABLE-4.21
SCHEFFE TEST (POST HOC) TEST FOR TIME SPENT IN RESTING ON THE
BENCH AMONG CENTERS, FORWARDS AND GUARDS OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS
(I) Position of Play (J) Position of Play Mean Difference
(I-J)
Standard
Error
Significance
(p-value)
Centers Forwards 292.133
* 75.757 0.006
Guards 277.633* 75.757 0.009
Forwards Centers -292.133
* 75.757 0.006
Guards -14.500 72.231 0.980
Guards Centers -277.633
* 75.757 0.009
Forwards 14.500 72.231 0.980
*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Since F-value is significant, post hoc comparisons need to be done. SPSS output
shown in Table-4.21 provides such comparison. It can be seen that the difference between
time spent in resting on the bench of the Centers and that of Forwards is significant as the
p-value for this mean difference is 0.006 which is less than 0.05. Similarly, the mean
difference between the resting on the bench of Centers and that of Guards is also
significant as the p-value for this difference is 0.009 which is also less than 0.05.
However, there is no difference between the Guards and Forwards as far as time spent in
resting on the bench is concerned because the p-value is 0.980.
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……46
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GRAPH-4.9
MEAN VALUES OF TIME SPENT IN RESTING ON THE BENCH OF
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.9. One can see that Centers have
higher time spent resting on the bench in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.
317.8
25.67
40.17
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Centers Forwards Guards
Tim
e S
pen
t in
Res
tin
g o
n t
he
Ben
ch (
in s
econ
ds)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……47
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TABLE-4.22
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF LYING HEIGHT OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 1.6940 0.02702
Forwards 6 1.6917 0.01329
Guards 6 1.7383 0.03251
Total 17 1.7088 0.03276
Table-4.22 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of lying height of different
positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.23
COMPARISON OF LYING HEIGHT OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of
Squares
Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between Groups 0.008 2 0.004
6.232 0.012 Within Groups 0.009 14 0.001
Total 0.017 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table-4.23 is 6.232 is significant as the table value of F (2,
14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is less. In other words the F-value in Table-4.23 is
significant as its p-value is 0.012 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of no
difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards and Guards is
rejected at 5% level.
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……48
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TABLE-4.24
SCHEFFE TEST (POST HOC) TEST FOR LYING HEIGHT AMONG
DIFFERENT PASSIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
(I) Position of Play (J) Position of Play Mean Difference
(I-J)
Standard
Error
Significance
(p-value)
Centers Forwards .00233 .01543 0.989
Guards -.04433* .01543 0.039
Forwards Centers -.00233 .01543 0.989
Guards -.04667* .01471 0.023
Guards Centers .04433
* .01543 0.039
Forwards .04667* .01471 0.023
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Since F-value is significant, post hoc comparisons need to be done. SPSS output
shown in Table-4.24 provides such comparison. It can be seen that the difference between
lying height of the Centers and that of Guards is significant as the p-value for this mean
difference is 0.039 which is less than 0.05. Similarly, the mean difference between the
lying height of Forwards and that of Guards is also significant as the p-value for this
difference is 0.023 which is also less than 0.05. However, there is no difference between
the Centers and Forwards as far as lying height are concerned because the p-value is
0.989.
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……49
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GRAPH-4.10
MEAN VALUES OF LYING HEIGHT OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-10. One can see that Guards have
higher lying height in comparison to that of Forwards and Centers.
1.694 1.6917
1.7383
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.7
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
Centers Forwards Guards
Lyin
g H
eigh
t (i
n m
)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
Time-Motion Analysis and Selected Physiological Variables of Wheelchair……50
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TABLE-4.25
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF BODY WEIGHT OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 75.0200 5.52784
Forwards 6 69.2000 4.76109
Guards 6 79.3500 5.49791
Total 17 74.4941 6.60364
Table-4.25 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of body weight of different
positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.26
COMPARISON OF BODY WEIGHT OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of
Squares
Df Mean Square F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 311.026 2 155.513
5.630 0.016 Within
Groups 386.703 14 27.622
Total 697.729 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in the Table-4.26 is 5.630 is significant as the table value of
F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is less. In other words the F-value in Table-4.26
is significant as its p-value is 0.016 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of no
difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards and Guards is
rejected at 5% level.
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TABLE-4.27
SCHEFFE TEST (POST HOC) TEST FOR BODY WEIGHT AMONG CENTERS,
FORWARDS AND GUARDS OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
(I) Position of Play (J) Position of Play Mean Difference
(I-J)
Standard
Error
Significance
(p-value)
Centers Forwards 5.82000 3.18244 0.223
Guards -4.33000 3.18244 0.419
Forwards Centers -5.82000 3.18244 0.223
Guards -10.15000* 3.03433 0.016
Guards Centers 4.33000 3.18244 0.419
Forwards 10.15000* 3.03434 0.016
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Since F-value is significant, post hoc comparisons need to be done. SPSS output
shown in Table-4.27 provides such comparison. It can be seen that the difference between
body weight of the Forwards and that of Guards is significant as the p-value for this mean
difference is 0.016 which is less than 0.05. However, there is no difference between the
Centers and Forwards as far as body weight is concerned because the p-value is 0.223.
Similarly, the mean difference between the body weight of Centers and that of Guards is
also no significant as the p-value for this difference is 0.419 which is also more than 0.05.
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GRAPH-4.11
MEAN VALUES OF BODY WEIGHT OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.11. One can see that Forwards have
lower body weight in comparison to that of Guards and Centers.
75.02
69.2
79.35
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
Centers Forwards Guuards
Bod
y W
eigh
t (i
n K
g)
Centers
Forwards
Guuards
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TABLE-4.28
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF BODY MASS INDEX OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 26.128510 1.5559313
Forwards 6 24.188981 1.7586709
Guards 6 26.258696 1.6528135
Total 17 25.489918 1.8463986
Table-4.28 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of Body Mass Index of
different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.29
COMPARISON OF BODY MASS INDEX OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 15.740 2 7.870
2.839 0.092 Within
Groups 38.807 14 2.772
Total 54.547 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table-4.29 is 2.839 is not significant as the table value of
F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-
4.29 is not significant as its p-value is 0.092 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null
hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards
and Guards is accepted at 5% level.
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GRAPH-4.12
MEAN VALUES OF BODY MASS INDEX OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.12. One can see that Forwards have
lower body mass index in comparison to that of Guards and Centers.
26.12851
24.188981
26.258696
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
25.5
26
26.5
Centers Forwards Guards
Bod
y M
ass
In
dex
(K
g/m
2)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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TABLE-4.30
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF VITAL CAPACITY OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 590.00 15.811
Forwards 6 590.00 33.466
Guards 6 535.00 32.711
Total 17 570.59 38.482
Table-4.30 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of Vital Capacity of different
positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.31
COMPARISON OF VITAL CAPACITY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 11744.118 2 5872.059
6.879 0.008 Within
Groups 11950.000 14 853.571
Total 23694.118 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in the Table-4.31 is 6.879 is significant as the table value of
F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is less. In other words the F-value in Table-4.31
is significant as its p-value is 0.008 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of no
difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards and Guards is
rejected at 5% level.
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TABLE-4.32
SCHEFFE TEST (POST HOC) TEST FOR VITAL CAPACITY AMONG
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
(I) Position of Play (J) Position of Play Mean Difference
(I-J)
Standard
Error
Significance
(p-value)
Centers Forwards 0.000 17.691 1.000
Guards 55.000* 17.691 0.025
Forwards Centers 0.000 17.691 1.000
Guards 55.000* 16.868 0.019
Guards Centers -55.000
* 17.691 0.025
Forwards -55.000* 16.868 0.019
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Since F-value is significant, post hoc comparisons need to be done. SPSS output
shown in Table-4.32 provides such comparison. It can be seen that the difference between
vital capacity of the Forwards and that of Guards is significant as the p-value for this mean
difference is 0.019 which is less than 0.05. Similarly, the mean difference between the
vital capacity of Centers and that of Guards is also significant as the p-value for this
difference is 0.025 which is also less than 0.05. However, there is no difference between
the Centers and Forwards as far as vital capacity is concerned because the p-value is
1.000.
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GRAPH-4.13
MEAN VALUES OF VITAL CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.13 One can see that Guards have
lower vital capacity in comparison to that of Forwards and Centers.
590 590
535
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
Centers Forwards Guards
Vit
al
Cap
aci
ty (
in L
PM
)
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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TABLE-4.33
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF HEART RATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES OF
GAME OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT
POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 68.40 10.040
Forwards 6 66.33 5.046
Guards 6 68.17 8.519
Total 17 67.59 7.534
Table-4.33 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of heart rate before 20
minutes of game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.34
COMPARISON OF HEART RATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 14.751 2 7.375
0.116 0.892 Within
Groups 893.367 14 63.812
Total 908.118 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table-4.34 is 0.116 is not significant as the table value of
F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-
4.35 is not significant as its p-value is 0.892 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null
hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards
and Guards is accepted at 5% level.
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GRAPH-4.14
MEAN VALUES OF HEART RATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.14 One can see that Forwards have
lower heart rate before 20 minutes of game in comparison to that of Guards and Centers.
68.4
66.33
68.17
65
65.5
66
66.5
67
67.5
68
68.5
69
Centers Forwards Guards
Hea
rt R
atr
(p
er m
inu
tes)
Bef
ore
20 M
inu
tes
of
Gam
e
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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TABLE-4.35
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF HEART RATE AT HALF TIME OF GAME
OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 135.20 4.919
Forwards 6 136.50 5.089
Guards 6 137.83 8.750
Total 17 136.59 6.266
Table-4.35 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of heart rate at half time of
game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.36
COMPARISON OF HEART RATE AT HALF TIME OF GAME OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
Sum of
Squares
Df Mean Square F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 18.984 2 9.492
0.218 0.807 Within
Groups 609.133 14 43.510
Total 628.118 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table-4.36 is 0.218 is not significant as the table value of
F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-
4.36 is not significant as its p-value is 0.807 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null
hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards
and Guards is accepted at 5% level.
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GRAPH-4.15
MEAN VALUES OF HEART RATE AT HALF TIME OF GAME OF DIFFERENT
POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.15 One can see that Centers have
lower heart rate at half time of game in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.
135.2
136.5
137.83
133.5
134
134.5
135
135.5
136
136.5
137
137.5
138
138.5
Centers Forwards Guards
Hea
rt R
ate
(p
er m
inu
te)
at
Half
Tim
e
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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TABLE-4.37
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF HEART RATE AFTER 20 MINUTES OF
GAME OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT
POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 81.60 9.099
Forwards 6 82.17 5.345
Guards 6 82.83 5.913
Total 17 82.24 6.389
Table-4.37 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of heart rate after 20 minutes
of game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.38
COMPARISON OF HEART RATE AFTER 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 4.192 2 2.096
0.045 0.956 Within
Groups 648.867 14 46.348
Total 653.059 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in the Table-4.38 is 0.045 is not significant as the table value
of F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in table-
4.38 is not significant as its p-value is 0.956 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null
hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards
and Guards is accepted at 5% level.
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GRAPH-4.16
MEAN VALUES OF HEART RATE AFTER 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.16 One can see that Centers have
lower heart rate after 20 minutes of game in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.
81.6
82.17
82.83
80.8
81
81.2
81.4
81.6
81.8
82
82.2
82.4
82.6
82.8
83
Centers Forwards Guards
Hea
rt R
ate
(p
er m
inu
te)
Aft
er 2
0 M
inu
tes
of
Gam
e
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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TABLE-4.39
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF PERCENTAGE OF FAT OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 21.1900 1.23804
Forwards 6 20.5767 1.73530
Guards 6 22.4367 2.09308
Total 17 21.4135 1.83414
Table-4.39 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of percentage of fat of
different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.40
COMPARISON OF PERCENTAGE OF FAT OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 10.733 2 5.366
1.743 0.211 Within
Groups 43.092 14 3.078
Total 53.825 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown in the Table-4.40 is 1.743 is not significant as the table value of
F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-
4.40 is not significant as its p-value is 0.211 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null
hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards
and Guards is accepted at 5% level.
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GRAPH-4.17
MEAN VALUES OF PERCENTAGE OF FAT OF DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.17 One can see that Forwards have
lower percentage of fat in comparison to that of Guards and Centers.
21.19
20.5767
22.4367
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
Centers Forwards Guards
Per
can
tage
of
Fat
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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TABLE-4.41
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF BLOOD LACTATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES
OF GAME OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT
POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 1.840 0.2408
Forwards 6 2.000 0.0000
Guards 6 1.900 0.1673
Total 17 1.918 0.1667
Table-4.41 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of blood lactate before 20
minutes of game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.42
COMPARISON OF BLOOD LACTATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 0.073 2 0.036
1.368 0.287 Within
Groups 0.372 14 0.027
Total 0.445 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in the Table-4.42 is 1.368 is not significant as the table value
of F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-
4.42 is not significant as its p-value is 0.287 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null
hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards
and Guards is accepted at 5% level.
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GRAPH-4.18
MEAN VALUES OF BLOOD LACTATE BEFORE 20 MINUTES OF GAME OF
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.18 One can see that Centers have
lower blood lactate before 20 minutes of game in comparison to that of Guards and
Forwards.
1.84
2
1.9
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
1.95
2
2.05
Centers Forwards Guards
Blo
od
Lact
ate
(m
mol/
l) B
efore
20 m
inu
tes
of
Gam
e
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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TABLE-4.43
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF BLOOD LACTATE AT HALF TIME OF
GAME OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT
POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 10.800 1.3077
Forwards 6 10.633 1.4222
Guards 6 8.750 0.8167
Total 17 10.018 1.4846
Table-4.43 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of blood lactate at half time
of game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.44
COMPARISON OF BLOOD LACTATE AT HALF TIME OF GAME OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 14.976 2 7.488
5.167 0.021 Within
Groups 20.288 14 1.449
Total 35.265 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table-4.44 is 5.167 is significant as the table value of F (2,
14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is less. In other words the F-value in Table-4.44 is
significant as its p-value is 0.021 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the null hypothesis of no
difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards and Guards is
rejected at 5% level.
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TABLE-4.45
SCHEFFE (POST HOC) TEST FOR BLOOD LACTATE AT HALF TIME OF
GAME AMONG DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR
BASKETBALL PLAYERS
(I) Position of Play (J) Position of Play Mean Difference
(I-J)
Standard
Error
Significance
(p-value)
Centers Forwards 0.1667 0.7289 0.974
Guards 2.0500* 0.7289 0.044
Forwards Centers -0.1667 0.7289 0.974
Guards 1.8833 0.6950 0.052
Guards Centers -2.0500
* 0.7289 0.044
Forwards -1.8833 0.6950 0.052
* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Since F-value shown as in the Table-4.45 is significant, post hoc comparisons need
to be done. SPSS output shown in table-4.45 provides such comparison. It can be seen that
the difference between blood lactate at half time of game the Centers and that of Guards is
significant as the p-value for this mean difference is 0.044 which is less than 0.05.
However, there is no difference between the Centers and Forwards as far as blood lactate
at half time is concerned because the p-value is 0.974. Similarly, the mean difference
between the blood lactate at half time of Forwards and that of Guards is also no significant
as the p-value for this difference is 0.052 which is also more than 0.05.
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GRAPH-4.19
MEAN VALUES OF BLOOD LACTATE AT HALF TIME OF GAME OF
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.19. One can see that Guards have
lower blood lactate at half time of game in comparison to that of Forwards and Centers.
10.8 10.633
8.75
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Centers Forwards Guards
Blo
od
Lact
ate
(m
mol/
l) a
t th
e H
alf
Tim
e of
Gam
e
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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TABLE-4.46
DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION OF BLOOD LACTATE AT THE END OF THE
GAME OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT
POSITIONS OF PLAY
N Mean Standard
Deviation
Centers 5 15.020 1.4890
Forwards 6 14.500 1.0488
Guards 6 13.767 0.6861
Total 17 14.394 1.1486
Table-4.46 shows the values of mean and standard deviation of blood lactate at the end of
the game of different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players.
TABLE-4.47
COMPARISON OF BLOOD LACTATE AT THE END OF THE GAME OF
WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF
PLAY
Sum of Squares Df Mean
Square
F Significance
(p-value)
Between
Groups 4.388 2 2.194
1.837 0.196 Within
Groups 16.721 14 1.194
Total 21.109 16
Table F ratio at 0.05 level Significance F (2, 14) =3.74
The F value shown as in Table-4.47 is 1.837 is not significant as the table value of
F (2, 14) is 3.74 at 0.05 level of significance is more. In other words the F-value in Table-
4.47 is not significant as its p-value is 0.196 which is greater than 0.05. Thus, the null
hypothesis of no difference among the mean of the three groups, i.e. Centers, Forwards
and Guards is accepted at 5% level.
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GRAPH-4.20
MEAN VALUES OF BLOOD LACTATE AT THE END OF GAME OF
DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF PLAY OF WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
The results can be visualized graphically in Graph-4.20. One can see that Centers have
higher blood lactate at the end of the game in comparison to that of Guards and Forwards.
15.02
14.5
13.767
13
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
15
15.2
Centers Forwards Guards
Blo
od
Lact
ate
(m
mol/
l) a
t th
e E
nd
of
the
Gam
e
Centers
Forwards
Guards
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CHAPTER-V
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The primary purpose of the study was to make available sufficient information
about the time motion analysis and physiological demands of wheelchair basketball
players. With the competition in wheelchair basketball, the game has today become highly
challenging and the role of each player at every position has been well specified. Time
invested in every category of movement and physiological demands were studied to
investigate the distinguishing characteristics of wheelchair basketball players in relation to
their playing positions i.e. centers, guards and forwards. The data collected would be
useful in establishing baseline reference data for wheelchair players and specialized
development programme for adapted physical education.
The fundamental rules of wheelchair basketball are very similar to regular
basketball such as the height of the basket, distance to the foul line, three point line, etc
(Wheelchair basketball Canada,” n.d.). Disability decreases the height to reach the basket
of basketball game and many other factors have been affected too. Just as it is our duty to
ensure the safe competition, even more important is the responsibility to make certain that
the wheelchair players are physically suited for the sport. They should have strong minds
and upper extremity and be ready to accept the demands of the wheelchair sport. The
findings of the present study i.e. time motion analysis and physiological demand during
competition of wheelchair basketball players at different positions of play would go a long
way to enable these differently-abled players to cope with the demand of the game.
A significant difference in live time was observed among different position of play
of wheelchair basketball players. No significant difference in live time was observed
between Forwards and Guards as they have to have more defensive work and supply the
ball to Centers. A significant difference in live time was between Centers and Guards, and
Centers and Forwards that may be due to Centers have more attacking position in
comparison to Guards and Forwards. The mean live time of Centers (220.2±40.2 seconds)
is reported less in comparison to Forwards (268.67±38.5 seconds) and Guards (251.8±16.2
seconds).
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There was no significant difference in moving with ball in wheelchair basketball
players among different positions of play. That may be due to traveling of ball from one
corner to another corner of the court rapidly.
No significant difference was found in moving without ball in wheelchair
basketball players among different positions of play. That may be due to more players
move without ball where-in at a time one player is handling the ball and nine players are
running without ball.
There was no significant difference in time spent in standing still among different
positions of play. The mean time of time spent in standing still is for Centers (40.01±13.73
seconds), Forwards (66.17±21.77 seconds) and Guards (67.83±24.46 seconds). Time spent
in standing still is very less in comparison to total time i.e. 2400 seconds and almost
similar for all positions of wheelchair basketball.
Again no significant difference was found in time spent in dribbling by wheelchair
basketball players among different positions of play. The mean value of Centers
(40.0±1.73 seconds), Forwards (66.17±21.77 seconds) and Guards (67.83±24.4 seconds)
is almost similar that may be due to less use of dribbling in wheelchair basketball for all
positions of players.
No significant difference was found in time spent in passing of wheelchair
basketball players at different positions of play. That may be due to time spent in passing
is very less i.e. Centers (79.0±10.51 seconds), Forwards (89.0±9.2 seconds) and Guards
(93.0±11.57 seconds) in comparison to total time of wheel chair basketball i.e. 2400
seconds.
No significant difference was found in time spent in shooting in wheelchair
basketball players at different positions of play. As wheelchair basketball spent less time
(1 or 2 seconds) in shooting action so again shooting time is very less i.e. for Centers
(36.80±5.7 seconds), Forwards (42.67±8.2 seconds), and Guards (39.76±6.82 seconds).
No significant difference was found due to the dynamic action of shooting skill.
There was significant difference in time spent in guarding in wheelchair basketball
players among different position of play. No significant difference was observed between
Centers and Guards, and Forwards and Guards. There was significant difference found
between Centers and Forwards. The mean value of time spent in guarding by different
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positions of play shows that Forwards (403.33±89.94 seconds) have significantly higher
than their Centers (263.8±84.83 seconds), and Guards (386.35±73.76 seconds). Significant
difference between Centers and Forwards may be due to that Forwards act as bridge
between Guards and Centers, Forwards can easily come for Guarding but Centers may not
during the play.
A significant difference was found in time spent in resting on the bench of
wheelchair basketball players among different positions of play. The mean value of time
spent in resting on the bench of Centers (317.8±211.68 seconds) is significantly higher
than Forwards (25.67±62.87 seconds) and Guards (40.17±63.440). A significant
difference was found between Centers and Forwards, and Centers and Guards. As mean
value shows the significant difference may be due to small size of sample and most of the
players have not taken rest during match, there value of time spent in resting on the bench
is zero or very less. Centers have spent more time in resting on the bench that may be due
to their attacking game they need more rest.
A significant difference in lying height of wheelchair basketball players was found
among different positions of play. The mean value of lying height was for Centers
(1.69±0.02 meter), Forwards (1.69±0.01 meter) and Guards (1.73±0.03 meter). As mean
value shows there was no significant difference between Centers and Forwards. A
significant difference was found between Centers and Guards, and Forwards and Guards.
It shows that Guards have significantly higher height a Centers and Forwards. There are
fixed characteristics for the selection of players for the different positions of play. This
means taller the Guards, more the area covered by him, the Guards need to be taller for
tackling and interception/blocking.
Significant difference was found in body weight of wheelchair basketball players
among different positions of play. A significant difference was found between Guards and
Forwards. The mean of body weight of Forwards (69.20±4.7 kg) is lesser than Guards
(79.35±3.5 kg). The cause of lesser weight of Forwards may be heredity of players and
that may be due to more running for making bridge between Guards and Centers.
No significant difference was found in BMI of wheelchair basketball players
among different positions of play. That may be due to the physical requirement of game is
similar in all positions of wheel chair basketball. The mean value of BMI was almost
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similar i.e. Centers (26.12±1.5 kg/m2), Forwards (24.18±1.7 kg/m
2) and Guards
(26.25±1.6 kg/m2). That is totally dependent on weight and height.
There was a significant difference found in vital capacity of wheelchair basketball
players among different positions of play. No significant difference was found between
Centers with Forwards. Significant difference was found between Centers and Guards, and
Forwards and Guards. The mean values of vital capacity of wheelchair basketball players’
show that Guards (535±32.7 lpm) have significantly lower than that of Forwards
(590±33.46 lpm) and Centers (590±15.8 lpm).
No significant difference was found among different positions of play of heart rate
before 20 minutes of game, at the half time of game and after 20 minutes of game of
wheelchair basketball players. That may be due to similar training programme and
maturity of training of wheelchair basketball players.
There was no significant difference of percentage of body fat among different
positions of play of wheelchair basketball players. This may be due to similar training
programme and similar sports. They have almost equal percentage of fat of wheelchair
basketball player at different positions of play.
No significant difference was found in blood lactate before 20 minutes of game of
wheelchair basketball players among different positions of play. This is resting blood
lactate which is approximately similar for different positions of play.
There was significant difference in blood lactate at half time of game among
different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players. No significant difference was
found between Centers and Forwards, and Guards and Forwards. A significant difference
was found between Centers and Guards. The mean value of Centers (10.8±1.3 mmol/l)
was significantly higher than Guards (8.75±0.81mmol/l) that may be due to more
attacking activity of Centers which leads to lactic acid accumulation in blood.
No significant difference was found in blood lactate at the end of the game of
wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. The mean values Centers
(15.02±1.48 mmol/l), Forwards (14.5±1.0 mmol/l) and Guards (13.76±0.68 mmol/l)
shows the similar blood lactate at the end of the game that may be due to lower live time
by Centers.
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Discussion on Hypotheses
The present study was based on the null hypothesis that there would no significant
difference in time motion analysis and physiological demand with their positions of play
of 17 wheelchair basketball players. The hypothesis was verified for significance at 0.05
levels.
H1: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference in live time
of competition among the players of different positions of play. The findings of the
statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference in live time of competition
between Centers with Forwards and Centers with Guards of wheelchair basketball players
and no significant difference was found between the guards and forwards of wheelchair
players. Hence, the null H1 is partially rejected.
H2: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference in time
spent in moving with ball during competition among the players of different positions of
play. The results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in moving
with ball during competition of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play.
Hence, the null H2 is accepted.
H3: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference in time
spent in moving without ball during competition among the players of different positions
of play. The results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in moving
without ball during competition of wheelchair basketball players at different position of
play. Hence, the null H3 is accepted.
H4: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference in time
spent in standing still during competition among the players of different positions of play.
The results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in standing still
during competition of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence,
the null H4 is accepted.
H5: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference in time
spent in dribbling during competition among the players of different positions of play. The
results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in dribbling during
competition of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null
H5 is accepted.
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H6: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference in time
spent in passing during competition among the players of different positions of play. The
results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in passing during
competition of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null
H6 is accepted.
H7: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference in time
spent in shooting during competition among the players of different positions of play. The
results revealed that there is no significant difference in time spent in shooting during
competition of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null
H7 is accepted.
H8: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference in time
spent in guarding in competition among the players of different positions of play. The
findings of the statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference in time
spent in guarding in competition between Centers with Forwards wheelchair basketball
players and no significant difference was found among the guards with their forwards and
centers of wheelchair players. Hence, the null H8 is partially rejected.
H9: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of time
spent in resting on the bench during competition among the players of different positions
of play. The findings of the statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference
in time spent in resting on the bench during competition between centers with Forwards
and Centers with guards of wheelchair basketball players and no significant difference
was found between the Guards and Forwards of wheelchair players. Hence, the null H9 is
partially rejected.
H10: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of lying
height among the players of different positions of play. The findings of the statistical
analysis showed that there was significant difference in lying height between Centers with
Guards and Forwards with Guards of wheelchair basketball players and no significant
difference was found between the Centers and Forwards of wheelchair players. Hence, the
null H10 is partially rejected.
H11: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of body
weight among the players of different positions of play. The findings of the statistical
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analysis showed that there was significant difference in body weight between Forwards
with Guards of wheelchair basketball players and no significant difference was found
between the Centers with Forwards and Centers with Guards of wheelchair players.
Hence, the null H11 is partially rejected.
H12: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of body
mass index among the players of different positions of play. The results revealed that there
is no significant difference in body mass index of wheelchair basketball players at
different position of play. Hence, the null H12 is accepted.
H13: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of vital
capacity among the players of different positions of play. The findings of the statistical
analysis showed that there was significant difference in vital capacity between Forwards
with Guards and Centers with Guards of wheelchair basketball players and no significant
difference was found between the centers with forwards of wheelchair players. Hence, the
null H13 is partially rejected.
H14: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of heart
rate before 20 minutes of game among the players of different positions of play. The
results revealed that there is no significant difference in heart rate before 20 minutes of
game of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null H14 is
accepted.
H15: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of heart
rate at half time of game among the players of different positions of play. The results
revealed that there is no significant difference in heart rate at the half time of game of
wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null H15 is
accepted.
H16: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of heart
rate after 20 minutes of game among the players of different positions of play. The results
revealed that there is no significant difference in heart rate after 20 minutes of game of
wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null H16 is
accepted.
H17: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of
percentage of body fat among the players of different positions of play. The results
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revealed that there is no significant difference in percentage of body fat of wheelchair
basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null H17 is accepted.
H18: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of blood
lactate before 20 minutes of game among the players of different positions of play. The
results revealed that there is no significant difference in blood lactate before 20 minutes of
game of wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null H18 is
accepted.
H19: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of blood
lactate at half time among the players of different positions of play. The findings of the
statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference in blood lactate at half time
between centers with guards of wheelchair basketball players and no significant difference
was found between the Centers with Forwards and Guards with Forwards of wheelchair
players. Hence, the null H19 is partially rejected.
H20: This hypothesis states that there would be no significant difference of blood
lactate at the end of game among the players of different positions of play. The results
revealed that there is no significant difference in blood lactate at the end of game of
wheelchair basketball players at different position of play. Hence, the null H20 is
accepted.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the findings, and within the limitations of the present study, the
following conclusions may be drawn:
1. The wheelchair basketball players of Forwards and Guards positions were spent equal
live time. The Centers spent lower live time than Guards and Forwards.
2. All the wheelchair basketball players irrespective of their playing positions were
equal in time spent in moving with ball during competitions.
3. Time spent in moving without ball is equal for Forwards and Guards and slightly
lower for Centers.
4. All the wheelchair basketball players irrespective of their playing positions were
found to spent equal time in standing still during game.
5. Among the wheelchair basketball players of different positions in dribbling Centers
spent slightly lower time than Guards and Forwards.
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6. Equal time spent by all the players of different positions of play of wheelchair
basketball in passing during competitions.
7. Every positions players of wheelchair basketball spent equal time spent in shooting
during competitions.
8. In wheelchair basketball game Guards and Forwards spent equal time in guarding.
The Centers spent lower time in guarding.
9. Forwards and Guards of wheelchair basketball spent equal time in resting on the
bench. The Centers spent higher time in resting on the bench than Guards and
Forwards.
10. Equal lying height was found in Centers and Forwards of wheelchair basketball but
Guards were taller than Forwards and Centers.
11. The body weight of wheelchair basketball among different positions of play,
Forwards had lower body weight than Guards. Centers and Guards had almost equal
body weight.
12. Body Mass Index of wheelchair basket players irrespective of playing positions was
equal for all playing positions.
13. Vital capacity of Centers and Forwards of wheelchair basketball players were equal
and Guards have lower vital capacity.
14. Heart rate before 20 minutes of game was found equal for different positions of play
of all wheelchair basketball players.
15. Heart rate at half time of players of wheelchair basketball games was found similar
for all playing positions.
16. At the end of the game heart rate of wheelchair basketball players was found equal
for all playing positions.
17. Percentage of fat of wheelchair basketball players of different positions of play was
found equal. But in case of Forwards have less percentage of fat.
18. Among different positions of play of wheelchair basketball players the blood lactate
before 20 minutes of game was found equal.
19. Blood lactate at half time of game of wheelchair basketball players irrespective of
their positions between Centers and Forwards were found equal in case of Guards
they had better blood lactate at half time of game.
20. In all the players’ positions in wheelchair basketball were found equal blood lactate at
the end of the game.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
In the light of findings and conclusion drawn, the following recommendations are
made:
1. In the training of wheelchair basketball players Centers may be given more emphasis
on endurance so they may increase live time effectively and decrease lactate
accumulation in blood during the game.
2. Tall players for Guards position may be prove to be better for the team as they have a
mechanical advantage of controlling and tackling the ball.
3. Players with less fat percentage may be selected for the forwards positions.
4. Similar study may be conducted, employing female wheelchair basketball players.
5. Similar study may be conducted employing able-bodied basketball players.
6. Similar study may be conducted employing other team games for physically
challenged population.
7. Time motion analysis may be analyzed by GPS tracking system.
8. The intensity in different quarter and distance covered by players may be analyzed by
modern time motion analysis devices.
9. More physiological variables may be studied in future for wheelchair basketball
players along-with other players of different games.
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